AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES INC
For the period ended Dec 31, 2024. Filed Feb 27, 2025.
View on SEC.govAbout this filing
A company's yearly report to the SEC, with audited financial statements. It is the fullest account a company gives of its business, its finances and the risks it sees.
FY2024 · Filed Feb 27, 2025
What changed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis?
Read the current filingPrevious report: 10-K
Period ended 2023-12-31; filed 2024-02-23.
0000915912-24-000004
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONSCurrent report: 10-K
Period ended 2024-12-31; filed 2025-02-27.
0000915912-25-000005
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONSThe baseline is this issuer’s latest earlier reporting period of the same form that was filed before the current report. A previous 10-Q is a different quarter, not a year-over-year comparison. Amendments are excluded.
Compared 199 previous paragraphs and 200 current paragraphs.
105 unchanged; 76 reworded; 19 added; 16 removed; 2 previous and 0 current paragraphs rearranged.
Tables are not compared: 11 previous and 12 current tables excluded. Dates, whitespace, punctuation and numbering changes are ignored; changes to financial figures remain significant.
A changed paragraph is not evidence that risk increased or decreased. An unchanged paragraph does not establish that risk stayed the same.
Added paragraphs (19)
Current report
•sold eight wholly-owned communities containing an aggregate of 1,532 apartment homes and 24,000 square feet of commercial space for $726,200,000;
Current report
•acquired six wholly-owned communities containing an aggregate of 1,441 apartment homes for an aggregate purchase price of $460,100,000.
Current report
(1) Percent change is not meaningful.
Current report
Same Store Residential direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $25,326,000, or 5.0%, in 2024 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the implementation of our bulk internet offering, increased trash removal costs, water and sewer costs, and repairs and maintenance costs.
Current report
Casualty and impairment lossfor the year ended December 31, 2024 of $2,935,000 was due to flooding and water damage at communities in California from extensive rainfall and a fire at a community in New Jersey.
Current report
Income from unconsolidated investments increased $37,228,000 in 2024 compared to the prior year, primarily due to realized and unrealized property technology investments gains, partially offset by the recognition of $1,519,000 of our promoted interest associated with the achievement of a threshold return with the U.S. Fund in the prior year.
Current report
•legal recoveries, settlement proceeds, and certain legal costs;
Current report
•property and casualty insurance proceeds;
Current report
(4) Amounts for 2024 and 2023 include a write-off of $8,947 for one Development Right in Northern California and write-offs of $27,455 related to seven Development Rights in Northern and Southern California and the Mid-Atlantic, respectively, that we determined were no longer probable.
Current report
(6) Amount for 2024 includes legal costs associated with various antitrust litigation matters.
Current report
Secured and Unsecured Borrowings— Financial Covenants and Early Repayment Provisions
Current report
In addition to the CEP, during the year ended December 31, 2024, we completed an underwritten public offering of 3,680,000 shares of our common stock at a discount to the closing price of $226.52 per share, net of offering fees, offered in connection with forward contracts entered into with certain financial institutions acting as forward purchasers. Assuming full physical settlement of the forward contracts, which we expect to occur no later than December 31, 2025, we will receive approximate proceeds, net of offering fees and discounts, of $808,606,000, based on the initial forward price. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for our dividends and a daily interest factor.
Current report
In May 2024, we issued $400,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for proceeds net of underwriting fees of approximately $396,188,000, before considering the impact of other offering costs. The notes mature in June 2034 and were issued at a 5.35% interest rate, resulting in a 5.05% effective rate including the impact of offering costs and hedging activity.
Current report
In 2025, the Company entered into agreements to acquire a total of eight apartment communities in the Company’s Texas expansion market. The communities contain a total of 2,701 apartment homes and will be acquired for an aggregate purchase price of $618,500,000. The consideration will take the form of cash and DownREIT units as described in Note 12, “Subsequent Events,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for further discussion.
Current report
In January 2025, the Company sold Avalon Wilton on River Road, located in Wilton, CT, containing 102 apartment homes for $65,100,000. This sale marks the Company's exit from the Connecticut market.
Current report
Unconsolidated Operating Communities
Current report
•the real estate markets in regions where we operate and in general;
Current report
•inflation, tariffs and other economic conditions, and their potential impacts;
Current report
•we may experience a casualty loss, natural disaster or severe weather event, including those caused by climate change;
Removed paragraphs (16)
Previous report
•sold four wholly-owned communities containing an aggregate of 987 apartment homes and 27,000 square feet of commercial space for $446,000,000;
Previous report
•acquired three wholly-owned communities containing an aggregate of 1,131 apartment homes for an aggregate purchase price of $277,200,000, which included the assumption of a $63,041,000 fixed rate mortgage loan.
Previous report
Same Store Residential direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $35,681,000, or 7.6%, in 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased utilities, maintenance costs, bad debt associated with resident expense reimbursements and legal and eviction costs as restrictions on managing delinquent accounts eased or expired, partially offset by a decrease in on-site payroll costs resulting from technology and centralization initiatives.
Previous report
Casualty lossfor the year ended December 31, 2023 of $9,118,000 was primarily due to damages to certain of our communities in our Northeast and California regions related to severe weather and other casualty events.
Previous report
Income from unconsolidated investments decreased $39,940,000 in 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to prior year gains from the sale of the final three communities in the U.S. Fund and related promoted interest, coupled with unrealized gains on property technology investments.
Previous report
•third-party business interruption insurance proceeds and the related lost NOI that is covered by the expected third party business interruption insurance proceeds;
Previous report
•property and casualty insurance proceeds and legal settlements and costs;
Previous report
(6) In 2022, we received $6,000 of legal settlement proceeds, of which $3,684 is adjusted for Core FFO.
Previous report
Financial Covenants
Previous report
In addition to the CEP, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we settled the Equity Forward issuing 2,000,000 shares of common stock, net of offering fees and discounts, for $491,912,000 or $245.96 per share.
Previous report
(5)During 2023, we repaid some or all amounts outstanding of this borrowing in advance of its scheduled maturity date.
Previous report
Unconsolidated Investments
Previous report
•We had an equity interest of 28.6% in the U.S. Fund and because we achieved a threshold return for the fund, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized income of $1,519,000 for the final amount of promoted interest, which is reported as a component of income from unconsolidated investments on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. During 2023, we completed the dissolution of the U.S. Fund.
Previous report
•the real estate markets in Metro New York/New Jersey, Northern and Southern California, Denver, Colorado, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas and Charlotte and Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, and markets in selected states in the Mid-Atlantic, New England and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and in general;
Previous report
•general economic conditions, including the potential impacts from current economic conditions, including rising interest rates and general price inflation;
Previous report
•the impact of new landlord-tenant laws and rent regulations may be greater than we expect;
Reworded paragraphs (76)
Previous wording
Net income attributable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $928,825,000, a decrease of $207,950,000, or 18.3%, from the prior year. The decrease was primarily attributable to decreases in real estate sales and related gains, partially offset by an increase in NOI from communities over the prior year.
Current wording
Net income attributable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1,081,994,000, an increase of $153,169,000, or 16.5%, from the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in NOI from communities over the prior year, increases in real estate sales and related gains, and increases in income from unconsolidated investments.
Previous wording
Same Store NOI attributable to our apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary residential revenue (“Residential”), for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1,732,422,000, an increase of $100,738,000, or 6.2%, over the prior year. The increase was due to an increase in Same Store Residential rental revenue of $149,495,000, or 6.3%, partially offset by an increase in Same Store Residential property operating expenses of $48,752,000, or 6.6%, over 2022.
Current wording
Same Store NOI attributable to our apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary residential revenue ("Residential"), for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1,828,266,000, an increase of $48,643,000, or 2.7%, over the prior year. The increase was due to an increase in Same Store Residential revenue of $87,854,000, or 3.4%, partially offset by an increase in Same Store Residential property operating expenses of $39,211,000, or 5.0%, over 2023.
Previous wording
During 2023, we raised approximately $1,363,299,000 of gross capital through the sale of wholly-owned real estate, the issuance of unsecured notes and the settlement of the outstanding forward contracts entered into in April 2022 (the "Equity Forward"). We believe that our current capital structure will continue to provide financial flexibility to access capital on attractive terms.
Current wording
During 2024, excluding the equity capital raised through forward sales of our common shares not yet settled, we raised approximately $1,130,366,000 of gross capital through the sale of wholly-owned real estate and the issuance of unsecured notes. We believe that our current capital structure will continue to provide financial flexibility to access capital on attractive terms.
Previous wording
•completed the construction of six wholly-owned communities containing an aggregate of 1,393 apartment homes and 29,000 square feet of commercial space for an aggregate total capitalized cost of $575,000,000;
Current wording
•completed the construction of nine wholly-owned communities containing an aggregate of 2,981 apartment homes for an aggregate total capitalized cost of $1,286,000,000;
Previous wording
•started the construction of six wholly-owned communities which in the aggregate are expected to contain 2,040 apartment homes when completed, which are expected to be completed for an estimated total capitalized cost of $800,000,000; and
Current wording
•started the construction of nine wholly-owned communities which in the aggregate are expected to contain 2,921 apartment homes when completed, which are expected to be completed for an estimated total capitalized cost of $1,053,000,000; and
Previous wording
During 2023, we i) issued $400,000,000 principal amount of fixed rate unsecured notes, ii) assumed a $63,041,000 fixed rate mortgage note in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon West Plano, iii) repaid $600,000,000 principal amount of our fixed rate unsecured notes and iv) repaid the $150,000,000 variable rate unsecured term loan (the “Term Loan”).
Current wording
During 2024, we issued $400,000,000 principal amount of fixed rate unsecured notes and repaid $300,000,000 principal amount of our fixed rate unsecured notes.
Previous wording
We believe that our balance sheet strength, as measured by our current level of indebtedness, our current ability to service interest and other fixed charges, and our current moderate use of financial encumbrances (such as secured financing), provide us with adequate access to liquidity from the capital markets. We expect to be able to meet our reasonably foreseeable liquidity needs, as they arise, through a combination of one or more of the following sources: existing cash on hand; operating cash flows; borrowings under our Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program; secured debt; the issuance of corporate securities (which could include unsecured debt, preferred equity and/or common equity); the sale of apartment communities; or through the formation of joint ventures. See the discussion under “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Current wording
We believe that our balance sheet strength, as measured by our current level of indebtedness, our current ability to service interest and other fixed charges, and our current moderate use of financial encumbrances (such as secured financing), provide us with adequate access to liquidity from the capital markets. We expect to be able to meet our reasonably foreseeable liquidity needs, as they arise, through a combination of one or more of the following sources: existing cash on hand; operating cash flows; the settlement of the outstanding equity forwards; borrowings under our Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program; the issuance of corporate securities (which could include unsecured debt, preferred equity and/or additional common equity after considering the outstanding equity forwards); the sale of apartment communities; secured debt; or through the formation of joint ventures. See the discussion under "Liquidity and Capital Resources."
Previous wording
As of December 31, 2023 we owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 299 apartment communities containing 90,669 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 18 communities were under development. We have an indirect interest in nine of the 299 apartment communities which were owned by entities that were not consolidated for financial reporting purposes, including one that is being developed within a joint venture. In addition, we held a direct or indirect ownership interest in Development Rights to develop an additional 30 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 10,801 apartment homes.
Current wording
As of December 31, 2024, we owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 306 communities containing 93,518 homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 17 communities were under development. We have an indirect interest in nine of the 306 communities which were owned by entities that were not consolidated for financial reporting purposes. In addition, we held a direct or indirect ownership interest in Development Rights to develop an additional 28 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 8,801 apartment homes.
Previous wording
Our year-over-year operating performance is primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and is reflected in changes in Same Store NOI; NOI derived from acquisitions, development completions and development under construction and in lease-up; loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. See also Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Discussion of our operating results for 2022 and comparison to 2021 can be found in Item 7. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023. A comparison of our operating results for 2023 and 2022 follows (dollars in thousands).
Current wording
Our results of operations are driven by our operating platform and are primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and are reflected in changes in Same Store NOI; NOI derived from acquisitions, development completions and development under construction and in lease-up; loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. See also Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors." Discussion of our operating results for 2023 and comparison to 2022 can be found in Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 23, 2024. A comparison of our operating results for 2024 and 2023 follows (dollars in thousands).
Previous wording
Net income attributable to common stockholders decreased $207,950,000, or 18.3%, to $928,825,000 in 2023 from 2022, primarily due to decreases in real estate sales and related gains in the current year, partially offset by increases in NOI from communities in the current year.
Current wording
Net income attributable to common stockholders increased $153,169,000, or 16.5%, to $1,081,994,000 in 2024 from 2023, primarily due to increases in (i) NOI from communities, (ii) real estate sales and related gains, and (iii) income from unconsolidated investments in the current year.
Previous wording
NOI. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from unconsolidated investments, depreciation expense, income tax expense, casualty loss, gain on sale of communities, other real estate activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. Management considers NOI to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level property management overhead or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets.
Current wording
NOI. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from unconsolidated investments, depreciation expense, income tax expense (benefit), casualty and impairment loss, gain on sale of communities, other real estate activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. Management considers NOI to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level property management overhead or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets.
Previous wording
The Residential NOI changes for 2023 as compared to 2022 consists of changes in the following categories (dollars in thousands):
Current wording
The Residential NOI changes for 2024 as compared to 2023 consist of changes in the following categories (dollars in thousands):
Previous wording
The increase in our Same Store Residential NOI in 2023 is due to an increase in Residential rental revenue of $149,495,000, or 6.3%, partially offset by an increase in Residential property operating expenses of $48,752,000, or 6.6%, over 2022.
Current wording
The 2.7% increase in our Same Store Residential NOI in 2024 is due to an increase in Residential revenue of $87,854,000, or 3.4%, partially offset by an increase in Residential property operating expenses of $39,211,000, or 5.0%, over 2023.
Previous wording
Increases in inflation can result in an increase in our operating costs both at our communities and at the corporate level. Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally reduce our risk from the adverse effect of inflation, although these leases also permit residents to leave at the end of their lease term. In addition, inflation could cause our construction costs and cost of other capitalized expenditures to increase, impacting the expected economic return of, and expected operating results for, current and planned development activity.
Current wording
Increases in inflation can result in an increase in our operating costs both at our communities and at the corporate level. Most of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally reduce our risk from the adverse effect of inflation, although these leases also permit residents to leave at the end of their lease term. In addition, inflation could cause our construction costs and cost of other capitalized expenditures to increase, impacting the expected economic return of, and expected operating results for, current and planned development activity.
Previous wording
Rental and other income increased $173,074,000, or 6.7%, in 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to the increased rental revenue from our Same Store communities, discussed below.
Current wording
Rental and other income increased $146,489,000, or 5.3%, in 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to the increased revenue from our Same Store communities, discussed below.
Previous wording
Consolidated Communities —The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes for consolidated communities increased to 77,667 apartment homes for 2023, compared to 77,319 homes for 2022. The weighted average monthly rental revenue per occupied apartment home increased to $2,955 for 2023 compared to $2,784 in 2022.
Current wording
Consolidated Communities —The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes for consolidated communities increased to 79,240 apartment homes for 2024, compared to 77,667 homes for 2023. The weighted average monthly revenue per occupied apartment home increased to $3,081 for 2024 compared to $2,955 in 2023.
Previous wording
Same Store Communities — The following table presents the change in Same Store Residential rental revenue, including the attribution of the change between average rental revenue per occupied home and Economic Occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands).
Current wording
Same Store Communities — The following table presents the change in Same Store Residential revenue, including the attribution of the change between average revenue per occupied home and Economic Occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands).
Previous wording
(1) Economic Occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at contract rates and vacant homes at market rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at current market rents. Economic Occupancy considers that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community's gross revenue.
Current wording
(1) Economic Occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at contract rates and vacant homes at market rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at market rents. Economic Occupancy considers that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community's gross revenue.
Previous wording
The following table details the increase in Same Store Residential rental revenue by component for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the prior year:
Current wording
The following table details the increase in Same Store Residential revenue by component for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year:
Previous wording
The increase for Same Store Residential rental revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the prior year was not significantly impacted by uncollectible lease revenue, inclusive of amounts received from government rent relief programs. Same Store uncollectible lease revenue decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 by $4,172,000, resulting in a 0.1% decrease in Same Store Residential rental revenue. However, uncollectible lease revenue was impacted by a decrease in government rent relief of $31,766,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from the prior year. Adjusting to remove the impact of rent relief, uncollectible lease revenue as a percentage of Same Store Residential rental revenue decreased to 2.4% in the year ended December 31, 2023 from 3.7% in the year ended December 31, 2022.
Current wording
The increase for Same Store Residential revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the prior year was impacted by uncollectible lease revenue, inclusive of amounts received from government rent relief programs. Same Store uncollectible lease revenue decreased for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior year by $10,582,000, resulting in a 0.4% increase in Same Store Residential revenue. Uncollectible lease revenue was impacted by a decrease in government rent relief of $3,967,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 from the prior year. Adjusting to remove the impact of rent relief, uncollectible lease revenue as a percentage of Same Store Residential revenue decreased to 1.8% in the year ended December 31, 2024 from 2.4% in the year ended December 31, 2023.
Previous wording
We use concessions periodically as a means to increase leasing velocity, providing our new and existing residents an upfront incentive to enter into a new lease, or extend an existing lease. During 2023, concessions granted for our Same Store communities increased over the prior year by $5,341,000 to $17,040,000. We amortize concessions on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective leases (generally one year), reducing the income recognized over the lease term. For the year ended December 31, 2023, amortized concessions decreased by $7,219,000 contributing to the increase in revenue as compared to the prior year. The remaining net unamortized balance of Same Store residential concessions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $8,480,000 and $6,229,000, respectively.
Current wording
We use concessions periodically as a means to increase leasing velocity, providing our new and existing residents an upfront incentive to enter into a new lease, or extend an existing lease. During 2024, concessions granted for our Same Store communities increased over the prior year by $562,000 to $17,288,000. We amortize concessions on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective leases (generally one year), reducing the income recognized over the lease term. For the year ended December 31, 2024, amortized concessions increased by $927,000, partially offsetting the increase in revenue as compared to the prior year. The remaining net unamortized balance of Same Store residential concessions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2,358,000 and $187,000, respectively.
Previous wording
Management, development and other fees increased $1,389,000, or 21.9%, in 2023, compared to the prior year, primarily due to fees for third-party back-office, financial administrative support services in the current year, partially offset by reduced third-party development fees.
Current wording
Management, development and other fees decreased $641,000, or 8.3%, in 2024, compared to the prior year, primarily due to reduced third-party development fees, partially offset by an increase in fees for third-party back-office, financial administrative support services in the current year.
Previous wording
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $42,376,000, or 8.3%, in 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the addition of newly developed apartment communities as well as increased Residential operating expenses at our Same Store communities as discussed below.
Current wording
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $36,818,000, or 6.8%, in 2024 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities as well as increased Residential operating expenses at our Same Store communities as discussed below, partially offset by dispositions.
Previous wording
Property taxes increased $17,834,000, or 6.2%, in 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities and increases for our Same Store Residential portfolio, partially offset by decreased property taxes from dispositions.
Current wording
Property taxes increased $20,817,000, or 6.8%, in 2024 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increases for our Same Store Residential portfolio and the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, partially offset by decreased property taxes from dispositions.
Previous wording
Same Store Residential property taxes increased $13,071,000, or 4.9%, in 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased assessments across the portfolio, successful appeals in the prior year and the expiration of property tax incentive programs primarily at certain of our properties in New York City. The expiration of property tax incentive programs represents $6,810,000 or 52% of the 4.9% increase in property taxes for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Current wording
Same Store Residential property taxes increased $13,885,000, or 4.9%, in 2024 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased assessments across the portfolio, a higher level of successful appeals in the prior year and the expiration of property tax incentive programs primarily at certain of our properties in New York City. The expiration of property tax incentive programs represents $5,364,000 or 39% of the 4.9% increase in property taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Previous wording
Property management and other indirect operating expenses increased $8,808,000, or 7.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased costs related to initiatives to improve future efficiency in services for residents and prospects and investments in technology as well as increased compensation related costs.
Current wording
Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income increased $27,690,000, or 19.5%, in 2024, primarily due to costs related to our shared services model and increased costs related to investments in technology and process related spend for initiatives to improve future efficiency in services for residents and prospects, and increased advocacy costs.
Previous wording
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries primarily reflect costs incurred for write downs and abandonment of Development Rights, development pursuits not yet considered probable for development, as well as costs related to abandoned acquisition and disposition pursuits, offset by any recoveries of costs incurred. In periods of increased acquisition pursuit activity, periods of economic downturn or when there is limited access to capital, these costs can be volatile and may vary significantly from year to year. In addition, the timing for potential recoveries will not always align with the timing for expensing an abandoned pursuit. Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, increased $16,914,000 in 2023 compared to the prior year. The amount for 2023 includes write-offs of $27,455,000 related to seven Development Rights that we determined are no longer probable. The amount for 2022 includes write-offs of $10,073,000 related to three development opportunities that we determined are no longer probable.
Current wording
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries includes costs incurred for write downs and abandonment of Development Rights and development pursuits not yet considered probable for development, as well as costs related to abandoned acquisition and disposition pursuits, offset by any recoveries of costs incurred. In periods of increased acquisition and pursuit activity, periods of economic downturn or when there is limited access to capital, these costs can be volatile and may vary significantly from year to year. In addition, the timing for potential recoveries will not always align with the timing for expensing an abandoned pursuit. Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, decreased $15,138,000 in 2024 compared to the prior year due to a decrease in write-offs for development rights that we determined are no longer probable. The amount for 2024 includes a write-off of $8,947,000 related to one Development Right in Northern California, and the amount for 2023 includes write-offs of $27,455,000 related to seven Development Rights in Northern and Southern California and the Mid-Atlantic that we determined were no longer probable.
Previous wording
Interest expense, net decreased $24,082,000, or 10.5%, in 2023 compared to the prior year. This category includes interest costs offset by capitalized interest pertaining to development and redevelopment activity, amortization of premium/discount on debt, interest income and any mark-to-market impact from derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships. The decrease in 2023 was primarily due to an increase in interest income due to higher cash amounts invested and higher interest rates coupled with increased capitalized interest, partially offset by the increase in rates on variable rate indebtedness.
Current wording
Interest expense, net increased $20,597,000, or 10.0%, in 2024 compared to the prior year. This category includes interest costs adjusted for capitalized interest related to development and redevelopment activity, amortization of premium/discount on debt, deferred hedging gains and losses from qualifying hedges, interest income and any mark-to-market impact from derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships. The increase in 2024 was primarily due to increases in amounts of unsecured indebtedness and decreases in interest income compared to the prior year due to lower cash amounts invested. The increases in 2024 are also due to decreased capitalized interest compared to the prior year.
Previous wording
Depreciation expense increased $1,987,000, or 0.2%, in 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, partially offset by dispositions.
Current wording
Depreciation expense increased $29,888,000, or 3.7%, in 2024 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, partially offset by dispositions.
Previous wording
General and administrative expense increased $2,470,000, or 3.3%, in 2023 as compared to the prior year, primarily due to proceeds from legal settlements we received in the prior year, partially offset by a decrease in executive transition compensation in the current year.
Current wording
General and administrative expense increased $1,163,000, or 1.5%, in 2024 as compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in legal and professional fees, partially offset by decreased compensation expense, including severance.
Previous wording
Gain on sale of communities decreased in 2023 compared to the prior year. The amount of gain realized in a given period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of the communities sold and the market conditions in the local area. The gains of $287,424,000 and $555,558,000 in 2023 and 2022, respectively, were primarily due to the sale of four and nine wholly-owned communities in 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Current wording
Gain on sale of communities increased in 2024 compared to the prior year. The amount of gain realized in a given period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of the communities sold, expected operating performance of the communities and the market conditions in the local area. The gains of $363,300,000 and $287,424,000 in 2024 and 2023, respectively, were primarily due to the sale of eight and four wholly-owned communities in 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Previous wording
Income tax expenseof $10,153,000 and $14,646,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was primarily related to dispositions at The Park Loggia.
Current wording
Income tax expenseof $10,153,000 for 2023 was primarily related to The Park Loggia.
Previous wording
FFO and Core FFO do not represent net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance. In addition, FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculations of FFO and Core FFO.
Current wording
FFO and Core FFO do not represent (i) net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance, or (ii) cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. In addition, FFO and Core FFO are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs and may not be comparable to FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs.
Previous wording
(2) Amounts are for our recognition of our promoted interest in the U.S. Fund.
Current wording
(2) Amount is for recognition of our promoted interest in the U.S. Fund.
Previous wording
(3) Amounts are the expected credit losses associated with our lending commitments primarily under our SIP. The timing and amount of actual losses that will be incurred, if any, is to be determined.
Current wording
(3) Reflects changes to expected credit losses associated with our lending commitments primarily under the SIP. The timing and amount of actual losses that will be incurred, if any, is to be determined at the maturity of each respective lending agreement.
Previous wording
(7) Amounts are primarily for the recognition of taxes associated with The Park Loggia dispositions.
Current wording
(7) Amount for 2023 is primarily for the recognition of taxes associated with The Park Loggia.
Previous wording
We had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $530,960,000 at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $203,285,000 from $734,245,000 at December 31, 2022. The following discussion relates to changes in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash due to operating, investing and financing activities.
Current wording
We had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $267,076,000 at December 31, 2024, a decrease of $263,884,000 from $530,960,000 at December 31, 2023. The following discussion relates to changes in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash due to operating, investing and financing activities.
Previous wording
A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):
Current wording
A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Previous wording
•Net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to (i) investment of $901,847,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities, (ii) acquisition of three wholly-owned communities for $215,889,000 and (iii) capital expenditures of $197,274,000 for our wholly-owned communities and non-real estate assets. These amounts were partially offset by net proceeds from the disposition of four operating communities and the sale of for-sale residential condominiums of $467,096,000.
Current wording
•Net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to (i) the investment of $951,101,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities, (ii) acquisition of six wholly-owned communities for $464,419,000 and (iii) capital expenditures of $198,026,000 for our wholly-owned communities and non-real estate assets. These amounts were partially offset by net proceeds from the disposition of eight wholly-owned communities.
Previous wording
•Net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to (i) payment of cash dividends in the amount of $922,657,000, (ii) the repayment of the $600,000,000 fixed rate unsecured notes and (iii) the repayment of the $150,000,000 Term Loan. These amounts were partially offset by (i) the settlement of the Equity Forward for $491,912,000 and (ii) proceeds from the issuance of unsecured notes in the amount of $399,756,000.
Current wording
•Net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to (i) payment of cash dividends in the amount of $961,914,000, and (ii) the repayment of the $300,000,000 fixed rate unsecured notes. These amounts were partially offset by the proceeds from the issuance of unsecured notes in the amount of $398,788,000.
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Rearranged previous paragraphs (2)
Previous report — wording carried elsewhere
(4) Amount for 2023 includes write-offs of $27,455 for seven Development Rights that we determined are no longer probable. Amount for 2022 includes write-offs of $10,073 related to three development opportunities that we determined are no longer probable. Amounts for 2023 and 2022 also include $3,128 and $3,215, respectively, for additional expensed pursuit costs.
Previous report — wording carried elsewhere
FFO and Core FFO also do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, it is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.