Canton Strategic Holdings, Inc.

(UNAUDITED)

Note 1 –Description of Business and Liquidity

Nature of Operations

Tharimmune, Inc. (formerly, Hillstream BioPharma, Inc.) (“Tharimmune” or the “Company”) was incorporated on March 28, 2017, as a Delaware C-corporation. At March 31, 2025, Tharimmune had one wholly-owned subsidiary: Hillstream Oncology, Inc. (“Hillstream Oncology”), formerly, HB Pharma Corp.

Tharimmune is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing therapeutic candidates in rare, inflammatory, and oncologic conditions with high unmet need. On November 3, 2023, the Company entered into a patent license agreement (the “Avior License Agreement”) with Avior Inc. d/b/a Avior Bio, LLC (“Avior”) pursuant to which it received an exclusive sublicensable right and license to Licensed Patent Rights and Licensed Technology to, among other things, Develop, have Developed, make, have made, use, sell, import, export and commercialize TH104 and TH103) and to practice the Licensed Technology in connection with the foregoing, throughout the world (each as defined in the Avior License Agreement). In February 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approved an investigational new drug (“IND”) application for TH104. TH104 has a dual mechanism of action by affecting multiple receptors, known to suppress chronic, debilitating pruritis or “uncontrollable itching.” With respect to TH104, the Company intends to first seek approval for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic pruritis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (“PBC”), an orphan rare form of liver disease with no known cure in which more than 70% of patients suffer from debilitating chronic pruritis, and with respect to TH103, it intends to develop the product candidate and potentially file an IND.

On September 11, 2024, Tharimmune entered into a Patent License Agreement (the “Intract Agreement”) with Intract Pharma Limited (“Intract”), pursuant to which, the Company exclusively licensed INT-023/TH023, an oral anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody infliximab. Infliximab is a purified, recombinant DNA-derived chimeric IgG monoclonal antibody protein that contains both murine and human components that inhibit tumor TNF-α. Under the terms of the Intract Agreement, the Company licensed global development and commercialization rights (outside of South Korea) to Intract’s Soteria® and Phloral® delivery platform along with an existing supply agreement for infliximab to be used in the oral product development program.

The Company is also developing an early-stage pipeline of novel therapeutic candidates targeting validated high value immuno-oncology (“IO”) targets including human epidermal growth factor (“EGF”) receptor 2 (“HER2”), human EGF receptor 3 (“HER3”) and programmed cell death protein 1 (“PD-1”). The Company is developing antibodies including bispecific antibodies, antibody drug conjugates (“ADCs”) and small molecular weight bovine-derived Picobodies™ or antibody “knob” domains which have the potential to target and bind more tightly to “undruggable” epitopes better than full sized antibodies. The Company is advancing HS3215, a bispecific against both HER2 and HER3 antibody which targets a novel “bridging epitope” encompassing multiple domains of the HER2 extracellular domain (“ECD”) as well as ligand-dependent and independent blocking of the ECD of HER3 into IND-enabling studies. In addition, the Company anticipates that HS0059, a HER2/HER3 bispecific ADC (“bsADC”), and HS1940, a PD-1 Picobody, will progress to enter IND-enabling studies in 2025.

In addition, on May 23, 2024, HB Pharma Corp. filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware pursuant to which it changed its name to Hillstream Oncology, Inc. effective as of May 23, 2024.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates, among other things, the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company incurred operating losses in the amount of approximately $2.5 million, expended approximately $2.7 million of net cash used in operating activities, and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $39.4 million as of March 31, 2025. Through March 31, 2025, the Company has primarily financed its operations through public and private offerings of its equity securities. On June 7, 2024, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 with the SEC using a “shelf” registration process pursuant to which, under an at-the-market offering agreement (the “ATM Agreement”), the Company may sell, from time to time through the applicable sales manager, shares of common stock in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $1.65 million. Pursuant to the ATM Agreement, the Company sold 200,817 shares for net proceeds of approximately $0.3 million, after deducting commissions of $15,400 and other offering fees of $33,600. Further, on June 17, 2024 and December 9, 2024, the Company closed private placement offerings (the “June 2024 PIPE Offering” and “December 2024 PIPE Offering”, respectively) with certain accredited investors of shares of the Company’s common stock and/or pre-funded warrants to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock and warrants to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock, with combined net proceeds to the Company of approximately $3.6 million. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for details regarding the various offerings.

Based on the Company’s limited operating history, recurring negative cash flows from operations, current plans and available resources, the Company will need substantial additional funding to support future operating activities. The Company has concluded that the prevailing conditions and ongoing liquidity risks faced raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year following the date these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

The Company may seek to raise additional funding through the sale of additional equity or debt securities, enter into strategic partnerships, grants, or other arrangements or a combination of the foregoing to support its future operations; however, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional capital on terms acceptable to the Company, on a timely basis or at all. The failure to obtain sufficient additional funding could adversely affect the Company’s ability to achieve its business objectives and product development timelines and may result in the Company delaying or terminating clinical trial activities which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

Other Risks and Uncertainties

There can be no assurance that the Company’s products, if approved, will be accepted in the marketplace, nor can there be any assurance that any future products can be developed or manufactured at an acceptable cost and with appropriate performance characteristics, or that such products will be successfully marketed, if at all. The Company is subject to risks common to biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies including, but not limited to, the development of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations, product liability, uncertainty of market acceptance of products and the need to obtain additional financing. The Company is dependent on third party suppliers. The Company’s products require approval or clearance from the FDA prior to commencing commercial sales in the United States. Approvals or clearances are also required in foreign jurisdictions in which the Company may license or sell its products. There can be no assurance that the Company’s products will receive all of the required approvals or clearances.

Note 2 –Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting. These condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals) necessary for a fair statement of the balance sheet, operating results, and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025 or any other future period. Certain information and footnote disclosure normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted in accordance with the SEC’s rules and regulations for interim reporting. The Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows are presented in U.S. Dollars. These condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 26, 2025.

The Company operates in one segment and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer serves as the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM uses net loss, as reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements, to monitor budget versus actual results and allocate resources. The CODM is regularly provided with financial information, including expenses, in a format consistent with the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The CODM does not review assets at a different level than those disclosed in the consolidated balance sheet.

Reverse Stock Splits

On May 24, 2024, the Company effectuated a reverse split of shares of its common stock at a ratio of 1-for-15 pursuant to an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), filed with the Delaware Secretary of State and approved by the Company’s board of directors and stockholders. The par value of the Company’s common stock was not adjusted as a result of either reverse split. All issued and outstanding common stock share and per share amounts contained in the condensed consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect these reverse splits for all periods presented.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Tharimmune and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Hillstream Oncology. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes, and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. Areas of the condensed consolidated financial statements where estimates may have the most significant effect include research and development expense recognition, valuation of common shares and share-based compensation, allowances of deferred tax assets, valuation of debt related instruments, and cash flow assumptions regarding going concern considerations. Although management believes the estimates that have been used are reasonable, actual results could vary from the estimates that were used.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company maintains cash balances with various financial institutions. Account balances at these institutions are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000 per depositor. At various times during the year, bank account balances may have been in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses in such accounts. The Company believes that it is not subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, if any, are stated at cost and consist primarily of money market accounts.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses include personnel costs associated with research and development activities, including third-party contractors to perform research, conduct clinical trials, and manufacture drug supplies and materials. The Company accrues for costs incurred by external service providers, including contract research organizations and clinical investigators, based on its estimates of service performed and costs incurred. These estimates include the level of services performed by third parties, patient enrollment in clinical trials, administrative costs incurred by third parties, and other indicators of the services completed.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation costs resulting from the issuance of stock-based awards to employees, non-employees, and directors as an expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations over the requisite service period based on a measurement of fair value for each stock-based award. The fair value of each option grant to employees, non-employees, and directors is estimated as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, net of actual forfeitures. The fair value is amortized as compensation cost on the straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting period.

The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Prior to January 12, 2022, the Company was a private company and the Company’s common stock has only been publicly traded since that date. As a result, the Company has lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it has estimated its expected stock volatility based on the historical data regarding the volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies. The expected term of stock options granted was between five and seven years. The risk-free interest rate was determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820,Fair Value Measurement(“ASC 820”), which establishes a framework for measuring fair value and clarifies the definition of fair value within that framework. ASC 820 defines fair value as an exit price, which is the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the Company’s principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy established in ASC 820 generally requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs reflect the entity’s own assumptions based on market data and the entity’s judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are to be developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

The carrying value of the Company’s cash, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these financial instruments.

The valuation hierarchy is composed of three levels. The classification within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The levels within the valuation hierarchy are described below:

Level 1 Inputs: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2 Inputs: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for assets or liabilities recently traded in active markets, with similar underlying terms, as well as direct or indirect observable inputs, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals, as well as quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs, such as estimates, assumptions, and valuation techniques when little or no market data exists for the assets or liabilities, that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

Deferred Offering Costs

Deferred offering costs consists primarily of legal, accounting, underwriters’ fees, printing, and filing fees that are incurred prior to an offering of the Company’s common stock and are initially capitalized and then subsequently reclassified to additional paid-in capital upon completion of the offering. If an offering is not completed, any associated offering costs will be expensed immediately upon termination of the offering. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were $117,000 in deferred offering costs associated with the ATM Agreement.

Insurance Premium Financing Liability

In January 2024, the Company entered into an insurance premium financing agreement for $492,450, with a term of 10 months and an annual interest rate of 7.5%. The Company made a down payment of $98,490 and is required to make monthly principal and interest payments of $40,763 over the term of the agreement, which was repaid in full in November 2024.

In January 2025, the Company entered into an insurance premium financing agreement for $386,280, with a term of 10 months and an annual interest rate of 7.15%. The Company made a down payment of $77,356 and is required to make monthly principal and interest payments of $31,914 over the term of the agreement, which matures in November 2025. Related prepaid insurance at March 31, 2025 of $289,710 is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Retirement Plan

The Company has a 401(k) defined contribution plan which covers all employees that meet the plan’s eligibility requirements. Eligible employees may contribute a percentage of their salary subject to certain limitations. The Company makes a discretionary match which is currently equal to 3% of employee contributions. Total Company contributions to the plan were $11,740 and $337 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset-and-liability method in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740,Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.

Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax effect of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount of assets and liabilities and the amounts used for income tax purposes and for certain changes in valuation allowances. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce certain deferred tax assets when, in management’s estimation, it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will not be realized. A full valuation allowance has been recognized for all periods since it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods.

The Company follows the guidance in FASB ASC Subtopic 740-10 in assessing uncertain tax positions. The standard applies to all tax positions and clarifies the recognition of tax benefits in the financial statements by providing for a two-step approach of recognition and measurement. The first step involves assessing whether the tax position is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination based upon its technical merits. The second step involves measurement of the amount to be recognized. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate finalization with the taxing authority. The Company recognizes the impact of an uncertain income tax position in the financial statements if it believes that the position is more-likely-than-not to be sustained by the relevant taxing authority. The Company will recognize interest and penalties related to tax positions in income tax expense. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no unrecognized uncertain income tax positions, and therefore no amounts have been recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Net Loss per Share

The Company reports loss per share in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 260-10,Earnings Per Share, which provides for calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share includes no dilution and is computed by dividing net income or loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential dilution of securities that could share in the earnings of an entity. The calculation of diluted net earnings (loss) per share gives effect to common stock equivalents; however, potential common shares are excluded if their effect is anti-dilutive.

Potentially dilutive securities not included in the computation of loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 included options to purchase 242,788 and 90,758 shares of common stock, respectively, and 35,000 restricted stock unites subject to vesting. Other potentially dilutive securities not included in the computation of loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 included warrants to purchase 500 shares of the Company’s common stock related to the Company’s initial public offering (the “IPO”); warrants to purchase 424 and 20,000 shares of the Company’s common stock issued in the Company’s May 2023 and November 2023 offerings, respectively; warrants to purchase 480,721 and 329,771 shares of the Company’s common stock issued in the December 2024 PIPE Offering and June 2024 PIPE Offering, respectively; and warrants to purchase 19,786 shares of the Company’s common stock issued to the placement agents in the June 2024 PIPE Offering. All common share amounts as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and per share amounts for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 have been retroactively adjusted to reflect a 1-for-25 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock effectuated on November 17, 2023 and a 1-for-15 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock effectuated on May 24, 2024.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

The Company has evaluated all recent accounting pronouncements that were required to be adopted or are required to be adopted in the near future and believes that none of them will have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Note 3 –Note Payable

The Company issued a promissory note in the amount of $333,265 to satisfy an outstanding amount owed to its prior attorney. The promissory note is payable in monthly installments of $24,000 through December 2025, with a final payment of $93,265 that will be deemed waived upon timely payment of the previous monthly installments. No interest is due on the outstanding balance of the note payable. However, following an event of default, the note shall accrue interest at 3.7% on the outstanding balance and the balance shall be immediately due in full.

As the promissory note does not have an interest component, imputed interest at 10%, using the prime rate plus an additional estimated factor related to the Company’s credit rating, was calculated and the note payable is recorded at the present value of the total payments, including the forgivable portion. The balance, at net present value, is $271,454 at March 31, 2025, and is considered current.

Note 4 –Common Stock

Pursuant to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, the Company has 250,000,000 shares of common stock authorized for issuance. On May 24, 2024, the Company effectuated a reverse split of shares of its common stock at a ratio of 1-for-15 pursuant to an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Delaware Secretary of State and approved by the Company’s board of directors and stockholders. The par value of the Company’s common stock was not adjusted as a result of the reverse stock split.

On January 24, 2024, pursuant to a corporate advisory consulting agreement, the Company issued 3,334 shares of its common stock with a per share value of $6.16, representing total compensation expense of $20,550 (as calculated based on the closing value of the Company’s common stock at the effective transfer date).

On June 7, 2024, the Company entered into the ATM Agreement with Rodman & Renshaw LLC (the “ATM Sales Manager”) under which the Company may sell, from time to time through the ATM Sales Manager, shares of common stock in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $1.65 million. Sales of shares of the Company’s common stock through the ATM Sales Manager, if any, will be made by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), including, without limitation, sales made directly on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC or any other existing trading market for the common shares. The Company’s common stock is being offered and sold pursuant to the Company’s effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 and an accompanying prospectus declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 24, 2023, and pursuant to a prospectus supplement dated June 7, 2024.

On June 21, 2024, the Company closed a private placement offering with certain accredited investors of $2.08 million of the Company’s securities consisting of shares of the Company’s common stock and/or pre-funded warrants to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock and warrants to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock. Pursuant to the June 2024 PIPE Offering, the Company issued 207,292 shares of its common stock at an offering price of $3.16 per share, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 452,253 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “June 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants”), exercisable at $0.001 per share, and warrants to purchase up to 329,771 shares of the Company’s common stock, exercisable at $3.09 per share (the “June 2024 PIPE Warrants”). Net proceeds to the Company from the June 2024 PIPE Offering were approximately $1.8 million, after deducting approximately $268,000 in offering costs. In addition, the Company issued placement agent warrants to purchase up to 19,786 shares of the Company’s common stock, exercisable at $3.09 per share (the “June 2024 Placement Agent Warrants”).

On December 9, 2024, the Company closed an additional private placement offering with certain accredited investors of $2.02 million of the Company’s securities consisting of shares of the Company’s common stock and/or pre-funded warrants to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock and warrants to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock. Pursuant to the December 2024 PIPE Offering, the Company issued 470,289 shares of its common stock at an offering price of $2.101 per share, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 491,157 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “December 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants”), exercisable at $0.001 per share, and warrants to purchase up to 480,721 shares of the Company’s common stock, exercisable at $2.031 per share (the “December 2024 PIPE Warrants”). Net proceeds to the Company from the December 2024 PIPE Offering were approximately $1.8 million, after deducting approximately $0.2 million in offering costs.

On December 20, 2024, the Company sold 40,000 shares of its common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement at an offering price of $2.0892 per share. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately $73,189, after deducting fees and other offering costs. There wereno shares sold pursuant to the ATM Agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Note 5 –Stock Based Compensation

Incentive Plans and Options

Under the Company’s 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, rights to purchase common stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance shares, and performance units to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company and its affiliates. Up to 261 shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan.

The Company has granted options to acquire 255 shares of common stock at $4,950 per share under the 2017 Plan, and 6 options to acquire shares of common stock remain available for issuance. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were options outstanding to acquire 255 shares of common stock. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all such options were fully vested, and the weighted average remaining contractual life for such options was approximately 2.9 and 3.2 years, respectively.

In July 2019, the Company authorized the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). Under the 2019 Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, rights to purchase common stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance shares, and performance units to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company and its affiliates. At both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, a total of 10,452 shares were authorized for issuance under the 2019 Plan.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has granted options to acquire 10,452 shares of common stock under the 2019 Plan andno shares of common stock remain available for issuance under the 2019 Plan. There are stock options outstanding to acquire 5,512 shares of common stock with a weighted-average exercise price of $1,105.50 and weighted average contractual terms of 6.5 years and 6.8 years at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

On August 17, 2023, the Company authorized the Tharimmune, Inc. 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”). Under the 2023 Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, rights to purchase common stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance shares, and performance units to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company and its affiliates. Initially, options to purchase up to 6,934 shares of the Company’s common stock were available to be issued pursuant to the 2023 Plan. Under an amendment and restatement to the 2023 Plan approved by the Company’s stockholders on May 14, 2024, a total of up to 173,600 shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued pursuant to the 2023 Plan. In addition, under the amendment, an “evergreen” provision was added to automatically increase the number of shares available under the 2023 Plan on January 1 annually, beginning January 1, 2025 and ending January 1, 2033, equal to the lesser of five percent of the shares of common stock outstanding (on an as-converted basis) on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year or such lesser number of shares of the Company’s common stock as determined by the Board of Directors. Effective January 1, 2025, an additional 98,688 shares of the Company’s common stock were added to the 2023 Plan.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company granted 133,833 options to acquire shares of common stock under the 2023 Plan. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024,42,201 and 77,346 shares of common stock, respectively, remain available for issuance under the 2023 Plan. There are stock options outstanding to acquire 237,021 and 103,188 shares of common stock with a weighted-average exercise price of $2.44 and $3.11 and weighted-average contractual terms of 9.6 years and 9.6 years at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table summarizes stock-based activities under the 2017 Plan, 2019 Plan, and 2023 Plan:

The fair value of stock option awards is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The estimated fair value of each stock option is then expensed over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period (ranging between immediate vesting and four years). The determination of fair value using the Black-Scholes model is affected by the Company’s share price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including expected price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate, and forfeitures. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during three months ended March 31, 2025 was approximately $1.50. The weighted-average fair value of stock options vested during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was approximately $2.57 and $1,207.67, respectively.

Total stock-based compensation expense included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows:

As of March 31, 2025, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested options was approximately $0.6 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average service period of approximately 0.34 years.

Warrants

In connection with the IPO, the Company issued warrants to purchase such number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to 5% of the total shares of common stock issued in the IPO, or 500 warrants. The warrants are exercisable at $1,875.00 per share, were not exercisable within the first six months after issuance, and may, under certain circumstances, be exercised on a cashless basis. The exercise price of the warrants is subject to standard anti-dilutive provision adjustments for stock splits, stock combinations, or similar events affecting the Company’s common stock. The Company has determined that these warrants should be classified as equity instruments since they do not require the Company to repurchase the underlying common stock and do not require the Company to issue a variable amount of common stock. In addition, these warrants are indexed to common stock and do not have any unusual anti-dilution rights.

In May 2023, the Company issued warrants to designees of the underwriter (the “Representative’s Warrants”) to purchase 424 shares of the Company’s common stock (which is equal to 3% of the number of shares sold in the public offering closed in May 2023) at an initial exercise price of $234.375 per share, subject to adjustment. The Representative’s Warrants are exercisable at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, during the four- and one-half year period commencing 180 days from the commencement of sales of the shares of common stock in the public offering.

In November 2023, the Company issued the underwriters from a private placement offering warrants to purchase 20,000 shares of common stock with an initial exercise price of $18.75, exercisable beginning May 27, 2024, and expiring May 2, 2028 (the “November 2023 Underwriters Warrants”). As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the November 2023 Underwriters Warrants to purchase 20,000 shares of common stock have not yet been exercised.

In connection with the June 2024 PIPE Offering as described in Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company issued the June 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase 452,253 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.001, the June 2024 PIPE Warrants to purchase 329,771 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $3.09, and the June 2024 Placement Agent Warrants to purchase up to 19,786 shares of the Company’s common stock, exercisable at $3.09 per share. The June 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants were immediately exercisable and are able to be exercised at any time until exercised in full. The June 2024 PIPE Warrants and June 2024 Placement Agent Warrants were immediately exercisable and are able to be exercised until five and a half years from the effective date, or December 21, 2029. As of March 31, 2025,368,533 of the June 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants have been exercised and none of the June 2024 PIPE Warrants or June 2024 Placement Agent Warrants have been exercised.

In connection with the December 2024 PIPE Offering as described in Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company issued the December 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase 491,157 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.001 and the December 2024 PIPE Warrants to purchase 480,721 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.031. The December 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants were immediately exercisable and are able to be exercised at any time until exercised in full. The December 2024 PIPE Warrants are exercisable six months from the date of issuance and are able to be exercised until five and a half years from the effective date, or December 9, 2030. As of March 31, 2025,100,058 of the December 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants and none of the December 2024 PIPE Warrants have been exercised.

Terms of the warrants outstanding at March 31, 2025 are as follows:

Restricted Stock Units

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, as stock-based consideration for consulting services, the Company granted restricted stock units (“RSUs”) under the 2023 Plan to an individual representing the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock. The RSUs will 100% vest on June 30, 2026, provided that the grantee remains a consultant of the Company.

The grant date fair value of an RSU represents the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The estimated fair value of each RSU is then expensed over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period (approximately a year and a half).

The total stock compensation expense related to RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $8,274. The total estimated fair value of RSUs at March 31, 2025 was $69,125 of which $60,851 remains to be vested quarterly through June 30, 2026.

Note 6 –Commitments and Contingencies

Small Molecule Analogues

On December 30, 2019, the Company acquired a series of small molecule analogues pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”). Pursuant to the APA, the Company is required to make a payment of $50,000 upon raising of at least $2.0 million in funding, and up to approximately $1.75 million based upon successfully meeting clinical and sales milestones. The Company included, in accounts payable at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the $50,000 required initial payment. Milestone based payments, if any, will be expensed as incurred.

Research Collaboration and Product License Agreement with Minotaur Therapeutics, Inc. (“Minotaur”) and Commercial License Agreement with Taurus Biosciences, LLC (“Taurus”)

The Company has entered into a research collaboration and product license agreement with Minotaur (as amended, the “Minotaur Agreement”) and a commercial license agreement with Taurus (the “Taurus Agreement”) for use of certain technology, including OmniAb antibodies, to advance Picobodies against novel, unreachable, and undruggable epitopes in high-value validated targets starting with PD-1. The Minotaur Agreement and Taurus Agreement are for the development of proprietary targeted biologics, including TH 1940, against PD-1. It is anticipated that the Company will collaborate with Minotaur under the license from Taurus to discover, develop, and advance biotherapeutics against high-value validated IO targets starting with PD-1.

The Minotaur Agreement included an up-front payment of $150,000, which was paid in January 2023. In addition, the Company shall fund the discovery and characterization study performed by Minotaur as set forth in the Minotaur Agreement. Pursuant to the Minotaur Agreement, the Company shall pay Minotaur a milestone payment of $1,000,000 for each first Product (as defined in the Minotaur Agreement) directed against a target and first regulatory approval in the U.S. In addition, the Company shall pay a low single digit royalty on net sales until the later of (i) ten years after the First Commercial Sale (as defined in the Minotaur Agreement) of such Product in such country and (ii) the expiration of the last-to-expire Valid Claim (as defined in the Minotaur Agreement) of a Collaboration Patent (as defined in the Minotaur Agreement) or MINT Patent (as defined in the Minotaur Agreement) covering the manufacture, use, or sale of such Product. The Taurus Agreement contains single digit payments on net product sales and certain development milestone payments tied to the advancement through clinical trials and final regulatory approval.

Research and Development Collaboration and License Agreement with Applied Biomedical Science Institute

On July 5, 2023 (the “ABSI Effective Date”), the Company entered into a Research and Development Collaboration and License Agreement (the “ABSI Agreement”) with ABSI pursuant to which ABSI granted the Company an exclusive royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to the ABSI Patents (as defined in the ABSI Agreement) and a non-exclusive, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license to the ABSI Know-How (as defined in the ABSI Agreement) to Exploit (as defined in the ABSI Agreement) the ABSI Products (as defined in the ABSI Agreement) for the treatment, diagnosis, prediction, detection or prevention of disease in humans and animals worldwide (the “Territory”).

Pursuant to the ABSI Agreement, the parties shall form a committee to manage the preclinical, investigational new drug enabling studies and such other activities as shall lead to the initiation of a Phase 1 clinical trial of the ABSI Product. The parties will collaborate on a Target-by-Target basis to identify and evaluate ABSI Products directed against such Target (as defined below) with a view to identifying or generating suitable Products (as defined in the ABSI Agreement) for the Company to Exploit. “Target” means ErB2 (Her2) and ErbB3. Upon completion of the Discovery Timeline (as defined in the ABSI Agreement) for a Target, subject to the terms and conditions of ABSI Agreement, the Company shall exclusively own any ABSI Products against such Target. In the event the committee determines that the discovery activities are unsuccessful with respect to a Target, the Company may propose an additional target, which, upon approval by ABSI, shall replace a failed Target.

Pursuant to the ABSI Agreement: (i) the Company issued ABSI 25,107 shares of its common stock which is equal to $250,000 based on the ten day trailing volume weighted-average price of the Company’s common stock prior to the date of issuance (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for details of the July 27, 2023 issuance of the Company’s common stock to ABSI); (ii) in the event the Company closes a financing pursuant to which it receives more than $10 million in Net Proceeds (as defined in the ABSI Agreement), the Company shall pay ABSI a mid-six digit amount; (iii) upon the achievement of certain milestones as set forth in the ABSI Agreement, the Company shall pay ABSI up to an aggregate of $8,250,000; (iv) after the second anniversary of the ABSI Effective Date, the Company shall pay ABSI a low five digit amount for the first year and a mid-five digit amount thereafter during the Royalty Term (as defined in the ABSI Agreement); and (v) during the Royalty Term for each Product, the Company shall pay ABSI a quarterly royalty on the Net Sales (as defined in the ABSI Agreement) with royalties at percentages which range from the low to mid-single digits, with high Net Sales being subject to lower royalty rates, subject to adjustment as set forth in the ABSI Agreement. In addition, in the event the Company transfers all or substantially all of its rights to a Product to a third party, the Company shall pay to ABSI the percentage of Net Proceeds attributable to the transfer of the Product. Specifically, the Company shall pay ABSI amounts at percentages which range from the mid-single digit to low double digits depending on the Company Expenses (as defined in the ABSI Agreement), with higher Company Expenses being subject to lower rates.

On a Product-by-Product basis, upon the expiration of the last Royalty Term of such Product in the Territory, licenses granted to the Company with respect to such Product shall be deemed non-exclusive, fully paid, royalty-free, perpetual and irrevocable. The ABSI Agreement shall expire upon the expiration of the last Royalty Term of the last Product, unless such agreement is terminated earlier pursuant to its terms. The ABSI Agreement may also be terminated (i) by either the Company or ABSI for (A) a material breach of the ABSI Agreement or (B) bankruptcy, (ii) ABSI may terminate the ABSI Agreement upon the commencement of a Challenge Proceeding (as defined in the ABSI Agreement) or (iii) the Company may terminate the ABSI Agreement at any time upon 90 days prior written notice to ABSI. Upon termination or expiration of the ABSI Agreement other than as a result of a bankruptcy or Challenge Proceeding, all licenses granted to the Company pursuant to such agreement will terminate and all rights under such licenses shall revert to ABSI.

On March 11, 2024, the Company entered into an addendum to the ABSI Agreement to fund research services with quarterly payments of $50,000 beginning March 18, 2024 with subsequent payments due on the 18 th of each calendar quarter. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company made payments of $50,000 to ABSI.

Avior Patent License Agreement

On November 3, 2023 (the “Avior Effective Date”), the Company entered into the Avior Patent License Agreement with Avior pursuant to which the Company received an exclusive sublicensable right and license to Licensed Patent Rights and Licensed Technology to, among other things, Develop, have Developed, make, have made, use, sell, import, export and commercialize TH104 and TH103 and to practice the Licensed Technology in connection with the foregoing, throughout the world. Pursuant to the Avior Patent License Agreement, the Company shall pay Avior a mid-six digit up front license fee within ten days of the Avior Effective Date and an additional mid six-digit license fee which shall be paid in four equal installments within ten days of the end of each fiscal quarter following the Avior Effective Date. In addition, the Company shall pay Avior a high single digit percentage of any upfront payments received by it as a result of the grant of any sublicenses with respect to TH104. The Company shall also pay Avior milestone payments in the aggregate amount of $24,250,000 upon the occurrence of various development milestones (the “Development Milestone Payments”). Furthermore, the Company shall pay Avior certain fees based upon sales milestones. The payments for such sales milestones range from the low seven digits to the low eight digits with higher sales being subject to higher fees. Finally, the Company shall pay Avior royalties based on net sales. Such royalties range from low single digit percentages to mid-single digit percentages with higher sales being subject to lower percentages. The Avior Patent License Agreement shall expire upon the expiration of the final payment obligation due to Avior as set forth in such agreement. Upon the expiration of the Avior Patent License Agreement, the Company shall have a fully paid, irrevocable, freely transferable and sublicensable worldwide license to the Licensed Patent Rights and Licensed Technology to Develop, have Developed, make, have made, use, have used sell, offer for sale, have sold, import, have imported, export, have exported, commercialize or have commercialized any and all Licensed Products and to practice the Licensed Technology worldwide. Pursuant to the Avior Patent License Agreement, the Company may terminate the agreement at any time without cause, upon 30 days’ prior written notice to Avior along with payment of the next unpaid Development Milestone Payment, if any. Furthermore, either the Company or Avior may terminate the Avior Patent License Agreement (i) on written notice to the other party if the other party materially breaches any provision of the Avior Patent License Agreement and fails to cure such breach within 30 days after the breaching party receives written notice thereof or (ii) on written notice in the event that either party (A) becomes insolvent or admits its inability to pay its debts generally as they become due; (B) becomes subject, voluntarily or involuntarily, to any proceeding under any domestic or foreign bankruptcy or insolvency law, which is not fully dismissed or vacated within 60 days; (C) is dissolved or liquidated or takes any corporate action for such purpose; (D) makes a general assignment for the benefit of creditors; or (E) has a receiver, trustee, custodian or similar agent appointed by order of any court of competent jurisdiction to take charge of or sell any material portion of its property or business. Upon termination of the Avior Patent License Agreement, the license granted pursuant to such agreement shall terminate and all rights in the Licensed Patent Rights and Licensed Products shall revert back to Avior.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred milestone fees of $0.2 million, in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

Enkefalos License Agreement

On June 17, 2024 (the “Enkefalos Effective Date”), the Company signed a letter of intent to enter into the Enkefalos License Agreement with Enkefalos Biosciences Inc. (“Enkefalos”) pursuant to which the Company is licensing the global rights in all fields of use for the products related to the compounds knows as cyclotides to deliver HER2 antibodies across the blood-brain barrier and all associated know-how, technology, intellectual property and related information and constructs, and any associated authorized generic rights and all related assets (collectively, the “Products” referred to in this letter as ENBI-01) from Enkefalos. Pursuant to the Enkefalos License Agreement, the Company paid Enkefalos an up-front license fee of $150,000 within ten days of the Enkefalos Effective Date and will pay an additional license fee of $150,000 to be paid 6 months after the Enkefalos Effective Date and an annual license fee of $50,000. The Company shall also pay Enkefalos milestone payments in the aggregate amount of up to $8,500,000 upon the occurrence of various development milestones (the “Enkefalos Development Milestone Payments”). Furthermore, the Company shall pay Enkefalos royalties based on net sales ranging from low single-digit percentages to mid-single digit percentages with higher sales being subject to lower percentages. The Enkefalos License Agreement shall expire upon the expiration of the final payment obligation due to Enkefalos and upon expiration, the Company shall have a fully paid, irrevocable, freely transferable and sublicensable worldwide license to the Licensed Patent Rights and Licensed Technology to Develop, have Developed, make, have made, use, have used sell, offer for sale, have sold, import, have imported, export, have exported, commercialize or have commercialized any and all Licensed Products and to practice the Licensed Technology worldwide. Pursuant to the Enkefalos License Agreement, either the Company or Enkefalos may terminate the Enkefalos License Agreement on written notice to the other party. Upon termination of the Enkefalos License Agreement, the license granted pursuant to such agreement shall terminate and all rights in the Licensed Patent Rights and Licensed Products shall revert back to Enkefalos.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company incurred license fees of $0.2 million to Enkefalos in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

Intract Patent License Agreement

On September 11, 2024, the Company entered into the Intract Agreement pursuant to which the Company exclusively licensed INT-023/TH023, an oral anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody infliximab. Under the terms of the Intract Agreement, the Company licensed global development and commercialization rights (outside of South Korea) to Intract’s Soteria® and Phloral® delivery platform along with an existing supply agreement for infliximab to be used in the oral product development program. Pursuant to the Intract Agreement, the Company paid Intract an up-front license fee of $400,000 and Intract is eligible to receive additional payments upon an equity financing of the Company and additional payments for future development, regulatory and commercial milestones, as well as mid-single digit royalties based on net product sales. Purusnt to the Intract Agreement, the Company retains a right of first refusal to continue development and commercialization after a Phase 2 clinical trial. In addition, the Company has the option to exercise the license to Intract’s platform for up to four additional targets. The term of the Intract Agreement expires upon the final payment obligation of Tharimmune and may be terminated by Tharimmune at any time upon 90 days written notice to Intract. Either party may terminate the Intract Agreement if the other party materially breaches any provision of the Intract Agreement and fails to cure such breach within 30 days after the breaching party receives written notice thereof. In addition, either party may terminate the Intract Agreement on written notice in the event that either party declare: (a) becomes insolvent or admits inability to pay its debts generally as they become due; (b) becomes subject, voluntarily or involuntarily, to any proceeding under any domestic or foreign bankruptcy or insolvency law, which is not fully dismissed or vacated within 60 days; (c) is dissolved or liquidated or takes any corporate action for such purpose; (d) makes a general assignment for the benefit of creditors; or (e) has a receiver, trustee, custodian or similar agent appointed by order of any court of competent jurisdiction to take charge of or sell any material portion of its property or business.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company incurred fees of $0.6 million to Intract in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

Employment Agreements

On July 6, 2023, the Company entered into an amended and restated employment agreement (the “CEO Employment Agreement”) with the CEO. The CEO Employment Agreement has the same terms as the COO Employment Agreement (as defined below) except, the CEO shall (i) receive a base salary of $500,000 per year, which may be increased by the Board; and (ii) be eligible to receive an annual bonus equal to 60% of his then base salary based upon the achievement of Company and individual targets to be established by the Board, in its sole discretion. In addition, in the event the CEO’s employment is terminated by the Company other than as a result of his death or Disability and other than for Cause, or if the CEO terminates his employment for Good Reason, then, in addition to the Accrued Compensation, the Company shall continue to pay the CEO’s base salary and provide health benefits for a period of 18 months following the termination date (each as defined in the CEO Employment Agreement). In addition, all Restricted Shares and Stock Options (as defined in the CEO Employment Agreement) that have not vested as of the date of termination shall be forfeited and outstanding unvested time-based equity awards shall be accelerated in accordance with the applicable vesting schedule as if the CEO had been in service for an additional 12 months as of the termination date.

In connection with the appointment of the Company’s Chief Operating Officer on July 11, 2023 (the “Effective Date”), the Company entered into an employment agreement (the “COO Employment Agreement”) with the COO. The COO Employment Agreement shall continue for a period of five years and, thereafter, shall automatically renew for successive one-year terms unless either party provides the other party with written notice of non-renewal at least 60 days prior to the last day of the then-current term. Pursuant to the COO Employment Agreement, the COO shall: (i) receive a base salary of $400,000 per year, which may be increased by the Board; (ii) be eligible to receive an annual bonus equal to 50% of his then base salary based upon the achievement of Company and individual targets to be established by the Board, in its sole discretion; (iii) be eligible to receive equity-based compensation awards as determined by the Company; (iv) receive reimbursement of reasonable business expenses; and (v) receive such other benefits that the Company may make available to its senior executives from time to time along with vacation, sick and holiday pay in accordance with the Company’s policies established and in effect from time to time.

In accordance with the employment agreements, the compensation committee approved a bonus of 50% in equity compensation and 50% in cash compensation on January 13, 2025, based on corporate performance objectives earned during the year ended December 31, 2024. The total bonus earned for the CEO for the year ended December 31, 2024 was made up of cash of $156,300 and options to purchase up to 80,958 shares of the Company’s common stock, which had a grant date fair value of $121,112. The total bonus earned for the COO for the year ended December 31, 2024 was made up of cash of $106,350 and options to purchase up to 52,875 shares of the Company’s common stock, which had a grant date fair value of $79,100. The 2024 bonus was recorded within accrued expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024.

Note 7 –Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred up to the date the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were issued. Except as noted below, the Company did not identify any subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the Company sold 160,817 shares pursuant to the ATM Agreement for net proceeds of approximately $0.25 million, after deducting sales agent commissions $12,900 and other offering fees of $33,300.