Baldwin Insurance Group, Inc.

1. Business and Basis of Presentation

The Baldwin Insurance Group, Inc. was incorporated in the state of Delaware on July 1, 2019 as BRP Group, Inc. and, on May 2, 2024, was renamed The Baldwin Insurance Group, Inc.

The Baldwin Insurance Group, Inc. is a holding company and sole managing member of The Baldwin Insurance Group Holdings, LLC (formerly Baldwin Risk Partners, LLC) (“Baldwin Holdings”) and its sole material asset is its ownership interest in Baldwin Holdings, through which all of its business has been and is conducted. In these condensed consolidated financial statements, unless the context otherwise requires, the words “Baldwin,” and the “Company” refer to The Baldwin Insurance Group, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, including Baldwin Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates.

Baldwin is a diversified insurance agency and services organization that markets and sells insurance products and services to its clients throughout the U.S. A significant portion of the Company’s business is concentrated in the Southeastern U.S., with several other regional concentrations. Baldwin and its subsidiaries operate through three reportable segments (“operating groups”), Insurance Advisory Solutions, Underwriting, Capacity & Technology Solutions and Mainstreet Insurance Solutions, which are discussed in more detail in Note 17.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Baldwin and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

As the sole manager of Baldwin Holdings, Baldwin operates and controls all the business and affairs of Baldwin Holdings, and has the sole voting interest in, and controls the management of, Baldwin Holdings. Accordingly, Baldwin consolidates Baldwin Holdings in its consolidated financial statements, resulting in a noncontrolling interest related to the membership interests of Baldwin Holdings (the “LLC Units”) held by Baldwin Holdings’ members in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company has prepared these condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, Consolidation(“Topic 810”). Topic 810 requires that if an enterprise is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity, the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of the variable interest entity should be included in the consolidated financial statements of the enterprise. The Company has recognized certain entities as variable interest entities, of which the Company is the primary beneficiary, and has included the accounts of these entities in the consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 4 for additional information regarding the Company’s variable interest entities.

Topic 810 also requires that the equity of a noncontrolling interest shall be reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets within total equity of the Company. Certain redeemable noncontrolling interests are reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as mezzanine equity. Topic 810 also requires revenues, expenses, gains, losses, net income or loss, and other comprehensive income or loss to be reported in the consolidated financial statements at consolidated amounts, which include amounts attributable to the owners of the parent and the noncontrolling interests.

Unaudited Interim Financial Reporting

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and related notes required by GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of recurring accruals, considered necessary for fair presentation of the financial statements have been included. The accompanying consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2024 was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. Accordingly, these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2025.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Significant estimates underlying the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the application of guidance for revenue recognition; the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill; the valuation of acquired relationships and contingent consideration; and the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)—Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”) to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and supply more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. These expenses include purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion in commonly presented expense captions such as cost of sales, selling, general and administrative expense, and research and development expense. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company expects the adoption of this standard to expand its expense disclosures, but otherwise have no impact on the interim or annual consolidated financial statements.

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-03, Business Combinations (Topic 805) and Consolidation (Topic 810): Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity (“ASU 2025-03”). ASU 2025-03 amends the guidance for identifying the accounting acquirer in a business combination effected primarily by exchanging equity interests when the legal acquiree is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) that meets the definition of a business. Under the new guidance, entities must consider the factors in ASC 805-10-55-12 through 55-15—such as relative voting rights, composition of the governing body and management, and size of the combining entities—regardless of whether the legal acquiree is a VIE. This change is intended to improve consistency and comparability in financial reporting for economically similar transactions. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company will apply the amendments prospectively to business combinations occurring after the initial application. The Company expects the adoption of this standard to change how it evaluates the accounting acquirer in future business combinations involving a VIE, but otherwise have no impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (“ASU 2025-06”). ASU 2025-06 updates the accounting framework for internal-use software development costs to better reflect modern development practices, including agile methodologies. Key changes include replacing the traditional project stage model with a capitalization threshold based on management’s authorization and commitment to fund the project, along with a requirement that completion of the project be probable. ASU 2025-06 also supersedes guidance on website development costs. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on the interim or annual consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”) to enhance the transparency and usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disclosure of specific categories and disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table using both percentages and reporting currency amounts. ASU 2023-09 also requires disclosure of disaggregated information related to income taxes paid, income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit, and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations. The requirements of ASU 2023-09 became effective for the Company January 1, 2025, at which time it was adopted. However, the Company is not required to provide income tax disclosures on a quarterly basis; therefore, the new disclosures will be included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2025 as required.

Changes in Presentation

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation, including the addition of a new operating expense classification, outside commissions, to provide more detailed information about the Company’s expenses. With the exception of the change in presentation for fiduciary assets and liabilities as discussed below, these reclassifications had no impact on the Company’s previously reported consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Change in Presentation for Fiduciary Assets and Liabilities

Beginning January 1, 2025, the Company is presenting assets and liabilities that arise from activities in which the Company engages as an intermediary, where we collect premiums from insureds to remit to insurance companies, as fiduciary assets and fiduciary liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Premiums receivable are no longer presented in the same caption with uncollected commissions and fees, but rather represented in a separate caption as fiduciary receivables. Premiums payable to insurance companies are now presented as fiduciary liabilities. In addition, restricted cash is now reflected as fiduciary cash along with non-restricted fiduciary cash balances previously reported within cash and cash equivalents. Fiduciary cash represents funds in the Company’s possession that have been collected from customers to be remitted to insurance companies.

The net change in fiduciary cash is represented by the net change in fiduciary receivables and liabilities and is presented as cash flows from financing activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Previously, the net change in cash balances held to remit to insurance carriers was presented as cash flows from operating activities. All prior period amounts and related disclosures included in these financial statements have been recast to conform to the current basis of presentation.

The table below presents the changes in the relevant balance sheet captions at December 31, 2024 from amounts as previously reported to the revised presentation.

The table below presents the changes in the relevant statement of cash flow captions for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from amounts as previously reported to the revised presentation.

(1)Beginning December 31, 2024, colleague earnout incentives were presented separately on the face of the consolidated balance sheets unrelated to the change in presentation for fiduciary assets and liabilities. Changes in colleague earnout incentives are included in this table only to present the effect of this reclassification on the changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Revenue Recognition

The Company generally recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”).

The Company earns commission revenue by providing insurance placement services to insureds or insurance companies (“clients”) under direct bill and agency bill arrangements with insurance company partners or reinsurance company partners for private risk management, commercial risk management, employee benefits and Medicare insurance types. Commission revenues are usually a percentage of the premium paid by clients and generally depend upon the type of insurance, the insurance company partner or reinsurance company partner, and the nature of the services provided. In some cases, the Company shares commissions with other agents or brokers who have acted jointly with the Company in a transaction. The Company controls the fulfillment of the performance obligation and its relationship with its insurance company partners, reinsurance company partners, and the outside agents. Commissions shared with downstream agents or brokers are recorded in outside commissions in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Commission revenue is recorded net of allowances for estimated policy cancellations, which are determined based on an evaluation of historical and current cancellation data.

Commissions for brokerage services may be invoiced near the effective date of the underlying policy or over the term of the arrangement in installments during the policy period. However, regardless of the payment terms, commissions are recognized at a point in time upon the effective date of bound insurance coverage, as no performance obligation exists after coverage is bound.

The Company earns service fee revenue for providing insurance placement services to clients for a negotiated fee, and consulting revenue is earned by providing specialty insurance consulting and other advisory services. Service fee and consulting revenues from certain agreements are recognized over time depending on when the services within the contract are satisfied and when the Company has transferred control of the related services to the customer.

Profit-sharing commissions represent bonus-type revenue that is earned by the Company as a sales incentive provided by certain insurance company partners and reinsurance company partners. The Company receives profit-sharing commissions based primarily on underwriting results, but may also contain considerations for volume, growth, loss performance or retention. Profit-sharing commissions associated with relatively predictable measures are estimated and recognized over time. The profit-sharing commissions are recorded as the underlying policies that contribute to the achievement of the metric are placed with any adjustments recognized when payments are received or as additional information that affects the estimate becomes available. Profit-sharing commissions associated with loss performance are uncertain, and therefore, are subject to significant reversal as loss data remains subject to material change. Management estimates profit-sharing commissions using historical outcomes and known trends impacting premium volume or loss ratios, subject to a constraint. The constraint is relieved when management estimates the revenue is not subject to significant reversal, which often coincides with the earlier of written notice from the insurance company partner that the target has been achieved, or cash collection. Year-end and quarter-end amounts incorporate estimates subject to a constraint or where applicable, are based on confirmation from insurance company partners after calculation of premium volume or loss ratios that are impacted by catastrophic losses.

The Company earns policy fee revenue for acting in its capacity as a managing general agent (“MGA”) on behalf of the insurance company partner and fulfilling certain services, including delivery of policy documents, processing payments and other administrative functions during the term of the insurance policy. Policy fee revenue is deferred and recognized over the life of the policy. These deferred amounts are recognized as contract liabilities, which are included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company earns installment fee revenue for payment processing services performed on behalf of the insurance company partner related to policy premiums paid on an installment basis. The Company recognizes installment fee revenue in the period the services are performed.

The Company pays an incremental amount of compensation in the form of producer commissions on new business. These incremental costs are capitalized as deferred commission expense and amortized over five years, which represents management’s estimate of the average benefit period for new business. The Company has concluded that this period is consistent with the transfer to the client of the services to which the asset relates.

Due to the relatively short time period between the information gathering phase and binding insurance coverage, the Company has determined that costs to fulfill contracts are not significant. Therefore, costs to fulfill a contract are expensed as incurred.

The Company recognizes revenue for the Captive business (as defined further below) in accordance with ASC Topic 944, Insurance, in the form of assumed premium earned. Assumed premium earned is recognized ratably over the associated policy periods.

The Company also earns investment income, which primarily consists of interest earnings on available cash invested in treasury money market funds. The Company recognizes investment income in the period the revenue is earned.

Captive Insurance Operations

The Company’s Underwriting, Capacity & Technology Solutions operating group includes TBG Assurance Company, LLC, a wholly-owned protected cell captive insurance company (“PCC”) domiciled in Tennessee, which was established to allow Baldwin to further participate in the underwriting results of a small portion of its MGA programs. The PCC allows for the creation of multiple independent cells (series) within a single legal entity, TBG Assurance Company, LLC (the “Core”).

Effective January 1, 2025, the initial series, MSI Multifamily Series Protected Cell (the “MSI Cell,” and collectively with the Core, the “Captive”), was licensed and participates as a quota share reinsurer on two of MSI’s multifamily programs, renters and master tenant legal liability, for the purpose of further participating in the programs’ underwriting results. The reinsurance quota share contracts feature an adjustment to assumed premium based on the loss ratio performance of the business ceded.

Assumed premiums are recognized as income over the coverage period of the related policies. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written that relate to the unexpired terms of the policies in force and are determined on a pro rata basis. Assumed premium earned is recorded to commissions and fees in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Assumed premiums receivable are included as a component of assumed premiums, commissions and fees receivable, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Unearned premiums are included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company establishes its assumed insurance loss reserves for the estimated total unpaid costs of losses, including the loss adjustment expense (“LAE”). Loss and LAE reserves reflect management’s best estimate of the total cost of (i) claims that have been incurred, but not yet paid in full, and (ii) claims that have been incurred but not yet reported to the Company. Reserves established by management represent an estimate of the outcome of future events and, as such, cannot be considered an exact calculation of the Company’s liability. Rather, loss and LAE reserves represent management’s best estimate of the Company’s liability based on the application of actuarial techniques and other projection methodologies and taking into consideration other facts and circumstances known at the balance sheet date.

The Company engages the services of an outside actuarial consulting firm (the “Actuary”) to assist on an annual basis to render an opinion on the sufficiency of the Company’s estimates for unpaid losses and related LAE reserves. The Actuary utilizes both industry experience and the Company’s own experience to develop estimates of those amounts as of year-end. These estimated liabilities are subject to the impact of future changes in claim severity, frequency and other factors. Despite the variability inherent in such estimates, management believes that the liabilities for unpaid losses and related LAE reserves are adequate. Unpaid losses and LAE reserves are included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Fiduciary Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid short-term instruments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. These instruments held by the Company included money market funds at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents and fiduciary cash on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Money market funds are carried at cost, which approximates fair value, and are considered Level 1 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's money market funds totaled $213.0 million and $237.5 million, respectively.

3. Business Combinations

The Company completedtwo business combinations for an aggregate purchase price of $129.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. In accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations (“Topic 805”), total consideration was first allocated to the fair value of assets acquired, including liabilities assumed, with the excess being recorded as goodwill. For financial statement purposes, goodwill is not amortized but rather is evaluated for impairment at least annually or more frequently if an event or change in circumstances occurs that indicates goodwill may be impaired. For tax purposes, goodwill is generally deductible and will be amortized over a period of 15 years.

The Company completed the following business combinations during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

•The Company acquired certain assets and equity interests of entities used in the operation of Bermuda-based reinsurance underwriting platform MultiStrat Group (“MultiStrat”), an Underwriting, Capacity & Technology Solutions partner effective April 1, 2025, to add an important capability to source alternative reinsurance capital for Baldwin’s cedant clients and MSI, without taking balance sheet risk.

•The Company acquired from Hippo Holdings, Inc. (“Hippo”) and its affiliates all the outstanding equity interests of the various entities comprising Hippo’s homebuilder distribution network (“Hippo’s Homebuilder Distribution Network”), a Mainstreet Insurance Solutions partner effective July 1, 2025. This partnership enhances Baldwin’s ability to deliver property and casualty insurance solutions to homebuilder clients through expanded distribution capabilities. Refer to Note 4 for information regarding the Company’s assumption of membership interests of a joint venture acquired as part of this partnership.

The recorded purchase price for business combinations may include an estimation of the fair value of contingent earnout obligations associated with contractual earnout provisions providing for post-closing contingent consideration payments, which are based on revenue, revenue growth and net income (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and one-time transactional-related expenses or non-recurring items (“adjusted EBITDA”) growth. The contingent earnout consideration amounts identified in the table below are measured at fair value within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as discussed further in Note 15. Any subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent earnout liabilities will be recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss when incurred.

The recorded purchase price for the MultiStrat partnership also include an estimation of the fair value of equity interests, which is calculated based on the value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the closing date taking into account a discount for lack of marketability.

In addition, the recorded purchase price allocation for Hippo’s Homebuilder Distribution Network includes an estimation of the fair value of the pre-existing noncontrolling interest acquired in Lennar Insurance Agency. The fair value of the noncontrolling interest acquired in Lennar Insurance Agency was estimated using a discounted cash flow model under the income approach. The valuation relied on management-prepared financial projections and a discount rate consistent with market participant assumptions and the broader valuation of Hippo’s Homebuilder Distribution Network.

The operating results of these business combinations have been included in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss since the acquisition date. The Company recognized total revenues and net income from its business combinations of $12.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and $14.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Due to the complexity of valuing the consideration paid and the purchase price allocation and the timing of these activities, certain amounts included in the consolidated financial statements may be provisional and subject to additional adjustments within the measurement period as permitted by Topic 805. Specifically, the Company's valuations of the fair value of contingent earnout consideration and intangible assets are estimates based on assumptions of factors such as discount rates and growth rates. Accordingly, these assets and liabilities are subject to measurement period adjustments as determined after the passage of time. Any measurement period adjustments related to prior period business combinations are reflected as current period adjustments in accordance with Topic 805.

The table below provides a summary of the total consideration and the estimated purchase price allocations made for each of the business acquisitions that became effective during thenine months ended September 30, 2025.

(1)Hippo’s Homebuilder Distribution Network has an uncapped earnout related to a previous business acquisition based on legacy account revenue.

The factors contributing to the recognition of goodwill are based on expanded product offerings, expanded distribution capabilities and vertical integration within the reinsurance and insurance brokerage industry.

The intangible assets acquired in connection with the partnerships have the following values and estimated weighted-average lives:

(1)Software acquired in the MultiStrat partnership consists of internally-developed software, which will not be placed in service or amortized until it reaches technological feasibility.

Future annual estimated amortization expense for the next five years is as follows for intangible assets acquired in connection with the partnerships:

The following pro forma consolidated results of operations are provided for illustrative purposes only and have been presented as if Hippo’s Homebuilder Distribution Network occurred on January 1, 2024. This pro forma information should not be relied upon as being indicative of the historical results that would have been obtained if the acquisition had occurred on that date, nor of the results that may be obtained in the future.

4. Variable Interest Entities

Topic 810 requires a reporting entity to consolidate a variable interest entity (“VIE”) when the reporting entity has a variable interest or combination of variable interests that provide the entity with a controlling financial interest in the VIE. The Company continually assesses whether it has a controlling financial interest in each of its VIEs to determine if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE and should, therefore, consolidate each of the VIEs. A reporting entity is considered to have a controlling financial interest in a VIE if it has (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb the losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

As part of Hippo’s Homebuilder Distribution Network partnership discussed further in Note 3, the Company acquired Hippo’s 100% Class A membership interest (representing a 20% total interest) in Lennar Insurance Agency (“LIA”), a joint venture formed between Hippo and Lennar Title Group, LLC (“Lennar”), which holds 100% of the Class B membership interest (representing an 80% total interest). The joint venture was established to provide property and casualty insurance placement services to Lennar’s homebuyers. The Company determined that LIA is a VIE under Topic 810 and that the Company is the primary beneficiary. As a result, LIA has been consolidated effective July 1, 2025, and its assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of that date. The assets and liabilities of LIA and the noncontrolling interest in LIA issued to Lennar are included as a component of the purchase price allocation for Hippo’s Homebuilder Distribution Network in Note 3.

In addition to LIA, the Company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of its other VIEs, which include Laureate Insurance Partners, LLC, BKS Smith, LLC, BKS MS, LLC and BKS Partners Galati Marine Solutions, LLC. The Company has consolidated its VIEs into the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

Total revenues and expenses of the Company’s consolidated VIEs included in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss were as follows:

The assets of the consolidated VIEs can only be used to settle the obligations of the consolidated VIEs and the creditors of the liabilities of the consolidated VIEs do not have recourse to the Company.

5. Revenue

The following table provides disaggregated revenues by major source:

(1)Commission revenue is earned by providing insurance placement services to clients under direct bill and agency bill arrangements with insurance company partners and reinsurance company partners for private risk management, commercial risk management, wealth management, employee benefits and Medicare insurance types.

(2) For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, commission revenue included direct bill revenue of $144.1 million and $141.6 million, respectively, and agency bill revenue of $133.4 million and $128.7 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, commission revenue included direct bill revenue of $487.2 million and $476.9 million, respectively, and agency bill revenue of $428.4 million and $396.1 million, respectively.

(3)Profit-sharing revenue represents bonus-type revenue that is earned by the Company as a sales incentive provided by certain insurance company partners.

(4)Service fee revenue is earned for providing insurance placement services to clients for a negotiated fee and consulting revenue is earned by providing specialty insurance consulting and other advisory services.

(5)Policy fee revenue represents revenue earned for acting in the capacity of an MGA and fulfilling certain administrative functions on behalf of insurance or reinsurance company partners, including delivery of policy documents, processing payments and other administrative functions. Installment fee revenue represents revenue earned by the Company for providing payment processing services on behalf of insurance company partners related to policy premiums paid on an installment basis.

(6)Assumed premium earned relates to the premiums earned in the Captive. Refer to Note 18 for additional information.

(7) Other income includes other ancillary income, premium financing income, and marketing income that is based on agreed-upon cost reimbursement for fulfilling specific targeted Medicare marketing campaigns.

(8) Investment income represents interest earnings on available cash invested in treasury money market funds.

The application of Topic 606 requires the use of management judgment. The following are the areas of most significant judgment as it relates to Topic 606:

•The Company considers the policyholders as representative of its customers in the majority of contractual relationships, with the exception of Medicare contracts in its Mainstreet Insurance Solutions operating group, where the insurance company partner is considered its customer.

•Medicare contracts in the Mainstreet Insurance Solutions operating group are multi-year arrangements in which the Company is entitled to renewal commissions. However, the Company has applied a constraint to renewal commissions that limits revenue recognized when a risk of significant reversals exists based on: (i) historical renewal patterns; and (ii) the influence of external factors outside of the Company’s control, including policyholder discretion over plans and insurance company partner relationship, political influence, and a contractual provision, which limits the Company’s right to receive renewal commissions to ongoing compliance and regulatory approval of the relevant insurance company partner and compliance with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

•The Company recognizes separately contracted commission revenue at the effective date of insurance placement and considers any ongoing interaction with the customer to be insignificant in the context of the obligations of the contract.

•Variable consideration includes estimates of direct bill commissions, reserves for policy cancellations and accruals for profit-sharing income.

•Costs to obtain a contract are deferred and recognized over five years, which represents management’s estimate of the average benefit period for new business.

•Due to the relatively short time period between the information gathering phase and binding insurance coverage, the Company has determined that costs to fulfill contracts are not significant. Therefore, costs to fulfill a contract are expensed as incurred.

6. Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets arise when the Company recognizes revenue for amounts that have not yet been billed. Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of performance under the contract before the transfer of a good or service to the customer. Contract assets are included in assumed premiums, commissions and fees receivable, net and contract liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The balances of contract assets and liabilities arising from contracts with customers were as follows:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized revenue of $38.1 million related to the contract liabilities balance at December 31, 2024.

7. Deferred Commission Expense

The Company pays an incremental amount of compensation in the form of producer commissions on new business. In accordance with ASC Topic 340, Other Assets and Deferred Costs, these incremental costs are deferred and amortized over five years, which represents management’s estimate of the average benefit period for new business. Deferred commission expense represents producer commissions that are capitalized and not yet expensed and are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The table below provides a rollforward of deferred commission expense:

8. Goodwill

The changes in carrying value of goodwill by operating group for the periods are as follows:

9. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:

10. Long-Term Debt

As of December 31, 2024, the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement provided for senior secured credit facilities in an aggregate principal amount of $1.44 billion, which consisted of (i) a term loan facility in the principal amount of $840 million, bearing interest at a rate of term SOFR, plus an applicable margin of 325 bps, with a margin step-down to 300 bps at a first lien net leverage ratio of 4.00x or below, maturing May 24, 2031 (the “2024 Term Loan Facility” and the loans thereunder, the “2024 Term Loans”) and (ii) a revolving credit facility with commitments in an aggregate principal amount of $600 million, bearing interest at SOFR plus 210 bps to SOFR plus 310 bps based on total net leverage ratio maturing May 24, 2029 (the “Revolving Facility” and, together with the 2024 Term Loan Facility, the “2024 Credit Facility”). As of December 31, 2024, Baldwin Holdings also had 7.125% Senior Secured Notes with an aggregate principal amount of $600 million due May 15, 2031.

On January 10, 2025, the 2024 Credit Agreement, the definitive agreement for the 2024 Credit Facility, was amended to, among other things, provide for $100.0 million of incremental term B loans (the loans thereunder, the “Existing 2025 Term Loans”), increasing the aggregate principal amount of Baldwin Holdings’ existing $835.8 million senior secured first lien term loan facility to $935.8 million (the “January 2025 Refinancing”). The proceeds of the 2025 Existing Term Loans were used to repay in full all of the 2024 Term Loans outstanding under the 2024 Credit Agreement.

Under the January 2025 Refinancing, the Existing 2025 Term Loans bore interest at term SOFR, plus an applicable margin of 300 bps, with a margin step-down to 275 bps at a first lien net leverage ratio of 4.00 x or below. The Existing 2025 Term Loans were otherwise subject to the same terms to which the 2024 Term Loans were subject under the 2024 Credit Agreement.

On September 18, 2025, the 2024 Credit Agreement was amended to, among other things, (i) reprice the Existing 2025 Term Loans; (ii) provide for $75.0 million of incremental term B loans (the “New Term Loans” and together with the Existing 2025 Term Loans, the “Term Loans”), increasing the aggregate principal amount of the Term Loans from $931.1 million to $1.006 billion; and (iii) reduce the applicable margin for the Revolving Facility (together, the “September 2025 Refinancing” and, together with the January 2025 Refinancing, the “2025 Refinancings”). The proceeds of the New Term Loans were used to pay down outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility.

Under the September 2025 Refinancing, the Term Loans bear interest at term SOFR, plus an applicable margin of 250 bps. The New Term Loans are otherwise subject to the same terms to which the Existing 2025 Term Loans were subject under the Credit Agreement. The interest rate for the 2024 Revolving Facility is term SOFR, plus a credit spread adjustment of 10 bps, plus an applicable margin of 175 bps to 250 bps based on a total first lien net leverage ratio.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s outstanding borrowings under the 2025 Term Loans and 2024 Term Loans of $1.004 billion and $835.8 million, respectively, had an applicable interest rate of 6.64% and 7.61%, respectively. Outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility of $66.0 million at September 30, 2025 had an applicable interest rate of 6.82%. There wereno outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility at December 31, 2024. The Revolving Facility was subject to a commitment fee of 0.40% on unused capacity as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had undrawn letters of credit issued under the Revolving Facility of $10.0 million and $12.0 million, respectively, which are subject to letter of credit fees.

11. Derivative Instruments and Hedging

The Company is exposed to interest rate risk resulting from its long-term debt and revolving facility. The Company uses derivative instruments, including, from time to time, interest rate caps and swaps, to mitigate its exposure to variability in cash flows due to changes in interest rates on its floating-rate debt. However, the Company does not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Effective September 14, 2025, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement with a notional amount of $500.0 million, which exchanges the variable rate of the Term Loans, which are indexed to 1-month term SOFR, for a fixed rate of 3.244%. Interest payments will be made on a monthly basis commencing on October 14, 2025 through the termination date of September 14, 2028.

The interest rate swap has been designated as a cash flow hedge under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The Company assesses hedge effectiveness using the hypothetical derivative method and expects the hedge to be highly effective over its term. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), which is a component of equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, and reclassified into interest expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss in the same period the hedged interest payments affect earnings. The net cash settlements of the interest rate swap are classified within cash flows from operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company’s hedging program extends through September 2028.

At September 30, 2025, the fair value of the interest rate swap was a $1.3 million asset, which is included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded a $1.0 million gain in AOCI related to the interest rate swap during each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. The Company estimates $2.0 million of net gains on the interest rate swap to be reclassified from AOCI to interest expense over the next twelve months.

12. Related Party Transactions

Related Party Balances

Baldwin Holdings holds an investment in Emerald Bay Risk Solutions, LLC (“Emerald Bay”), an entity formed for the benefit of the MGA business, and to which Baldwin Holdings, Lowry Baldwin, the Company's Chairman, and members of the Company's executive management team have made capital commitments. The carrying value of the Company’s investment in Emerald Bay was $2.3 million and $2.1 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Investments are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Related party notes payable of $5.6 million at December 31, 2024 relate to the settlement of contingent earnout consideration through the issuance of related party notes payable for one of the Company’s partners. These related party notes payable were subsequently paid in the first quarter of 2025.

Commission Revenue

The Company serves as a broker for Holding Company of the Villages, Inc. (“The Villages”), a significant shareholder, and certain affiliated entities. Commission revenue recorded from transactions with The Villages and affiliated entities was $1.0 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $3.0 million and $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Commissions Expense

Two brothers of Lowry Baldwin, the Company’s Chairman, collectively received producer commissions from the Company comprising approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $0.4 million and $0.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Rent Expense

The Company has various agreements to lease office space from wholly-owned subsidiaries of The Villages. Total rent expense incurred with respect to The Villages and its wholly-owned subsidiaries was approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $0.6 million and $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities included on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets relating to these lease agreements were $0.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively, at September 30, 2025 and $1.3 million and $1.4 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

The Company has various agreements to lease office space from other related parties. Total rent expense incurred with respect to other related parties was $0.7 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and $2.5 million and $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities included on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets relating to these lease agreements were $7.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively, at September 30, 2025 and $9.7 million and $10.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

13. Share-Based Compensation

The Company has an Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Omnibus Plan”) and a Partnership Inducement Award Plan (the “Inducement Plan” and, collectively with the Omnibus Plan, the “Plans”) to motivate and reward colleagues and certain other individuals to perform at the highest level and contribute significantly to the Company’s success, thereby furthering the best interests of Baldwin’s stockholders. The total number of shares of Class A common stock authorized for issuance under the Omnibus Plan and the Inducement Plan was 13,143,677 and 3,000,000, respectively, at September 30, 2025.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company made awards of restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), performance-based restricted stock unit awards (“PSUs”), and fully vested shares under the Plans to its non-employee directors, officers, colleagues and consultants. Fully-vested shares issued to directors, officers and colleagues during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were vested upon issuance and PSUs issued to officers vest in the quarter following the end of a performance period ofthree years, while RSAs issued to colleagues, consultants and officers generally either cliff vest after three tofour years or vest ratably over three tofive years.

The following table summarizes the activity for awards granted by the Company under the Plans:

The total fair value of shares that vested and settled under the Plans was $52.0 million and $36.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Share-based compensation is recognized ratably over the vesting period of the respective awards and includes expense related to issuances under the Plans, as well as the portion of annual bonuses that are payable in fully-vested shares of Class A common stock. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for the Plans net of actual forfeitures. The Company recorded share-based compensation expense of $22.0 million and $17.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $51.8 million and $46.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Share-based compensation expense is included in colleague compensation and benefits expense in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

14. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to Baldwin by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed giving effect to all potentially dilutive shares of common stock.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share:

Potentially dilutive securities consist of unvested stock awards, including RSAs and PSUs, in addition to shares of Class B common stock, which can be exchanged (together with a corresponding number of LLC Units) for shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the Company's diluted weighted-average number of shares outstanding calculation for the periods presented as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

The shares of Class B common stock do not share in the earnings or losses attributable to Baldwin, and therefore, are not participating securities. Accordingly, a separate presentation of basic and diluted loss per share of Class B common stock under the two-class method has not been included.

15. Fair Value Measurements

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement (“Topic 820”) established a framework for measuring fair value. That framework provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under Topic 820 are described below:

Level 1: Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access.

Level 2: Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted market prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

Level 3: Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The fair value measurement level for assets and liabilities within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis within each level of the fair value hierarchy:

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments include interest rate swaps and interest rate caps. The fair value of interest rate swap is determined using an income approach based on the terms of the interest rate swap and inputs corroborated by observable market data, including interest rate curves. The fair value of interest rate caps is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates rise above the strike rate of the caps. The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the caps are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. Derivative instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Contingent Earnout Liabilities

Methodologies used for liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are based on limited unobservable inputs. These methods may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of the net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

The fair value of contingent earnout liabilities is based on sales projections for the acquired entities, which are reassessed each reporting period. Based on the Company’s ongoing assessment of the fair value of its contingent earnout liabilities, the Company recorded a net increase in the estimated fair value of such liabilities of $2.0 million and $8.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. The Company has assessed the maximum estimated exposure to the contingent earnout liabilities to be $65.5 million at September 30, 2025.

The Company measures contingent earnout liabilities at fair value each reporting period using significant unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company uses a probability weighted value analysis as a valuation technique to convert future estimated cash flows to a single present value amount. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements are sales projections over the earnout period, and the probability outcome percentages assigned to each scenario. Significant increases or decreases to either of these inputs would result in a significantly higher or lower liability with a higher liability capped by the contractual maximum of the contingent earnout liabilities. Ultimately, the liability will be equivalent to the amount settled, and the difference between the fair value estimate and amount settled will be recorded in earnings for business combinations, or as a change in the carrying value of the assets acquired for asset acquisitions.

The fair value of the contingent earnout liabilities is based on estimating the present value of the expected future payments to be made to partners in accordance with the provisions outlined in the respective purchase agreements, which at times includes Monte Carlo simulations or a discounted cash flow analysis. In determining fair value, the Company estimates the partner’s future performance using financial projections developed by management for the partner and market participant assumptions that were derived for revenue growth, EBITDA growth and retention rates. Revenue or EBITDA growth rates for earnouts with ongoing measurement periods were generally 20% at September 30, 2025 and from 20% to 25% at December 31, 2024. The Company estimates future payments using the earnout formula and performance targets specified in each purchase agreement and these financial projections. These payments are generally discounted to present value using a risk-adjusted rate that takes into consideration market-based rates of return that reflect the ability of the partner to achieve the targets. However, no significant discount rates have been applied to the remaining material contingent earnout liabilities at September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024 due, in part, to the short-term nature of a substantial portion of the liabilities wherein their fair values approximate their carrying values. Changes in financial projections, market participant assumptions for revenue growth, or the risk-adjusted discount rate, would result in a change in the fair value of contingent consideration.

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s contingent earnout liabilities, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis utilizing Level 3 assumptions in their valuation:

(1)The Company reclassified $(1.8) million of its contingent earnout liabilities through the issuance/(reduction) of colleague earnout incentives during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and $4.3 million and $10.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, which results in a reclassification between the change in fair value of contingent consideration and colleague compensation and benefits expense in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

(2) The Company settled $5.6 million of its contingent earnout liabilities through the issuance of related party notes payable during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 include $5.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of payments of contingent earnout consideration related to similar non-cash settlements in prior periods.

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

The fair value of long-term debt is based on an estimate using a discounted cash flow analysis and current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. The carrying amount and estimated fair value of long-term debt were as follows:

(1)The carrying amount of long-term debt reflects outstanding borrowings, which are presented net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $26.0 million and $29.3 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

16. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

As of September 30, 2025, Baldwin Holdings has a remaining commitment to the University of South Florida (“USF”) to donate $3.4 million through October 2028. The gift will provide support for the School of Risk Management and Insurance in the USF Muma College of Business. It is currently anticipated that Lowry Baldwin, the Company’s Chairman, will fund half of the amounts to be donated by Baldwin Holdings.

Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. A liability is recorded when a loss is considered probable and is reasonably estimable in accordance with GAAP. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible but not probable, the Company will disclose the nature of the claim and, if possible, an estimate of the loss or range of loss. In the opinion of management, the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

On February 8, 2023, Ruby Wagner, a putative Class A stockholder of the Company, filed a class action lawsuit (the “Lawsuit”), on behalf of herself and other similarly situated stockholders in the Delaware Court of Chancery against the Company seeking declaratory judgment that certain provisions of the 2019 Stockholders Agreement between the Company and the Pre-IPO LLC Members are invalid and unenforceable as a matter of Delaware law. On May 28, 2024, the Court of Chancery issued an opinion (the “Chancery Court Opinion”) that certain provisions of the 2019 Stockholders Agreement granting approval rights related to amending the Company’s certificate of incorporation and making significant decisions relating to the Company’s senior management, are facially invalid, void, and unenforceable under Delaware law. An implementing order, presently in effect, was entered on June 20, 2024. The Chancery Court Opinion also held that a severability provision in the 2019 Stockholders Agreement allows the Pre-IPO LLC Members to demand a “suitable and equitable substitute” for the approval rights that were deemed invalid, such as the issuance of a so-called golden share of preferred stock in the Company. Following the Chancery Court Opinion, a counterparty to the 2019 Stockholders Agreement requested the issuance of such golden share. An independent committee of the Company’s board of directors, advised by independent counsel, determined that entering into a contractual agreement containing substantially the same rights as those contained in the 2019 Stockholders Agreement, as authorized by a newly-enacted provision of Delaware law, rather than issuance of a golden share, would be in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders and, following negotiation, the Company entered into the 2024 Stockholders Agreement on October 30, 2024. On January 22, 2025, the Court of Chancery granted plaintiff an award of attorneys' fees and expenses in the amount of $2.4 million (the "Fee Award"). On February 21, 2025, the Company filed an appeal from the Chancery Court Opinion and the Fee Award with the Delaware Supreme Court. Due to the Company’s appeal, management has estimated the potential range of loss from the ultimate disposition of this matter to be between $0, if the appeal is successful, and $2.4 million, if the Fee Award is upheld, a significant portion of which may be covered by insurance.

17. Segment Information

Baldwin’s business is divided into three operating groups: Insurance Advisory Solutions, Underwriting, Capacity & Technology Solutions and Mainstreet Insurance Solutions.

•The Insurance Advisory Solutions (“IAS”) operating group provides expertly-designed commercial risk management, employee benefits and private risk management solutions for businesses and high-net-worth individuals, as well as their families, through its national footprint, which has assimilated some of the highest quality independent insurance brokers in the country with vast and varied strategic capabilities and expertise.

•The Underwriting, Capacity & Technology Solutions (“UCTS”) operating group consists of three distinct divisions—its MGA platform, MSI; its Capacity Solutions group (which consists of its reinsurance brokerage business, Juniper Re; its reinsurance MGA business, MultiStrat; and its captive management business); and the Captives. Through MSI, the Company manufactures proprietary, technology-enabled insurance products that are then distributed (in many instances via technology and/or API integrations) internally via risk advisors across its other operating groups and externally via select distribution partners, with a focus on sheltered channels where its products deliver speed, ease of use and certainty of execution, an example of which is the national embedded renters insurance product sold at point of lease via integrations with property management software providers. UCTS’ Wholesale Business was sold in the first quarter of 2024, and its operations are included in UCTS’ results through February 29, 2024.

•The Mainstreet Insurance Solutions (“MIS”) operating group offers personal insurance, commercial insurance and life and health solutions to individuals and businesses in their communities, with a focus on accessing clients via sheltered distribution channels, which include, but are not limited to, new home builders, realtors, mortgage originators/lenders, master planned communities, and various other community centers of influence. The MIS operating group also offers consultation for government assistance programs and solutions, including traditional Medicare, Medicare Advantage and Affordable Care Act, to seniors and eligible individuals through a network of primarily independent contractor agents.

In all its operating groups, the Company generates commissions from insurance placement under both agency bill and direct bill arrangements, and profit-sharing income based on either the underlying book of business or performance, such as loss ratios. All operating groups also generate other ancillary income.

In the IAS and UCTS operating groups, the Company generates fees from service fee and consulting arrangements. Service fee arrangements are in place with certain clients for providing insurance placement services.

In the UCTS operating group, the Company generates fees from policy fee and installment fee arrangements. Policy fee revenue is earned for acting in the capacity of an MGA and providing payment processing services and other administrative functions on behalf of insurance or reinsurance company partners. Additionally, the UCTS operating group generates assumed premium earned through the Captive business.

In the MIS operating group, the Company generates commissions and fees from marketing income, which is earned through co-branded Medicare marketing campaigns with the Company’s insurance company partners.

In addition, the Company generates investment income in all of its operating groups and the Corporate and Other non-reportable segment.

The Company’s chief operating decision maker, the chief executive officer, evaluates the performance of the Company’s operating groups based on net income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA. The chief operating decision maker considers actual, actual-to-prior year variances, and budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis for both profit measures to manage resources and make decisions about the business. However, only operating group net income (loss), as the measure of segment profit or loss that is most consistent with GAAP measurement principles, is disclosed below.

Summarized financial information regarding the Company’s operating groups is shown in the following tables. Corporate and Other includes any expenses not allocated to the operating groups and corporate-related items, including interest expense. Intersegment revenue and expenses are eliminated through Corporate and Other. Service center expenses and other overhead are allocated to the Company’s operating groups based on either revenue or headcount as applicable to each expense.

(1)During the three months ended September 30, 2025, commission revenue for the IAS, UCTS and MIS operating groups included direct bill revenue of $73.8 million, $5.3 million and $64.9 million, respectively, and agency bill revenue of $43.1 million, $107.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

(2) During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the IAS operating group recorded commission revenue shared with other operating groups of $0.1 million and the UCTS operating group recorded commission revenue shared with other operating groups of $17.1 million. Commission revenue shared with other operating groups, and the related outside commissions, are eliminated through Corporate and Other.

(1)During the three months ended September 30, 2024, commission revenue for the IAS, UCTS and MIS operating groups included direct bill revenue of $79.3 million, $1.5 million and $61.5 million, respectively, and agency bill revenue of $44.2 million,$105.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

(2) During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the UCTS operating group recorded commission revenue shared with other operating groups of $21.5 million and the MIS operating group recorded commission revenue shared within the same operating group of $0.2 million. Commission revenue shared with other operating groups or within the same operating group, and the related outside commissions, are eliminated through Corporate and Other.

(1)During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, commission revenue for the IAS, UCTS and MIS operating groups included direct bill revenue of $281.5 million, $8.9 million and $196.7 million, respectively, and agency bill revenue of $165.4 million, $315.3 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

(2) During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the IAS operating group recorded commission revenue shared with other operating groups of $0.3 million and the UCTS operating group recorded commission revenue shared with other operating groups of $54.0 million. Commission revenue shared with other operating groups, and the related outside commissions, are eliminated through Corporate and Other.

(1)During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, commission revenue for the IAS, UCTS and MIS operating groups included direct bill revenue of $283.0 million, $5.2 million and $191.4 million, respectively, and agency bill revenue of $159.4 million, $290.4 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

(2) During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the UCTS operating group recorded commission revenue shared with other operating groups of $56.6 million and the MIS operating group recorded commission revenue shared within the same operating group of $1.2 million. Commission revenue shared with other operating groups or within the same operating group, and the related outside commissions, are eliminated through Corporate and Other.

(3)All other expenses, net include change in fair value of contingent consideration, gain on divestitures, other income (expense), net and income tax expense.

18. Captive Insurance Operations

Effective January 1, 2025, the MSI Cell was licensed and participates as a quota share reinsurer on two of MSI’s multifamily programs, renters and master tenant legal liability, for the purpose of further participating in underwriting results. The reinsurance quota share contract features an adjustment to assumed premium based on the loss ratio performance of the business ceded.

As of September 30, 2025, assumed premium written was $15.4 million and is included as a component of assumed premiums, commissions and fees receivable, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and accounted for as a funds withheld receivable, net of actual claims paid. As of September 30, 2025, assumed premiums unearned was $2.8 million and is included as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, assumed premium earned was $5.9 million and $15.7 million, respectively, and is included in commissions and fees in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Changes in estimates, or differences between estimates and amounts ultimately paid, are reflected in the operating results of the period during which such adjustments are made. No such adjustments were made during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The table below provides a rollforward of unpaid losses and loss adjustment reserve:

In December 2024, the initial funding to capitalize the Captive was $12.1 million, provided by Baldwin Holdings substantially in the form of a letter of credit. During August 2025, the Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance accepted an amendment to the letter of credit, which reduced funding for the Captive to $8.1 million. The Captive maintains capital of $8.0 million in excess of the minimum statutory amount required by regulatory authorities. The statutory capital and surplus of the Captive was $8.7 million as of September 30, 2025, as allowed by prescribed practices by the Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance.