CNH Industrial NV

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to promote understanding of the Company's financial condition and results of operations. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

This discussion includes forward-looking statements, which, although based on assumptions that we consider reasonable, are subject to risks and uncertainties which could cause actual events or conditions to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our discussion of cautionary statements and significant risks to the Company’s business under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

CNH is an equipment and services company engaged in the design, production, marketing, sale, and financing of agricultural and construction equipment.

CNH operates across three business segments: Agriculture, Construction and Financial Services. CNH refers to its Agriculture and Construction operations as "Industrial Activities".

We generate revenues and cash flows principally from the sale of equipment to dealers and distributors. Financial Services provides a range of financial products focused on financing the sale and lease of equipment to our dealers and their customers.

Revenues of Industrial Activities are presented net of discounts, allowances, settlement discounts and rebates, as well as costs for sales incentive programs, determined on the basis of historical costs, country by country, and charged against profit for the period in which the corresponding sales are recognized. Our sales incentive programs may include the granting by Financial Services of retail financing at discounts to market interest rates. The corresponding cost to Industrial Activities is recognized at the time of the initial sale and the revenues of Financial Services are recognized on a pro rata basis in order to match the cost of funding.

Principal Factors Affecting Results

Our operating performance is highly correlated to sales volumes, which are influenced by several different factors that vary across our segments.

For our Agriculture segment, the key factors influencing sales are the level of net farm income, which is influenced by commodity prices, and, to a lesser extent, general economic conditions, interest rates and the availability of financing and related subsidy programs. Variations by region and product are also attributable to differences in typical climate and farming calendars, as well as extraordinary weather conditions.

For our Construction segment, sales levels for heavy construction equipment are particularly dependent on the expected level of major infrastructure construction and repair projects, which is a function of expected economic growth and government spending. For light construction equipment, the principal factor influencing demand is the level of residential and commercial construction, remodeling and renovation, which is influenced in turn by interest rates and availability of financing, as well as, in the residential sector, levels of disposable income and, in the commercial sector, the broader economic cycle.

Demand for services and service-related products, including parts, is a function of the nature and extent of the use of the related agricultural and construction equipment. The after-sales market is historically less volatile than the wholegoods market and, therefore, helps reduce the impact on operating results of fluctuations in new sales.

Our cost base principally comprises the cost of raw materials and personnel costs.

Raw material costs are closely linked to commodity markets and largely outside of our control, although we are making a targeted effort to increase procurement and production efficiencies. Historically, we have been able to pass on to our customers most of the increase in the cost of raw materials through increases in product pricing. Nevertheless, even when we are able to do so, there is usually a time lag between an increase in materials cost and a realized increase in product prices and, accordingly, our results are typically adversely affected at least in the short-term until price increases are accepted in the market.

Personnel costs change over time and are impacted by the terms of collective bargaining agreements, inflation and average number of employees. A significant proportion of our employees are based in countries where labor laws impose significant protection of employees’ rights and, accordingly, we have limited ability to downsize our personnel in response to a decrease in production during periods of market downturn.

Our results are also affected by changes in foreign exchange rates from period to period, mainly due to the difference in geographic distribution between our manufacturing activities and our commercial activities, resulting in cash flows from exports denominated in currencies that differ from those associated with production costs. In addition, our Consolidated Financial Statements are expressed in

U.S. dollars and are therefore subject to movements in exchange rates upon translation of the financial statements of subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.

Finally, our results may be materially affected, directly or indirectly, by governmental policies, including monetary and fiscal policies and policies on international trade and investment.

Global Business Conditions

The global economy is experiencing volatile disruptions due to a combination of factors, including geopolitical events, shifts in trade and economic policies from the new U.S. presidential administration, change in commodity prices, as well as change in climate conditions. These disruptions have affected the price and availability of certain products and services used in the Company's operations in 2024, and are expected to persist in 2025. These factors also affect our customers' profitability, impacting their ability to achieve higher returns on their output, and reducing their purchasing power and demand for our products. The Company is closely monitoring global economic conditions and the impact that macroeconomic pressures, such as new and retaliatory tariffs, fluctuating currency exchange rates, interest rates and inflation, have on its business, customers, and suppliers.

For a discussion of the Company’s risks and uncertainties, see Part 1, Item 1A: Risk Factors.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

CNH monitors its operations through the use of several non-GAAP financial measures. CNH’s management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful and relevant information regarding its operating results and enhance the readers’ ability to assess CNH’s financial performance and financial position. Management uses these non-GAAP measures to identify operational trends, as well as make decisions regarding future spending, resource allocations and other operational decisions as they provide additional transparency with respect to our core operations. These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning under U.S. GAAP and are unlikely to be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by other companies and are not intended to be substitutes for measures of financial performance and financial position as prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

As of December 31, 2024, CNH’s non-GAAP financial measures are defined as follows:

Adjusted EBIT of Industrial Activities

Adjusted EBIT of Industrial Activities is defined as net income (loss) before: income taxes, Financial Services' results, Industrial Activities' interest expenses, net, foreign exchange gains/losses, finance and non-service component of pension and other post-confirm this term is employment benefit costs, restructuring expenses, and certain non-recurring items. Such non-recurring items are specifically disclosed items that management considers rare or discrete events that are infrequent in nature and not reflective of ongoing operational activities.

Net Cash (Debt) and Net Cash (Debt) of Industrial Activities

Net Cash (Debt) is defined as total debt less: intersegment notes receivable, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, other current financial assets (primarily current securities, short-term deposits and investments towards high-credit rating counterparties) and derivative hedging debt. CNH provides the reconciliation of Net Cash (Debt) to Total (Debt), which is the most directly comparable measure included in the consolidated balance sheets. Due to different sources of cash flows used for the repayment of the debt between Industrial Activities and Financial Services (by cash from operations for Industrial Activities and by collection of financing receivables for Financial Services), management separately evaluates the cash flow performance of Industrial Activities using Net Cash (Debt) of Industrial Activities.

Revenues on a Constant Currency Basis

CNH discusses the fluctuations in revenues on a constant currency basis by applying the prior year average exchange rates to current year’s revenues expressed in local currency in order to eliminate the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations from year to year.

Free Cash Flow of Industrial Activities

Free Cash Flow of Industrial Activities (or Industrial Free Cash Flow) refers to Industrial Activities, only, and is computed as consolidated cash flow from operating activities less: cash flow from operating activities of Financial Services; investments of Industrial Activities in property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, and assets sold under operating leases; change in derivatives hedging debt of Industrial Activities; as well as other changes and intersegment eliminations.

Operating Results

The operations, key financial measures, and financial analysis differ significantly for manufacturing and distribution businesses (Industrial Activities) and financial services businesses; therefore, management believes that certain supplemental disclosures are important in understanding our consolidated operations and financial results. For further information, see “Supplemental Information” within this section, where we present supplemental consolidating data split by Industrial Activities and Financial Services. Transactions between Industrial Activities and Financial Services have been eliminated to arrive at the consolidated data.

2024 Compared to 2023

Consolidated Results of Operations

Revenues

We recorded revenues of $19,836 million in 2024, a decline of 19.6% (down 18.7% on a constant currency basis) compared to 2023. This decline was mainly due to lower shipment volumes on decreased industry demand and dealer destocking.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold were $13,350 million in 2024 compared to $16,838 million in 2023, a decrease of 20.7% year over year. As a percentage of net sales, cost of goods sold was 78.3% in 2024 (76.3% in 2023), the increase in the percentage from 2023 reflects lower production volumes and unfavorable mix, partially offset by improved purchasing and manufacturing costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A") decreased to $1,712 million in 2024 (8.6% of revenues) from $1,863 million in 2023 (7.5% of revenues). The year over year decrease is primarily due to lower labor costs, driven by the Company's restructuring program and lower variable compensation, partially offset by higher credit risk provisions in the Financial Services segment.

Research and Development

In 2024, R&D expenses were $924 million compared to $1,041 million in 2023. The expense in both years was primarily attributable to continued investment in new products, technologies and digital solutions.

Restructuring Expenses

The Company incurred restructuring costs of $118 million and $67 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company’s restructuring program announced in November 2023 targeted both labor and non-labor SG&A expenses. This program was completed in 2024, and the Company has incurred a total of $128 million from launch to December 31, 2024, under it.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased to $1,611 million in 2024 from $1,345 million in 2023 primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher external borrowings. The interest expense attributable to Industrial Activities, net of interest income and eliminations, was $152 million in 2024 compared to $76 million in 2023 primarily due to higher external borrowings to support working capital requirements and higher average interest rates.

Other, net

Other, net expenses were $664 million in 2024 and included a pre-tax gain of $24 million ($18 million after-tax) as a result of the amortization over 4 years of the $101 million positive impact from the 2021 U.S. healthcare plan modification and a gain of $14 million for investment fair value adjustments, partially offset by a loss of $17 million on the sale of certain non-core product lines.

Other, net expenses were $830 million in 2023 and included a pre-tax gain of $24 million ($18 million after-tax) as a result of the amortization over 4 years of the $101 million positive impact from the 2021 U.S. healthcare plan modification and a gain of $13 million in relation to the fair value remeasurement of previously held investments in Augmenta and Bennamann, offset by a loss of $23 million on the sale of CNH Industrial Russia.

Income Taxes

In 2024, income taxes were an expense of $336 million, compared to a tax expense of $594 million in 2023. The effective tax rates for 2024 and 2023 were 23.1% and 22.0%, respectively. The decreased tax expense in 2024, as compared to 2023, was largely attributable to lower profit-before tax and the tax impact from Argentina’s highly inflationary economy. The 2024 tax expense was also reduced by the recognition of $29 million of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets in China, offset by the derecognition of $35 million deferred tax assets in Argentina, increases in withholding tax on dividends, and lower benefit from U.S. exports.

The 2023 effective tax rate was reduced by the recognition of $99 million of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets in the United Kingdom, lower profitability in high-tax jurisdictions as a percent of total profit, higher credits and incentives, and the tax benefits related to the sale of CNH Industrial Russia; offset the tax impact from the Argentina highly inflationary economy and discrete tax expense associated with prior periods.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (the "OECD") has proposed a global minimum tax of 15% of reported profits ("Pillar Two") that has been agreed upon in principle by over 140 countries. Pillar Two legislation has been enacted in one or more jurisdictions in which the Company operates and the Company has determined that it falls within the scope of the legislation. The Company has assessed the impact of the Pillar Two legislation and related transitional safe harbor provisions and does not expect the tax impacts of the legislation to have a material impact on the Company’s financial results during 2024.

Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries and Affiliates

Equity in income of unconsolidated subsidiaries and affiliates was $138 million in 2024 compared to $178 million in 2023 primarily due to lower sales in our joint venture TürkTraktör ve Ziraat Makineleri A.S.

Industrial Activities and Business Segments

The following tables include Revenues and Adjusted EBIT of Industrial Activities by segment. We have also included a discussion of our results of Industrial Activities and of each of our segments.

(2) A reconciliation from the most closely related U.S. GAAP measure to this non-GAAP measure is included on page 53.

Net sales of Industrial Activities were $17,060 million in 2024, down 22.7% compared to the prior year (down 21.9% on a constant currency basis) primarily due to lower shipment volumes on decreased industry demand and dealer destocking.

Adjusted EBIT of Industrial Activities was $1,404 million in 2024 ($2,634 million in 2023), with an Adjusted EBIT margin of 8.2%. The decline was primarily due to lower shipment volumes on decreased industry demand and unfavorable mix in the Agriculture segment; partially offset by improved purchasing and manufacturing costs, along with a reduction in SG&A expenses.

Business Segment Performance

Agriculture

Net Sales

The following table includes Agriculture net sales by geographic region in 2024 compared to 2023:

Agriculture Sales – by geographic region:

Net sales for Agriculture were $14,007 million in 2024, a 22.8% decline (down 22.1% on a constant currency basis) compared to 2023. This decline is mainly due to lower shipment volumes on decreased industry demand across all regions and dealer inventory unit requirements across all regions.

In North America, industry volume was down 16% year over year in 2024 for tractors over 140 hp and was down 13% for tractors under 140 hp; combines were down 22%. In Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA), tractor and combine demand was down 13% and 43%, respectively, of which Europe tractor and combine demand was down 12% and 35%, respectively. South America tractor demand was down 9% and combine demand was down 31%. Asia Pacific tractor demand was down 1% and combine demand was up 11%.

Adjusted EBIT

Adjusted EBIT was $1,470 million in 2024, compared to $2,636 million in 2023. The decline was mostly driven by lower shipment volumes and unfavorable mix, partially offset by improved purchasing and manufacturing costs, along with a reduction in SG&A expenses. R&D investments accounted for 5.9% of sales (5.2% in 2023). Adjusted EBIT margin was 10.5%.

Construction

Net Sales

The following table includes Construction net sales by geographic region in 2024 compared to 2023:

Construction Sales – by geographic region:

Net sales for Construction were $3,053 million in 2024, a decline of 22.4% (down 21.4% on a constant currency basis) compared to 2023, due to lower shipment volumes across all regions driven mainly by lower market demand and dealer destocking.

Global industry volume for construction equipment increased 1% year over year in 2024 for Heavy construction equipment; Light construction equipment was down 7%. Aggregated demand decreased 5% in North America and 12% in EMEA, respectively, and increased 13% in South America and 3% for Asia Pacific, particularly in China.

Adjusted EBIT

Adjusted EBIT was $169 million in 2024, compared to $238 million in 2023. The decline was primarily due to lower volumes, partially offset by improved purchasing and manufacturing costs, along with lower SG&A expenses. Adjusted EBIT margin was 5.5%.

Financial Services Performance

Finance, Interest and Other Income

Financial Services reported revenues of $2,774 million in 2024, up 7.8% compared to 2023 (up 10.1% on a constant currency basis) due to favorable volumes in all regions except EMEA and higher yields in all regions, except South America; partially offset by lower used equipment sales due to decreased operating lease maturities.

Net Income

Net income for Financial Services was $379 million in 2024, an $8 million increase compared to 2023, primarily due to favorable volumes in all regions except EMEA, margin improvement in all regions except Asia Pacific, and a favorable effective tax rate due to Argentina inflation adjustment in the current year; partially offset by increased risk costs due to higher delinquencies in South America, increased specific reserve needs in North America, the derecognition of previously recognized deferred tax assets in Argentina, and lower used equipment sales from less operating lease maturities.

In 2024, retail originations (including unconsolidated joint ventures) were $11.4 billion, down $0.1 billion compared to 2023 (flat on a constant currency basis). The managed portfolio (including unconsolidated joint ventures) was $27.8 billion as of December 31, 2024 (of which retail was 68% and wholesale 32%), down $1.1 billion compared to December 31, 2023 (up $1.0 billion on a constant currency basis).

At December 31, 2024, the receivable balance greater than 30 days past due as a percentage of receivables was 1.9% (1.4% as of December 31, 2023) due to economic and environmental factors impacting farmers, specifically in South America.

2023 Compared to 2022

Please refer to the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2023 Form 10-K.

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBIT to Net Income (Loss)

The following table includes the reconciliation of Adjusted EBIT for Industrial Activities to net income, the most comparable U.S.

GAAP financial measure.

(2) Unallocated items, eliminations and other primarily includes certain corporate costs and other operating expenses and incomes not allocated to segments' results.

(3) In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, this item includes a pre-tax gain of $24 million, $24 million, and $24 million, respectively as a result of the amortization over 4 years of the $101 million positive impact from the 2021 modifications of a healthcare plan in the U.S. In the years ended December 31, 2022 this item includes the pre-tax gain of $90 million respectively as a result of the amortization over approximately 4.5 years of the $527 million positive impact from 2018 modification of a healthcare plan in the U.S.

(4) In the year ended December 31, 2024, this item includes a loss of $17 million on the sale of certain non-core product lines and a gain of $14 million for investment fair value adjustments. In the year ended December 31, 2023, this item includes a loss of $23 million on the sale of the CNH Industrial Russia and CNH Capital Russia businesses, partially offset by a gain of $13 million for the fair value remeasurement of Augmenta and Bennamann. In the year ended December 31, 2022, this item included $43 million of asset write-downs, $25 million of separation costs incurred in a connection with our spin-off of the Iveco Group Business and $22 million of costs related to the activity of the Raven segments held for sale, including the loss on the sale of the Engineered Films and Aerostar divisions, partially offset by a $65 million dollar gain on the sale of our Canada parts depot.

Supplemental Information

The operations, key financial measures, and financial analysis differ significantly for manufacturing and distribution businesses and financial services businesses; therefore, management believes that certain supplemental disclosures are important in understanding the consolidated operations and financial results of CNH. This supplemental information does not purport to represent the operations of each group as if each group were to operate on a standalone basis. This supplemental data is as follows:

Industrial Activities—The financial information captioned “Industrial Activities” reflects the consolidation of all majority-owned subsidiaries except for Financial Services business.

Financial Services—The financial information captioned “Financial Services” reflects the consolidation or combination of Financial Services business.

(1) Industrial Activities represents the enterprise without Financial Services. Industrial Activities includes the Company's Agriculture, Construction, and other corporate assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses not reflected within Financial Services.

(3) Eliminations of Financial Services' interest income earned from Industrial Activities.

(4) Eliminations of Industrial Activities' interest expense to Financial Services.

(1) Industrial Activities represents the enterprise without Financial Services. Industrial Activities includes the Company's Agriculture, and Construction segments, and other corporate assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses not reflected within Financial Services.

(3) Eliminations of primarily receivables/payables between Industrial Activities and Financial Services.

(4) Eliminations of financing receivables/payables between Industrial Activities and Financial Services.

(5) Reclassification of deferred tax assets/liabilities in the same jurisdiction and reclassification needed for appropriate consolidated presentation.

(6) Elimination of derivative assets/liabilities between Industrial Activities and Financial Services.

(1) Industrial Activities represents the enterprise without Financial Services. Industrial Activities includes the Company's Agriculture, Construction, and other corporate assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses not reflected within Financial Services.

(3) This item includes the elimination of dividends from Financial Services to Industrial Activities, which are included in Industrial Activities net cash provided by operating activities.

(4) This item includes the elimination of certain minor activities between Industrial Activities and Financial Services.

(5) This item includes the elimination of capital investment between Industrial Activities and Financial Services.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our operations are capital intensive and subject to seasonal variations in financing requirements for dealer receivables and company inventories. Whenever necessary, funds from operating activities are supplemented with external sources. CNH, focusing on cash preservation and leveraging its good access to funding, continues to maintain solid financial strength and liquidity.

Capital Resources

The cash flows, funding requirements and liquidity of CNH are managed on a standard and centralized basis. This centralized system is designed to optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of our management of capital resources.

Our subsidiaries participate in a company-wide cash management system, which we operate in a number of jurisdictions. Under this system, the cash balances of our subsidiaries are aggregated at the end of each business day to central pooling accounts. The centralized treasury management offers financial and systems expertise in managing these accounts, as well as providing related services and consulting to our business segments.

Our policy is to keep a high degree of flexibility with our funding and investment options in order to maintain our desired level of liquidity to achieve our rating targets while improving the Company's capital structure over time. In managing our liquidity requirements, we are pursuing a financing strategy that aims at extending over time our Industrial Activities debt profile by issuing long-term bonds and retiring short-term debt through opportunistic transactions, deleveraging our Industrial Activities balance sheet by reducing debt, and diversifying funding sources.

A summary of our strategy is set forth below:

•Industrial Activities sells certain of its receivables to Financial Services and relies on internal cash flows including managing working capital to fund its near-term financing requirements. We will also supplement our short-term financing by drawing on existing or new facilities with banks.

•To the extent funding needs of Industrial Activities are determined to be of a longer-term nature, we will access public debt markets as well as private investors and banks, as appropriate, to refinance borrowings and replenish our liquidity.

•Financial Services’ funding strategy is to maintain sufficient liquidity and flexible access to a wide variety of financial instruments. While we expect securitizations and sale of receivables (factoring) to continue to represent a material portion of our capital structure and intersegment borrowings to remain a marginal source of funding, we will continue to diversify our funding sources and expand our investor base within Financial Services to support our investment grade credit ratings. These diversified funding sources include secured and unsecured facilities, a repurchase agreement, commercial paper and unsecured notes.

On a global level, we continue to evaluate alternatives to ensure that Financial Services has access to capital on favorable terms to support its business, including agreements with global or regional partners, new funding arrangements or a combination of the foregoing. Our access to external sources of financing, as well as the cost of financing, is dependent on various factors, including our credit ratings.

On January 4, 2022, Fitch Ratings raised its Long-Term Issuer Default Rating ("IDR") on CNH Industrial N.V. to 'BBB+' from 'BBB-'. Fitch also upgraded CNH Industrial Finance Europe S.A.'s senior unsecured rating to 'BBB+' from 'BBB-', with a stable outlook. On January 7, 2022, Fitch upgraded the Long-Term IDR and senior long-term debt ratings of CNH Industrial Capital LLC and CNH Industrial Capital Canada Ltd. to 'BBB+' from 'BBB-', with a stable outlook. Fitch also upgraded CNH Industrial Capital LLC's short-term IDR and commercial paper ratings to 'F2' from 'F3'. On November 25, 2024, Fitch rating affirmed the IDR for CNH Industrial N.V, CNH Industrial Capital LLC and CNH Industrial Capital Canada Ltd. The Outlook was changed from stable to negative. Fitch Ratings also affirmed CNH Capital LLC short-term IDR at 'F2'.

On February 25, 2022, Moody's upgraded the senior unsecured ratings of CNH Industrial N.V. and its supported subsidiaries including CNH Industrial Capital LLC, CNH Industrial Finance Europe S.A., CNH Industrial Capital Australia Pty. Ltd. and CNH Industrial Capital Canada Ltd. to Baa2 from Baa3. The rating outlook is stable.

On November 30, 2023, Standard & Poor's ("S&P") Global Ratings raised its long-term issuer credit ratings on CNH Industrial N.V. and its subsidiary, CNH Industrial Capital LLC, to 'BBB+' from 'BBB'. S&P Global Ratings also affirmed the 'A-2' short-term issuer credit rating. Additionally, S&P Global Ratings raised the issue-level ratings on CNH Industrial N.V. and its industrial subsidiaries' debt, as well as the issue-level ratings on CNH Industrial Capital LLC's senior unsecured debt, to 'BBB+' from 'BBB'. On February 21, 2025, S&P Global Ratings changed the outlook of CNH Industrial N.V. and CNH Industrial Capital LLC from stable to negative.

Current ratings for the Company are as follows:

(1) Includes treasury subsidiary, CNH Industrial Finance Europe S.A.

The Company's ratings are investment grade, which the Company believes allow it to access funding at competitive rates.

A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Ratings may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating organization, and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating. A deterioration in our ratings could impair our ability to obtain debt financing and would increase the cost of such financing. Ratings are influenced by a number of factors, including, among others: financial leverage on an absolute basis or relative to peers, the composition of the balance sheet and/or capital structure, material changes in earnings trends and volatility, ability to dividend monies from subsidiaries and our competitive position. Material deterioration in any one, or a combination, of these factors could result in a downgrade of our ratings, thus increasing the cost, and limiting the availability, of financing.

Consolidated Debt

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our consolidated Debt was as shown below:

We believe that Net Cash (Debt), a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in the section “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”, of section "General" above, is a useful analytical metric for measuring our effective borrowing requirements. We provide a separate analysis of Net Cash (Debt) of Industrial Activities and Net Cash (Debt) of Financial Services to reflect the different cash flow management practices in the two activities. Industrial Activities reflects the consolidation of all majority-owned subsidiaries, including those performing centralized treasury activities, except for Financial Services subsidiaries. Financial Services reflects the consolidation of the Financial Services’ businesses.

The calculation of Net Cash (Debt) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and the reconciliation of Total Debt, the U.S. GAAP financial measure that we believe to be most directly comparable, to Net Cash (Debt), are shown below:

(1) Total (Debt) of Industrial Activities includes Intersegment notes payable to Financial Services of $456 million and $301 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Total (Debt) of Financial Services includes Intersegment notes payable to Industrial Activities of $334 million and $527 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2) The net intersegment receivable/(payable) balance owed by Financial Services relating to Industrial Activities was $122 million and $(226) million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Excluding the positive effect of exchange rate differences of $1,473 million, Net Debt at December 31, 2024 increased by $2,332 million compared to December 31, 2023. This was mainly due to an increase in portfolio receivables of Financial Services of $544 million, free cash flow absorption from Industrial Activities of $401 million, and the cash out of $1,309 million related to the share buyback program and dividends paid.

Cash Flow Analysis

For the year ended December 31, 2024, Cash and cash equivalents and Restricted cash combined were $3,866 million, a decrease of $1,179 million from December 31, 2023, primarily due to receivable portfolio growth, investments in fixed assets, the share buyback program, and dividends paid; partially offset by operating activities cash generation and an increase in external borrowing.

At December 31, 2024, Cash and cash equivalents and Restricted cash were $3,191 million ($4,322 million at December 31, 2023) and $675 million ($723 million at December 31, 2023), respectively. Undrawn medium-term unsecured committed facilities were

$5,493 million ($5,945 million at December 31, 2023). At December 31, 2024, the aggregate of Cash and cash equivalents, Restricted cash, undrawn committed facilities and other current financial assets, which we consider to constitute our principal liquid assets (or "available liquidity"), totaled $9,465 million ($11,224 million at December 31, 2023). At December 31, 2024, this amount also included $106 million net financial receivables from Iveco Group ($234 million net financial receivables at December 31, 2023) consisting of net financial receivables mainly towards Financial Services of Iveco Group.

The following table summarizes the changes to cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Net Cash from Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities in 2024 totaled $1,968 million and comprised the following elements:

•$1,259 million net income;

•plus $605 million in non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization ($417 million excluding equipment on operating leases);

•plus $329 million in Other non-cash items;

•plus $86 million change in working capital;

•less change in provisions of $204 million;

•less deferred tax income of $107 million.

In 2023, cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations during the year was $907 million primarily as a result of $2,287 million in net income, change in provisions of $911 million, $564 million in non-cash charges for depreciation, and $173 million in Other non-cash items, partially offset by change in working capital of $2,388 million and change in deferred income taxes of $535 million.

In 2022, cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations during the year was $557 million primarily as a result of $2,039 million in net income, $535 million in non-cash charges for depreciation, and $196 million in Other non-cash items partially offset by an increase of working capital of $2,241 million.

Net Cash from Investing Activities

In 2024, cash used in investing activities was $2,772 million. Expenditures included net additions to retail receivables ($1,768 million), expenditures for assets under operating leases ($650 million), and expenditures for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, excluding assets under operating lease ($536 million).

In 2023, cash used in investing activities was $3,699 million. Expenditures included net additions to retail receivables ($2,245 million), expenditures for assets under operating leases ($551 million), and expenditures for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, excluding assets under operating lease ($644 million).

In 2022, cash used in investing activities was $3,009 million. Expenditures included net additions to retail receivables ($1,611 million), expenditures for assets under operating leases ($538 million), expenditures for property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets, excluding assets under operating lease ($461 million).

The following table summarizes our investments in tangible assets by segment and investments in intangible assets for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

We incurred these capital expenditures principally related to initiatives to introduce new products, enhance manufacturing efficiency and increase capacity, and for maintenance and engineering.

Net Cash from Financing Activities

In 2024, cash used in financing activities totaled $67 million, primarily due to the shares buyback program and dividends paid, partially offset by an increase in external borrowings.

In 2023, cash provided by financing activities totaled $2,598 million, primarily due to an increase in external borrowings to support working capital requirements and an increase to the Financial Services portfolio, partially offset by dividends paid and the shares buyback program.

In 2022, cash provided by financing activities totaled $1,964 million, primarily due to increase in debt, mainly due to increase in receivables portfolio of Financial Services, dividends paid and shares buyback program.

Reconciliation of Free Cash Flow

The non-GAAP financial measures (Net Cash (Debt) and Free Cash Flow of Industrial Activities), as defined in the section “Non-GAAP Financial Measures" above, used in this section, should neither be considered as a substitute for, nor superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be computed in the same manner as similarly titled measures used by other companies.

The reconciliation of Free Cash Flow of Industrial Activities to Net cash provided (used) by Operating Activities, the U.S. GAAP financial measure that we believe to be most directly comparable, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, is shown below:

(1) This item primarily includes capital increases in intersegment investments and change in financial receivables.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the use of Free Cash Flow of Industrial Activities was $401 million primarily due to the lower adjusted EBIT results of the segments which were more than offset by working capital absorption, capital expenditures and cash interest and taxes.

Industrial Activities

Capital Markets

At December 31, 2024, we had an aggregate amount of $9.8 billion in bonds outstanding, of which $3.8 billion was issued by Industrial Activities.

The capital markets debt of Industrial Activities is mainly related to notes issued under the Euro Medium Term Note Programme (and the notes issued under its predecessor, the Global Medium Term Notes Programme), and senior unsecured debt securities issued by CNH Industrial N.V. described below.

Euro Medium Term Note ("EMTN") Programme. We have a medium-term note program allowing for the placement of debt securities up to a total authorized amount of €10 billion ($10 billion). In June 2024, CNH Industrial N.V. issued Euro 750 million of 3.750% notes due in 2031 with an issue price of 99.168% of their principal amount.

At December 31, 2024, €3,200 million ($3,324 million) was outstanding under the program, all such debt having been issued by CNH Industrial Finance Europe S.A. (guaranteed by CNH Industrial N.V) or directly by CNH Industrial NV.

CNH Industrial N.V. Senior Notes. In the United States, CNH Industrial N.V has issued notes from time to time. In 2017, CNH Industrial N.V. issued $500 million of notes at an interest rate of 3.850% due November 2027 (the “2027 Notes”) at an issue price of 99.384% of their principal amount. The 2027 Notes are referred to as the “CNH Industrial N.V. Senior Notes”

The notes issued under the EMTN (and its predecessor the Global Medium Term Notes Programme) as well as the CNH Industrial N.V. Senior Notes impose covenants and other obligations on CNH Industrial N.V. as issuer and, in certain cases, as guarantor and CNH Industrial Finance Europe S.A. as issuer, including: (i) a negative pledge provision which requires that, if any security interest over assets of the issuer or the guarantor is granted in connection with debt that is, or is capable of being, listed or any guarantee is granted in connection with such debt, such security or guarantee must be equally and ratably extended to the outstanding notes; (ii) a status (orpari passu) covenant, under which the notes rank and will rank pari passu with all other present and future outstanding unsubordinated and unsecured obligations of the issuer and/or the guarantor (subject to mandatorily preferred obligations under applicable laws); (iii) an events of default provision setting out certain customary events (such as cross defaults, insolvency related events, etc.) the occurrence of which entitles the holders of the outstanding notes to accelerate the repayment of the notes; (iv) change of control provisions which, when combined with a rating downgrade of CNH Industrial N.V., grant the note holders the right to require immediate repayment of the notes; and (v) other clauses that are generally applicable to securities of a similar type. A breach of these obligations may require the early repayment of the notes. At December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with such obligations and covenants.

CNH intends to repay the issued bonds in cash at the due date by utilizing available liquid resources. In addition, CNH may from time to time repurchase or enforce the available call options of issued bonds. Such repurchases, if made, depend upon market conditions, the financial situation of CNH and other factors which could affect such decisions.

At December 31, 2024, Industrial Activities available committed unsecured facilities expiring after twelve months amounted to $4.3 billion ($5.4 billion at December 31, 2023).

Euro 3.25 billion Revolving Credit Facility. On April 19, 2024, the Company terminated its five-year committed revolving credit agreement dated March 18, 2019 (as amended and restated on December 10, 2021) and entered into a new five-year credit agreement. The credit facility provides for an unsecured, committed revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount equal to €3.25 billion. The Company may elect to increase the total commitments under the Credit Facility up to an additional €500 million on the terms set forth in the credit agreement.

The credit agreement will mature, and all outstanding loans will become due and payable, on April 19, 2029, or such later date as may be extended pursuant to the two extension options of one-year each which are available to the Company on the terms set forth in the credit agreement.

The credit facility contains customary covenants (including a negative pledge, a status (or pari passu) covenant and restrictions on the incurrence of indebtedness by certain subsidiaries) and customary events of default, some of which are subject to minimum thresholds and customary mitigants (including cross acceleration provisions failure to pay amounts due or to comply with certain provisions under the credit loan agreement, the occurrence of certain bankruptcy-related events) and mandatory prepayment obligations upon a change in control of the Company.

At December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants in the credit agreement.

Financial Services

Total debt of Financial Services was $23.2 billion at December 31, 2024, compared to $23.9 billion at December 31, 2023.

Asset-Backed Financing

At December 31, 2024, Financial Services’ committed asset-backed facilities expiring after twelve months amounted to $3.7 billion ($3.7 billion at December 31, 2023), of which $3.1 billion was utilized at December 31, 2024 ($3.7 billion at December 31, 2023).

We sell certain of our financial receivables to third parties in order to improve liquidity, to take advantage of market opportunities and, in certain circumstances, to reduce credit and concentration risk in accordance with our risk management objectives.

The sale of financial receivables is executed primarily through ABS transactions and involves retail notes and wholesale receivables originated by our Financial Services subsidiaries from end-use customers and dealers, respectively.

At December 31, 2024, our receivables from financing activities included receivables sold and financed through both ABS and factoring transactions of $13.9 billion ($14.1 billion at December 31, 2023), which do not meet derecognition requirements and therefore are recorded on our consolidated statement of financial position. These receivables are recognized as such in our financial statements even though they have been legally sold; a corresponding financial liability is recorded in the consolidated statement of financial position as debt (see "Note 4: Receivables").

Repurchase Agreement

We are a party to a Global Master Repurchase Agreement which expires in September 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had sold, and not yet repurchase, CAD 450.0 million ($312.8 million) of Canadian receivables under the repurchase agreement, with an obligation to repurchase such receivables in 30 days. The repurchase agreement is treated as a financing arrangement for accounting purposes.

Capital Markets

In February 2024, CNHIndustrial Capital Argentina issued USD 53 million of 7.500% notes due in 2026, with an issue price of 100.000% of their principal amount.

In March 2024, CNH Industrial Capital Canada Ltd. issued CAD 400 million of 4.800% notes due in 2027, with an issue price of 99.876% of their principal amount.

In March 2024, CNH Industrial Capital LLC issued USD 600 million of 5.100% due in 2029 with an issue price of 99.157% of their principal amount.

In April 2024, Banco CNH Industrial Capital S.A. issued BRL 700 million of notes in three tranches: BRL 335 million at CDI + 0.550% due 2026, BRL 245 million at CDI + 0.750% due in 2027 and BRL 120 million at CDI + 0.900% due in 2028.

In May 2024, CNH Industrial Australia issued AUD 250 million of 5.400% notes due in 2027 at an issue price of 99.877% of their principal amount. In September 2024, the obligation nominal amount was increased of AUD 75 million, at an issue price of 101.561%, for a total of AUD 325 million.

In May 2024, Banco CNH Industrial Capital S.A. issued BRL 50 million of notes at CDI + 0.900% due in 2028, through a private placement.

In May 2024, Banco CNH Industrial Capital S.A. issued BRL 200 million of 12.290% notes due in 2028, through a private placement.

In June 2024, Banco CNH Industrial Capital S.A. issued BRL 200 million of notes in two tranches: BRL 100 million at 12.350% due in 2026 and BRL 100 million at 12.850% due in 2027, through a private placement.

In October 2024, CNH Industrial Capital LLC issued USD 500 million of 4.500% notes due in 2027 with an issue price of 99.809% of their principal amount.

In October 2024, CNH Industrial Capital Canada Ltd. issued CAD 300 million of 4.000% notes due 2028 with an issue price of 99.964% of their principal amount.

In October 2024, Banco CNH Industrial Capital S.A. issued BRL 500 million of notes in three tranches: BRL 150 million at CDI + 0.350% due in 2026, BRL 200 million at CDI + 0.500% due in 2027 and BRL 150 million at CDI + 0.700% due in 2028.

In November 2024, CNH Industrial Capital Argentina issued USD 17 million of 6.000% notes due in 2026 at an issue price of 100% of their principal amount.

In November 2024, CNH Industrial Capital Argentina issued USD 11 million of 7.500% notes due in 2028 at an issue price of 100% of their principal amount.

At December 31, 2024, Financial Services' available committed, unsecured facilities expiring after twelve months amounted to $1.2 billion ($0.5 billion at December 31, 2023).

Commercial Paper Programs

CNH Industrial Capital LLC outstanding commercial paper totaled $100 million as of December 31, 2024 ($351 million outstanding at December 31, 2023).

Banco CNH Industrial S.A. outstanding commercial paper totaled $202 million as of December 31, 2024 ($488 million outstanding at December 31, 2023).

Support Agreement in the Interest of CNH Industrial Capital LLC

CNH Industrial Capital LLC benefits from a support agreement issued by CNH Industrial N.V., pursuant to which CNH Industrial N.V. agrees to, among other things, (a) make cash capital contributions to CNH Industrial Capital LLC, to the extent necessary to cause its ratio of net earnings available for fixed charges to fixed charges to be not less than 1.05:1.0 for each fiscal quarter (with such ratio determined, on a consolidated basis and in accordance with U.S. GAAP, for such fiscal quarter and the immediately preceding three fiscal quarters taken as a whole), (b) generally maintain an ownership of at least 51% of the voting equity interests in CNH Industrial Capital LLC and (c) cause CNH Industrial Capital LLC to have, as of the end of any fiscal quarter, a consolidated tangible net worth of at least $50 million. The support agreement is not intended to be, and is not, a guarantee by CNH Industrial N.V. of the indebtedness or other obligations of CNH Industrial Capital LLC. The obligations of CNH Industrial N.V. to CNH Industrial Capital LLC pursuant to this support agreement are to the company only and do not run to, and are not enforceable directly by, any creditor of CNH Industrial Capital LLC, including holders of the CNH Industrial Capital LLC’s notes or the trustee under the indenture governing the notes. The support agreement may be modified, amended or terminated, at CNH Industrial N.V.’s election, upon thirty days’ prior written notice to CNH Industrial Capital LLC and the rating agencies of CNH Industrial Capital LLC, if (a) the modification, amendment or termination would not result in a downgrade of CNH Industrial Capital LLC rated indebtedness; (b) the modification, amendment or notice of termination provides that the support agreement will continue in effect with respect to the company’s rated indebtedness then outstanding; or (c) CNH Industrial Capital LLC has no long-term rated indebtedness outstanding.

For more information on our outstanding indebtedness, see “Note 10: Debt” to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Future Liquidity

We have adopted formal policies and decision-making processes designed to optimize the allocation of funds, cash management processes and financial risk management. Our liquidity needs could increase in the event of an extended economic slowdown or recession that would reduce our cash flow from operations and impair the ability of our dealers and retail customers to meet their payment obligations. Any reduction of our credit ratings would increase our cost of funding and potentially limit our access to the capital markets and other sources of financing.

We believe that funds available under our current liquidity facilities, those realized under existing and planned asset-backed securitization programs and issuances of debt securities and those expected from ordinary course refinancing of existing credit facilities, together with cash provided by operating activities, will allow us to satisfy our debt service requirements for the coming year. At December 31, 2024, we had available committed, unsecured facilities expiring after twelve months of $5.5 billion ($5.9 billion at December 31, 2023).

Financial Services securitized debt is repaid with the cash generated by the underlying amortizing receivables. Accordingly, additional liquidity is not normally necessary for the repayment of such debt. Financial Services has traditionally relied upon the term ABS market and committed asset-backed facilities as a primary source of funding and liquidity. At December 31, 2024, Financial Services’ committed asset-backed facilities expiring after twelve months amounted to $3.7 billion ($3.7 billion at December 31, 2023), of which $3.1 billion was utilized at December 31, 2024 ($3.7 billion at December 31, 2023).

If Financial Services were unable to obtain ABS funding at competitive rates and at the same time were unable to access other sources of finding at similar conditions, its ability to conduct its financial services activities would be limited.

Pension and Other Post-employment Benefits

Pension Plans

Pension plan obligations primarily comprise the obligations of our pension plans in the United States, the U.K. and Germany.

Under these plans, contributions are made to a separate fund (trust) which independently administers the plan assets. Our funding policy is to contribute amounts to the plan equal to the amounts required to satisfy the minimum funding requirements pursuant to the laws of the applicable jurisdictions. The significant pension plans that we are required to fund are in the United States and the U.K. In addition, we make discretionary contributions in addition to the funding requirements. To the extent that a fund is overfunded, we are not required to make further contributions to the plan in respect of minimum performance requirements so long as the fund is in surplus.

The investment strategy for the plan assets depends on the features of the plan and on the maturity of the obligations. Typically, less mature plan benefit obligations are funded by using more equity securities as they are expected to achieve long-term growth exceeding inflation. More mature plan benefit obligations are funded using more fixed income securities as they are expected to produce current income with limited volatility. Risk management practices include the use of multiple asset classes and investment managers within each asset class for diversification purposes. Specific guidelines for each asset class and investment manager are implemented and monitored.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the difference between the present value of the pension plan obligations and the fair value of the related plan assets was a deficit of $151 million and $225 million, respectively. In 2024, we contributed $32 million to the plan assets and made direct benefit payments of $12 million for our pension plans. Our expected total contribution to pension plan assets and direct benefit payments is estimated to be $43 million for 2025.

Healthcare Plans

Healthcare postretirement benefit plan obligations comprise obligations for healthcare and insurance plans granted to our employees working in the United States and Canada. These plans generally cover employees retiring on or after reaching the age of 55 who have completed at least 10 years of employment. United States salaried and non-represented hourly employees and Canadian employees hired after January 1, 2001 and January 1, 2002, respectively, are not eligible for postretirement healthcare and life insurance benefits under our plans. These plans are not required to be funded. Beginning in 2007, we made contributions on a voluntary basis to a separate and independently managed fund established to finance the North America healthcare plans.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the difference between the present value of the healthcare plan obligations and the fair value of the related plan assets was a deficit of $126 million and $121 million, respectively. In 2024, we did not contribute to the plan assets and made direct benefit payments for healthcare plans of $19 million and we expect to make direct benefit payments of $19 million in 2025.

Other Postemployment Benefits

Other postemployment benefits consist of benefits for Italian Employee Leaving Entitlements up to December 31, 2006, loyalty bonus in Italy and various other similar plans in France, Germany and Belgium. Until December 31, 2006, Italian companies with more than 50 employees were required to accrue for benefits paid to employees upon them leaving the company. The scheme has since changed to a defined contribution plan. The obligation on our consolidated balance sheet represents the residual reserve for years until December 31, 2006. Loyalty bonuses are accrued for employees who have reached certain service seniority and are generally settled when employees leave the company. These plans are not required to be funded and, therefore, have no plan assets.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the present value of the obligation for other postemployment benefits amounted to $81 million and $100 million, respectively.

In 2024, we made direct benefit payments of $13 million for other postemployment benefits and expect to make direct benefit payments of $6 million in 2025.

For further information on pension and other postemployment benefits, see “Note 13: Employee Benefit Plans and Postretirement Benefits” to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We use certain off-balance sheet arrangements with unconsolidated third parties in the ordinary course of business, including financial guarantees. Our arrangements are described in more detail below. For additional information, see “Note 15: Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Financial Guarantees

Our financial guarantees require us to make contingent payments upon the occurrence of certain events or changes in an underlying instrument that is related to an asset, a liability or the equity of the guaranteed party. These guarantees include arrangements that are direct obligations, giving the party receiving the guarantee a direct claim against us, as well as indirect obligations, under which we have agreed to provide the funds necessary for another party to satisfy an obligation.

CNH provided guarantees on the debt or commitments of third parties and performance guarantees in the interest of non-consolidated affiliates totaling $54 million as of December 31, 2024.

Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments with definitive payment terms that will require significant cash outlays in the future, as of December 31, 2024:

(1)Reserves for uncertain tax positions are not included within this table as the timing and ultimate uncertainty of settlement with the relevant taxing authorities is not known.

(2)Amounts presented exclude the related interest expense that will be paid when due. The table above does not include obligations for pensions, post-retirement benefits and health care plans. Our best estimate of expected contributions including direct benefit payment to be made by us in 2025 to pension plans, healthcare plans and other post-employment plans is $43 million, $19 million and $6 million, respectively. Potential outflows in the years after 2025 are subject to a number of uncertainties, including future asset performance and changes in assumptions, and therefore we are unable to make sufficiently reliable estimates of future contributions beyond 2025.

Debt Obligations

For information on our debt obligations, see “Capital Resources” above and “Note 10: Debt” to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. The amount reported as debt obligations in the table above consists of our bonds, borrowings from banks, asset-backed financing and other debt which reconciles in total to the amount in the December 31, 2024 consolidated balance sheet.

Operating Lease Obligations

Our operating leases consist mainly of leases for commercial and industrial properties used in carrying out our businesses. The amounts reported above under “Operating lease obligations” include the minimal rental and payment commitments due under such leases.

Purchase Obligations

Our purchase obligations at December 31, 2024, include commitments to purchase tangible fixed assets, largely in connection with planned capital expenditures, in an aggregate amount of approximately $76 million.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The financial statements included in this Annual Report and related disclosures have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. The estimates and related assumptions are based on available information at the date of preparation of the financial statements, historical experience and other relevant factors. Actual results may differ from the estimates.

Particularly in light of the current economic uncertainty, developments may occur which may differ from our estimates and assumptions, and therefore might require significant adjustments to the carrying amounts of certain items, which as of the date of this Annual Report cannot be accurately estimated or predicted. The principal items affected by estimates are the allowances for credit losses receivable and inventories, long-lived assets (tangible and intangible assets), the residual values of equipment leased out under operating lease arrangements, sales allowances, product warranties, pension and other postemployment benefits, deferred tax assets and contingent liabilities.

Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of any changes are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised, if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

The following are the critical judgments and the key assumptions concerning the future that we have made in the process of applying our accounting policies and that may have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report or that represent a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.

The allowance for credit losses is our estimate of the lifetime expected credit losses inherent in the trade receivables and financing receivables owned by us. Retail customer receivables primarily include retail notes and finance leases to end use customers and revolving charge accounts, which represent financing for customers to purchase parts, service, rentals, implements and attachments from CNH dealers. Wholesale receivables include dealer floorplan financing, and to a lesser extent, the financing of dealer operations. Typically, our receivables within a geographic area have similar risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring risk.

Retail receivables that share the same risk characteristics such as, collateralization levels, geography, product type and other relevant factors are reviewed on a collective basis using measurement models and management judgment. The allowance for retail credit losses is based on loss forecast models that consider a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, historical loss experience, collateral value, portfolio balance and delinquency. The loss forecast models are updated on a quarterly basis. The calculation is adjusted for forward-looking macroeconomic factors, such as GDP and Net Farm Income. The forward-looking macroeconomic factors are updated quarterly. In addition, qualitative factors that are not fully captured in the loss forecast models are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

Trade and wholesale receivables that share the same risk characteristics such as, collateralization levels, term, geography and other relevant factors are reviewed on a collective basis using measurement models and management judgment. The allowance for trade and wholesale credit losses is based on loss forecast models that consider a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, historical loss experience, collateral value, portfolio balance and delinquency. The loss forecast models are updated on a quarterly basis. The calculation is adjusted for forward-looking macroeconomic factors, such as industry sales volumes. The forward-looking macroeconomic factors are updated quarterly. In addition, qualitative factors that are not fully captured in the loss forecast models are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

Retail, trade and wholesale receivables that do not have similar risk characteristics are individually reviewed based on, among other items, amounts outstanding, days past due and prior collection history. Expected credit losses are measured by considering: the probability-weighted estimates of cash flows and collateral value; the time value of money; current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Expected credit losses are measured as the probability-weighted present value of all cash shortfalls (including the value of the collateral, if appropriate) over the expected life of each financial asset.

Charge-offs of principal amounts of receivables outstanding are deducted from the allowance at the point when it is estimated that amounts due are deemed uncollectible. When delinquency reaches 120 days, revolving change accounts are generally deemed to be uncollectible and charged off to the allowance for credit losses.

The total allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $424 million and $363 million, respectively. Management’s ongoing evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses takes into consideration historical loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and current and future economic conditions.

While management believes it has exercised prudent judgment and applied reasonable assumptions, there can be no assurance that, in the future, changes in economic conditions or other factors will not cause changes in the financial condition of our customers. If the financial condition of some of our customers deteriorates, the timing and level of payments received could be impacted and, therefore, could result in an increase in losses on the current portfolio.

The assumptions used in evaluating the Company’s exposure to credit losses involve estimates and significant judgment. While the company believes its allowance is sufficient to provide for losses over the life of its existing receivable portfolio, different assumptions or changes in economic conditions would result in changes to the allowance for credit losses. Historically, changes in economic conditions have had limited impact on credit losses within the company’s wholesale receivable portfolio. Within the retail customer receivables portfolio, credit loss estimates are dependent on a number of factors, including historical portfolio performance, current delinquency levels, and estimated recoveries on defaulted accounts. A hypothetical 10% increase in the quantitative loss rates would have resulted in an approximately $24 million increase to the allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2024.

Allowance for Obsolete and Slow-moving Inventory

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using the first-in, first-out method. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price, less reasonably predictable costs of completion or disposal and transportation. We estimate the selling price of equipment based on past experience and expected future trends in dealer inventory unit requirements, pricing and promotions, and local market and general economic conditions.

Recoverability of Long-lived Assets (including Goodwill)

Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets such as patents and trademarks. We evaluate the recoverability of property, plant and equipment and finite-lived other intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. We assess the recoverability of property, plant and equipment and finite-lived other intangible assets by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset is not recoverable in full on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

We have identified three reporting units for the purpose of goodwill impairment testing: Agriculture, Construction, and Financial Services. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at a reporting unit level. Under the goodwill impairment test, CNH’s estimate of the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying value. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. CNH has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived other intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually. For goodwill, in 2022, 2023, and 2024, we performed our annual impairment review as of December 31 of each year and concluded that there was no impairment. We evaluate events and changes in circumstances to determine if additional testing may be required. For all reporting units, a 10% decrease in the estimated fair value would have had no effect on the carrying value of goodwill at the annual measurement date in 2024.

For indefinite-lived other intangible assets, in 2022 and 2023 our annual impairment review performed as of December 31 of each year concluded that there was no impairment in either year. In 2024, the fair value of our indefinite-lived other intangible asset was below the carrying value by $11 million and the Company recognized an impairment charge, within Research and Development expense, of $11 million for the Agriculture reporting unit. The fair value of the in-process research and development ("IPR&D") was determined using the relief from royalty method. Under the relief from royalty approach, the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is calculated based on the present value of royalties avoided. This approach is dependent on several management assumptions, including estimates of future revenues, estimated cost of completion, and the weighted average cost of capital.

Residual Values of Assets Leased Out Under Operating Lease Arrangements

Our Financial Services segment purchase equipment from our dealers and leases such equipment to retail customers under operating leases. Income from these operating leases is recognized over the term of the lease. Our decision on whether or not to offer lease financing to customers is based, in part, upon estimated residual values of the leased equipment, which are estimated at the lease inception date and periodically updated. Realization of the residual values, a component in the profitability of a lease transaction, is dependent on our ability to market the equipment at lease termination under the then prevailing market conditions. Equipment model changes and updates, as well as market strength and product acceptance, are monitored and adjustments are made to residual values in accordance with the significance of any such changes. Although realization is not assured, management believes that the estimated residual values are realizable.

Sales Allowances

The company provides sales incentives and allowances to dealers. At the time a sale to a dealer is recognized, the company records an estimate of the future sales incentive costs as a reduction of revenue. These incentives may be based on a dealer’s purchase volume, or on retail sales incentive programs and financing programs that will be due when the dealer sells the equipment to a retail customer. The estimated cost of these programs is based on historical data, announced and expected incentive programs, field inventory levels. The final cost of these programs is determined at the end of the measurement period for volume-based incentives or when the dealer sells the equipment to the retail customer. Changes in the mix and types of programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly. Actual cost differences from the original cost estimate are recognized in “Net sales”. The total accruals recorded were $2,075 million, $2,433 million and $1,556 million in “Other liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in 2024 was due to dealer destocking, while the increase in 2023 was due to targeted initiatives to drive higher retail demand.

Product Warranties

For most equipment and service parts sales, the company provides a standard warranty to provide assurance that the equipment will function as intended for a specified period of time. At the time a sale is recognized, the company records the estimated future warranty costs. The company determines its total warranty liability by applying historical claims rate experience to the estimated amount of equipment that has been sold to end-users and is still under warranty based on dealer inventories and retail sales. Variances in claims experience and the type of warranty programs affect these estimates, which are reviewed quarterly.

The product warranty accruals at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $633 million, $610 million and $544 million, respectively. Estimates used to determine the product warranty accruals are based on historical claims rate leveraging the last rolling 12 months and consideration of current quality developments.

Pension and Other Postemployment Benefits

As more fully described in “Note 13: Employee Benefit Plans and Postretirement Benefits” to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, we sponsor pension, healthcare and other postemployment plans in various countries. We actuarially determine the costs and obligations relating to such plans using several statistical and judgmental factors. These assumptions include discount rates, rates for expected returns on plan assets, rates for compensation increases, mortality rates, retirement rates, and healthcare cost trend rates, as determined by us within certain guidelines. To the extent actual experiences differ from our assumptions or our assumptions change, we may experience gains and losses that we have not yet recognized in our consolidated statements of operations but would be recognized in equity. For our pension and postemployment benefit plans, we recognize net gain or loss as a component of defined benefit plan cost for the year if, as of the beginning of the year, such unrecognized net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of (1) the projected benefit obligation or (2) the fair market value of the plan assets at year end. In such case, the amount of amortization we recognize is the resulting excess divided by the average remaining service period of active employees, and by the average life expectancy for inactive employees expected to receive benefits under the plan.

The following table includes the effects of a one percentage-point change in our primary actuarial assumptions on pension, healthcare and other postemployment benefit obligations and expense:

Realization of Deferred Tax Assets

At December 31, 2024, we had a net deferred tax asset on temporary differences, including tax attributes, of $1.6 billion, including $0.2 billion of deferred tax assets that are not recognized in the financial statements. The corresponding totals at December 31, 2023, were $1.6 billion and $0.2 billion, respectively.

We have recognized deferred tax assets we believe are more likely than not to be realized. The determination to record a valuation allowance requires significant judgement and is based on an assessment of positive and negative evidence, whereby objectively verifiable evidence takes precedence over other forms of evidence. In our assessments, we consider actual and forecasted results, the potential to carryback net operating losses and credits, the future reversal of certain taxable temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. We also consider risk factors, including, but not limited to, the economic conditions in the countries and, in some cases, regions in which we have significant operations as those conditions would generally impact our ability to generate taxable income in specific jurisdictions.

During the fourth quarter of 2024, we recognized a significant portion of the deferred tax assets related to our operations in China, resulting in a $29 million non-cash tax benefit, as those operations had consistently returned to pre-tax profitability, with the trend anticipated to continue for the foreseeable future. During this same period, we also recorded a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets generated by our financial services business in Argentina, resulting in a $35 million non-cash increase to the Company’s tax expense, as those operations generated statutory tax losses attributable to Argentina’s hyperinflationary economy that we do not anticipate utilizing in the foreseeable future.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, we recognized a significant portion of the deferred tax assets related to our operations in the U.K., resulting in a $99 million non-cash tax benefit, as those operations had consistently returned to pre-tax profitability, with that trend anticipated to continue for the foreseeable future.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we recognized substantially all the deferred tax assets related to our agricultural and construction equipment operations in Italy, resulting in a $55 million non-cash tax benefit, as those operations had consistently returned to pre-tax profitability, with that trend anticipated to continue for the foreseeable future.

Contingent Liabilities

We are the subject of legal and indirect tax proceedings covering a range of matters, which are pending in various jurisdictions. Due to the uncertainty inherent in such matters, it is difficult to predict the final outcome of such matters. The cases and claims against us often raise difficult and complex factual and legal issues, which are subject to many uncertainties, including but not limited to the facts and circumstances of each particular case and claim, the jurisdiction and the differences in applicable law. In the normal course of business, we consult with legal counsel and other experts on matters related to litigation, taxes and other similar contingent liabilities. We accrue a liability when it is determined that an adverse outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In the event an adverse outcome is probable, but an estimate is not determinable or is possible, the matter is disclosed. See “Note 15: Commitments and Contingencies” to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 for additional information.

Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report includes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this filing including competitive strengths; business strategy; future financial position or operating results; budgets; projections with respect to revenue, income, earnings (or loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, liquidity, capital structure or other financial items; costs; and plans and objectives of management regarding operations and products, are forward-looking statements. Forward looking statements also include statements regarding the future performance of CNH and its subsidiaries on a standalone basis. These statements may include terminology such as “may”, “will”, “expect”, “could”, “should”, “intend”, “estimate”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “outlook”, “continue”, “remain”, “on track”, “design”, “target”, “objective”, “goal”, “forecast”, “projection”, “prospects”, “plan”, or similar terminology. Forward-looking statements, are not guarantees of future performance. Rather, they are based on current views and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are outside our control and are difficult to predict. If any of these risks and uncertainties materialize (or they occur with a degree of severity that the Company is unable to predict) or other assumptions underlying any of the forward-looking statements prove to be incorrect, including any assumptions regarding strategic plans, the actual results or developments may differ materially from any future results or developments expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Factors, risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements include, among others: economic conditions in each of our markets, including the significant uncertainty caused by geopolitical events; production and supply chain disruptions, including industry capacity constraints, material availability, and global logistics delays and constraints; the many interrelated factors that affect consumer confidence and worldwide demand for capital goods and capital goods-related products, changes in government policies regarding banking, monetary and fiscal policy; legislation, particularly pertaining to capital goods-related issues such as agriculture, the environment, debt relief and subsidy program policies, commerce and infrastructure development; government policies on international trade and investment, including sanctions and actions after recent U.S. elections in respect to global trade, tariffs, trade agreements, and the uncertainty of our ability to sell products internationally based on these actions and policies; actions of competitors in the various industries in which we compete; development and use of new technologies and technological difficulties; the interpretation of, or adoption of new, compliance requirements with respect to engine emissions, safety or other aspects of our products; labor relations; interest rates and currency exchange rates; inflation and deflation; energy prices; prices for agricultural commodities and material price increases; housing starts and other construction activity; our ability to obtain financing or to refinance existing debt; price pressure on new and used equipment; the resolution of pending litigation and investigations on a wide range of topics, including dealer and supplier litigation, intellectual property rights disputes, product warranty and defective product claims, and emissions and/or fuel economy regulatory and contractual issues; security breaches, cybersecurity attacks, technology failures, and other disruptions to the information technology infrastructure of CNH and its suppliers and dealers; security breaches with respect to our products; our pension plans and other post-employment obligations; political and civil unrest; volatility and deterioration of capital and financial markets, including pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), terrorist attacks in Europe and elsewhere; the remediation of a material weakness; our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from our business initiatives as part of our strategic plan, including targeted restructuring actions to optimize our cost structure and improve the efficiency of our operations; our failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances or divestitures and other similar risks and uncertainties, and our success in managing the risks involved in the foregoing.

Forward-looking statements are based upon assumptions relating to the factors described in this filing, which are sometimes based upon estimates and data received from third parties. Such estimates and data are often revised. Actual results may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside CNH’s control. CNH expressly disclaims any intention or obligation to provide, update or revise any forward-looking statements in this document to reflect any change in expectations or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which these forward-looking statements are based.

Further information concerning CNH, including factors that potentially could materially affect its financial results, is included in the Company’s reports and filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

All future written and oral forward-looking statements by CNH or persons acting on the behalf of CNH are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained herein or referred to above.