BankUnited Inc

Note 1 Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

BankUnited, Inc. is a national bank holding company with one wholly-owned subsidiary, BankUnited, collectively, the Company. BankUnited, a national banking association headquartered in Miami Lakes, Florida, provides a full range of banking services to individual and corporate customers through banking centers in Florida, the New York metropolitan area and Dallas, Texas. The Bank also offers certain commercial lending and deposit products through national platforms and regional wholesale banking offices.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the SEC. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with GAAP and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto appearing in BKU’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in future periods.

The Company has a single operating segment and thus a single reportable segment. While management monitors the revenue streams of its various business units, the business units serve a similar base of primarily commercial clients, providing a similar range of products and services, managed through similar processes and platforms. The Company’s chief operating decision maker makes company-wide resource allocation decisions and assessments of performance based on a collective assessment of the Company’s operations.

Accounting Estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

The most significant estimate impacting the Company's consolidated financial statements is the ACL.

New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

ASU No. 2023-02—Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures using the Proportional Amortization Method (A Consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force). This ASU was issued to expand the use of the proportional amortization method of accounting for equity investments in tax credit programs beyond those in LIHTC programs. The ASU allows entities to elect the proportional amortization method, on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis, for all equity investments in tax credit programs meeting the eligibility criteria established. The Company adopted this ASU in the first quarter of 2024. There was no impact upon adoption. Currently, all of the Company's equity investments in tax credit programs are in LIHTC programs already accounted for using the proportional amortization method.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

ASU No. 2023-07—Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU augments reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. This ASU will have no impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Adoption may lead to additional and revised disclosures in the Company's financial statements starting with the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ASU No. 2023-09—Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires entities to provide additional disclosures, primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The guidance also eliminates certain existing disclosure requirements related to uncertain tax positions among others. This ASU is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. The adoption of this ASU will have no impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Adoption will lead to additional and revised disclosures in the Company's financial statements.

Note 2 Earnings Per Common Share

The computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share is presented below for the periods indicated (in thousands, except share and per share data):

Potentially dilutive unvested shares totaling 1,142,702 and 1,190,511 were outstanding at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, but excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

Note 3 Investment Securities

Investment securities include investment securities available for sale, marketable equity securities, and investment securities held to maturity. The investment securities portfolio consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

(1)At fair value except for securities held to maturity.

Investment securities held to maturity at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, consisted ofone State of Israel bond maturing in October 2024. Accrued interest receivable on investments totaled $38 million and $37 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

At March 31, 2024, contractual maturities of investment securities available for sale, adjusted for anticipated prepayments when applicable, were as follows (in thousands):

The carrying value of securities pledged as collateral for FHLB advances, public deposits, interest rate swaps and to secure borrowing capacity at the FRB totaled $7.7 billion at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table provides information about gains (losses) on investment securities for the periods indicated (in thousands):

The following tables present the aggregate fair value and the aggregate amount by which amortized cost exceeded fair value for investment securities available for sale in unrealized loss positions aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities had been in continuous unrealized loss positions at the dates indicated (in thousands):

The Company monitors its investment securities available for sale for credit loss impairment on an individual security basis. No securities were determined to be credit loss impaired during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. At March 31, 2024, the Company did not have an intent to sell securities that were in significant unrealized loss positions, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. In making this determination, the Company considered its current and projected liquidity position including its ability to pledge securities to generate liquidity, its investment policy as to permissible holdings and concentration limits, regulatory requirements and other relevant factors. We have not sold, and do not anticipate the need to sell, securities in unrealized loss positions to generate liquidity.

At March 31, 2024,540 securities available for sale were in unrealized loss positions. The amount of impairment related to 138 of these securities was considered insignificant both individually and in the aggregate, totaling approximately $1.3 million and no further analysis with respect to these securities was considered necessary.

The basis for concluding that AFS securities were not credit loss impaired and no ACL was considered necessary at March 31, 2024, is further discussed below.

Unrealized losses were primarily attributable to a sustained higher interest rate environment. In some cases, wider spreads compared to levels at which securities were purchased. market volatility and yield curve dislocations also contributed to unrealized losses. The investment securities AFS portfolio was in a net unrealized loss position of $498.4 million at March 31, 2024, compared to $534.8 million at December 31, 2023, improving by $36.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024. While the majority of securities in the portfolio were floating rate at March 31, 2024, fixed rate securities accounted for the majority of unrealized losses.

U.S. Government, U.S. Government Agency and Government Sponsored Enterprise Securities

At March 31, 2024, six U.S. treasury,104 U.S. Government agency and sponsored enterprise residential MBS,27 U.S. Government agency and sponsored enterprise commercial MBS, and 22 SBA securities were in unrealized loss positions. The timely payment of principal and interest on these securities is explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. Government. As such, there is an assumption of zero credit loss and the Company expects to recover the amortized cost basis of these securities.

Private Label Securities:

None of the impaired private label securities had missed principal or interest payments or had been downgraded by a NRSRO at March 31, 2024. The Company performed an analysis comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost basis of impaired securities. This analysis was based on a scenario that we believe to be generally more conservative than our reasonable and supportable economic forecast at March 31, 2024, and incorporated assumptions about voluntary prepayment rates, collateral defaults, delinquencies, severity and other relevant factors as described further below. Our analysis also considered the structural characteristics of each security and the level of credit enhancement provided by that structure.

Private label residential MBS and CMOs

At March 31, 2024,115 private label residential MBS and CMOs were in unrealized loss positions. Our analysis of cash flows expected to be collected on these securities incorporated assumptions about collateral default rates, voluntary prepayment rates, loss severity, delinquencies and recovery lag. In developing those assumptions, we took into account collateral quality measures such as FICO, LTV, documentation, loan type, property type, agency availability criteria and performing status. We also regularly monitor sector data including home price appreciation, forbearance, delinquency, special servicing and prepay trends as well as other economic data that could be indicative of stress in the sector. Underlying delinquencies in this sector remain low. Our March 31, 2024 analysis projected weighted average collateral losses for impaired securities in this category of 2% compared to weighted average credit support of 18%. As of March 31, 2024,95% of impaired securities in this category, based on carrying value, were externally rated AAA,4% were rated AA and 1% were rated A.

Private label commercial MBS

At March 31, 2024,88 private label commercial MBS were in unrealized loss positions. Our analysis of cash flows expected to be collected on these securities incorporated assumptions about collateral default rates, voluntary prepayment rates, loss severity, delinquencies and recovery lag. In developing those assumptions, we took into account collateral quality and type, loan size, loan purpose and other qualitative factors. We also regularly monitor collateral concentrations, collateral watch lists, bankruptcy data, defeasance data, special servicing trends, delinquency and other economic data that could be indicative of stress in the sector. We consider collateral, deal, sector and tranche level performance as well as maturity and refinance risk. While we have observed some deterioration in collateral performance in this segment, particularly in the office, retail and hospitality sectors, the high credit quality of these securities and adequacy of subordination to cover projected collateral losses supports the conclusion that there is no credit loss impairment. Our March 31, 2024 analysis projected weighted average collateral losses for impaired securities in this category of 6% compared to weighted average credit support of 43%. As of March 31, 2024,84% of impaired securities in this category, based on carrying value, were externally rated AAA,12% were rated AA and 4% were rated A.

Single family real estate-backed securities

At March 31, 2024,11 single family rental real estate-backed securities were in unrealized loss positions. Our analysis of cash flows expected to be collected on these securities incorporated assumptions about collateral default rates, loss severity, delinquencies and recovery lag. We regularly monitor sector data including home price appreciation, forbearance, delinquency and prepay trends as well as other economic data that could be indicative of stress in the sector. We consider collateral, deal, sector and tranche level performance as well as maturity and refinance risk. Our March 31, 2024 analysis projected weighted average collateral losses for this category of 7% compared to weighted average credit support of 55%. As of March 31, 2024,54% of impaired securities in this category, based on carrying value, were externally rated AAA,18% were rated AA andone security was not externally rated.

Collateralized loan obligations

At March 31, 2024,15 collateralized loan obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Unrealized losses totaled less than 1% of total amortized cost of this segment at March 31, 2024. Our analysis of cash flows expected to be collected on these securities incorporated assumptions about collateral default rates, loss severity, and delinquencies, calibrated to take into account idiosyncratic risks associated with the underlying collateral. In developing those assumptions, we took into account each sector’s performance pre-, during and post the 2008 financial crisis. We regularly engage with bond managers to monitor trends in underlying collateral including potential downgrades and subsequent cash flow diversions, liquidity, ratings migration, and any other relevant developments. While we have observed some deterioration in underlying collateral performance due in large part to rising costs, the high credit quality of these securities and adequacy of subordination to cover projected collateral losses supports the conclusion that there is no credit loss impairment. Our March 31, 2024 analysis projected weighted average collateral losses for impaired securities in this category of 11% compared to weighted average credit support of 42%. As of March 31, 2024,80% of the impaired securities in this category, based on carrying value, were externally rated AAA,12% were rated AA and 8% were rated A.

Non-mortgage asset-backed securities

At March 31, 2024, six non-mortgage asset-backed securities were in unrealized loss positions. These securities are backed by student loan collateral. Our analysis of cash flows expected to be collected on these securities incorporated assumptions about collateral default rates, loss severity, delinquencies, voluntary prepayment rates and recovery lag. In developing assumptions, we took into account collateral type, delineated by whether collateral consisted of loans to borrowers in school, refinancing, or a mixture. Our March 31, 2024 analysis projected weighted average collateral losses for impaired securities in this category of 4% compared to weighted average credit support of 26%. As of March 31, 2024,36% of the impaired securities in this category, based on carrying value, were externally rated AAA, and 64% were rated AA.

State and Municipal Obligations

At March 31, 2024, eight state and municipal obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Our analysis of potential credit loss impairment for these securities incorporates a quantitative measure of the underlying obligor's credit worthiness provided by a third-party vendor as well as other relevant qualitative considerations. As of March 31, 2024,87% of the impaired securities in this category, based on carrying value, were externally rated AAA and 13% were rated AA.

Note 4 Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans consisted of the following at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

Premiums, discounts and deferred fees and costs, excluding the non-credit related discount on PCD loans, totaled $41 million and $45 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of residential PCD loans and the related amount of non-credit discount, net of the related ACL, at the dates indicated (in thousands):

Included in loans, net are direct or sales type finance leases totaling $583 million and $602 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The amount of income recognized from direct or sales type finance leases for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $4.0 million and $4.3 million, respectively, and is included in interest income on loans in the consolidated statements of income.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company purchased residential loans totaling $67 million and $187 million, respectively.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had pledged loans with a carrying value of approximately $16.2 billion and $16.5 billion, respectively, as security for FHLB advances and Federal Reserve discount window capacity.

Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $138 million at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The amount of interest income reversed on non-accrual loans was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Allowance for credit losses

Activity in the ACL is summarized below for the periods indicated (in thousands):

The ACL was determined utilizing a 2-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. The quantitative portion of the ACL was determined using three weighted third-party provided economic scenarios.

The ACL increased by $14.9 million, from 0.82% to 0.90% of total loans, at March 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023. The more significant factors impacting the provision for credit losses and increase in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2024, were an increase in qualitative loss factors and risk rating migration, partially offset by an improved economic forecast.

The following table presents gross charge-offs during the three months ended March 31, 2024, by year of origination (in thousands):

The following table presents the components of the provision for credit losses for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Credit quality information

Credit quality of loans held for investment is continuously monitored by dedicated residential credit risk management and commercial portfolio management functions. The Company also has a workout and recovery department that monitors the credit quality of criticized and classified loans and an independent internal credit review function.

Credit quality indicators for commercial loans

Factors that impact risk inherent in commercial portfolio segments include but are not limited to levels of economic activity or potential disruptions in economic activity, health of the national, regional and to a lesser extent global economy, interest rates, industry trends, demographic trends, inflationary trends, including particularly for commercial real estate loans the cost of insurance, patterns of and trends in customer behavior that influence demand for our borrowers' products and services, and commercial real estate values and related market dynamics. Particularly for the office sector, the evolving impact of hybrid and remote work on vacancies and valuations is a factor. Internal risk ratings are considered the most meaningful indicator of credit quality for commercial loans. Internal risk ratings are one indicator of the likelihood that a borrower will default, are a key factor influencing the level and nature of ongoing monitoring of loans and may impact the estimation of the ACL. Internal risk ratings are updated on a continuous basis. Generally, relationships with balances in excess of defined thresholds, ranging from $1 million to $3 million, are re-evaluated at least annually and more frequently if circumstances indicate that a change in risk rating may be warranted. The special mention rating is considered a transitional rating for loans exhibiting potential credit weaknesses that could result in deterioration of repayment prospects at some future date if not checked or corrected and that deserve management’s close attention. These borrowers may exhibit declining cash flows or revenues or increasing leverage. Loans with well-defined credit weaknesses that may result in a loss if the deficiencies are not corrected are assigned a risk rating of substandard. These borrowers may exhibit payment defaults, inadequate cash flows from current operations, operating losses, increasing balance sheet leverage, project cost overruns, unreasonable construction delays, exhausted interest reserves, declining collateral values, frequent overdrafts or past due real estate taxes. Loans with weaknesses so severe that collection in full is highly questionable or improbable, but because of certain reasonably specific pending factors have not been charged off, are assigned an internal risk rating of doubtful.

Commercial credit exposure based on internal risk rating (in thousands):

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the balance of revolving loans converted to term loans was immaterial.

The following table presents criticized and classified commercial loans, in aggregate by risk rating category, at the dates indicated (in thousands):

Credit quality indicators for residential loans

Management considers delinquency status to be the most meaningful indicator of the credit quality of residential loans, other than government insured residential loans. Delinquency status is updated at least monthly. LTV and FICO scores are also important indicators of credit quality for 1-4 single family residential loans other than government insured loans. FICO scores are generally updated semi-annually, and were most recently updated in the first quarter of 2024. LTVs are typically at origination since we do not routinely update residential appraisals. Substantially all of the government insured residential loans are government insured buyout loans, which the Company buys out of GNMA securitizations upon default. For these loans, traditional measures of credit quality are not particularly relevant considering the guaranteed nature of the loans and the underlying business model. Factors that impact risk inherent in the residential portfolio segment include national and regional economic conditions such as levels of unemployment, wages and interest rates, as well as residential property values.

1-4 Single Family Residential credit exposure, excluding government insured residential loans, based on delinquency status (in thousands):

1-4 Single Family Residential credit exposure, excluding government insured residential loans, based on LTV (in thousands):

1-4 Single Family Residential credit exposure, excluding government insured residential loans, based on FICO score (in thousands):

Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans:

The following table presents an aging of loans at the dates indicated (in thousands):

Included in the table above is the guaranteed portion of SBA loans past due by 90 days or more totaling $37.8 million ($29.5 million of C&I and $8.3 million of CRE) and $39.7 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Loans contractually delinquent by 90 days or more and still accruing totaled $256 million and $278 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, substantially all of which were government insured residential loans. These loans are government insured pool buyout loans, which the Company buys out of GNMA securitizations upon default.

The following table presents information about loans on non-accrual status at the dates indicated (in thousands):

Included in the table above is the guaranteed portion of non-accrual SBA loans totaling $40.0 million and $41.8 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The amount of interest income recognized on non-accrual loans was insignificant for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The amount of additional interest income that would have been recognized on non-accrual loans had they performed in accordance with their contractual terms was approximately $2.5 million and $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Collateral dependent loans:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans at the dates indicated (in thousands):

Collateral for the CRE loan class generally consists of commercial real estate, or for certain construction loans, residential real estate. Collateral for C&I loans generally consists of equipment, accounts receivable, inventory and other business assets and for owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, may also include commercial real estate. Franchise and equipment finance loans may be collateralized by franchise value or by equipment. Residential loans are collateralized by residential real estate. There were no significant changes to the extent to which collateral secured collateral dependent loans during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Foreclosure of residential real estate

The recorded investment in residential loans in the process of foreclosure was $238 million, of which $225 million was government insured at March 31, 2024, and $262 million, of which $250 million was government insured at December 31, 2023. The carrying amount of foreclosed residential real estate included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet was insignificant at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Loan Modifications

The following tables summarize loans that were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, by type of modification, during the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

(1)Represents percentage of loans receivable in each category.

The following tables summarize the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing difficulty, during the periods indicated:

The following tables present the aging at March 31, 2024, of loans that were modified within the previous 12 months, and at March 31, 2023, of loans that were modified since January 1, 2023, the date of adoption of ASU 2022-02 (in thousands):

The following tables summarize loans that were modified within the previous 12 months and defaulted during the periods indicated (in thousands):

Note 5 Income Taxes

The Company’s effective income tax rate was 28.6% and 26.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The effective income tax rates differed from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 primarily due to the impact of state income taxes, partially offset by the benefit of income not subject to federal tax. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024, also included the impact of a discrete item related to equity based compensation.

Note 6 Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments

The Company has entered into interest rate derivatives designated as (i) cash flow hedges with the objective of limiting the variability of interest payment cash flows and (ii) fair value hedges designed to hedge changes in the fair value of outstanding fixed rate instruments caused by fluctuations in the benchmark interest rate. Changes in fair value of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges are recognized in earnings, as is the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item.

The following table summarizes the Company's derivatives designated as hedging instruments as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

(1)The fair values of derivatives are included in other assets or other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges

The following table provides information about the amount of gain (loss) related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges reclassified from AOCI into interest income or expense for the periods indicated (in thousands):

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, no derivative positions designated as cash flow hedges were discontinued and none of the gains and losses reported in AOCI were reclassified into earnings as a result of the discontinuance of cash flow hedges or because of the early extinguishment of debt.

As of March 31, 2024, the amount of net gain expected to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings during the next twelve months was $39.4 million, based on the forward curve. See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information about the reclassification adjustments from AOCI into earnings.

Derivatives designated as fair value hedges

The amount of gain (loss) related to derivatives designated as fair value hedges recognized in earnings was insignificant for all applicable periods. The following table provides information about the hedged items related to derivatives designated as fair value hedges at the date indicated (in thousands):

(1)This amount is included in the amortized cost basis of a closed portfolio of loans used to designate hedging relationships in a portfolio layer method hedge in which the hedged item is anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. The amortized cost basis of the closed portfolio used in this hedging relationship was $976 million and $992 million, respectively, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments

The Company enters into interest rate derivative contracts with certain of its commercial borrowers to enable those borrowers to manage their exposure to interest rate fluctuations. To mitigate interest rate risk associated with these derivative contracts, the Company enters into offsetting derivative contract positions with primary dealers. The Company also purchases and sells credit protection under RPAs with the objective of sharing with financial institution counterparties some of the credit exposure related to interest rate derivative contracts entered into with commercial borrowers related to participations purchased or sold. The Company will make or receive payments under these agreements if a customer defaults on an obligation to perform under certain interest rate derivative contracts. These interest rate derivative contracts are not designated as hedging instruments; therefore, changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recognized immediately in earnings. The impact on earnings related to changes in fair value of these derivatives was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company may be exposed to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to its interest rate derivative agreements. The Company assesses the credit risk of its financial institution counterparties by monitoring publicly available credit rating and financial information. The Company manages dealer credit risk by entering into interest rate derivatives only with primary and highly rated counterparties, the use of ISDA master agreements, central clearing mechanisms and counterparty limits. The agreements contain bilateral collateral arrangements with the amount of collateral to be posted generally governed by the settlement value of outstanding swaps. The Company manages the risk of default by its commercial borrower counterparties through its normal loan underwriting and credit monitoring policies and procedures. The Company does not currently anticipate any significant losses from failure of interest rate derivative counterparties to honor their obligations.

The following table summarizes the Company's derivatives not designated as hedging instruments as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

(1)Fair values of these derivatives are included in other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Some of the Company’s ISDA master agreements with financial institution counterparties contain provisions that permit either counterparty to terminate the agreements and require settlement in the event that regulatory capital ratios fall below certain designated thresholds, upon the initiation of other defined regulatory actions or upon suspension or withdrawal of the Bank’s credit rating. Currently, there are no circumstances that would trigger these provisions of the agreements.

Master netting agreements

The Company does not offset assets and liabilities under master netting agreements for financial reporting purposes. Information on interest rate swaps and caps subject to these agreements is as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

The difference between the amounts reported for interest rate swaps subject to master netting agreements and the total fair value of interest rate contract derivative financial instruments reported in the consolidated balance sheets is related to interest rate derivative contracts not subject to master netting agreements.

Note 7 Stockholders’ Equity

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Changes in other comprehensive income are summarized as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

The categories of AOCI and changes therein are presented below for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Note 8 Fair Value Measurements

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following is a description of the methodologies used to estimate the fair values of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which those measurements are typically classified.

Investment securities available for sale and marketable equity securities—Fair value measurements are based on quoted prices in active markets when available; these measurements are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. These securities typically include U.S. Treasury securities and certain preferred stocks. If quoted prices in active markets are not available, fair values are estimated using quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, quoted prices of identical securities in less active markets, discounted cash flow techniques, or matrix pricing models. These securities are generally classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and include U.S. Government agency securities, U.S. Government agency and sponsored enterprise MBS, preferred stock investments for which level 1 valuations are not available, non-mortgage asset-backed securities, single family real estate-backed securities, private label residential MBS and CMOs, private label commercial MBS, collateralized loan obligations and state and municipal obligations. Pricing of these securities is generally primarily spread driven. Observable inputs that may impact the valuation of these securities include benchmark yield curves, credit spreads, reported trades, dealer quotes, bids, issuer spreads, current rating, historical constant prepayment rates, historical voluntary prepayment rates, structural and waterfall features of individual securities, published collateral data, and for certain securities, historical constant default rates and default severities.

The Company uses third-party pricing services in determining fair value measurements for investment securities. To obtain an understanding of the methodologies and assumptions used, management reviews written documentation provided by the pricing services, conducts interviews with valuation desk personnel and reviews model results and detailed assumptions used to value selected securities as considered necessary. Management has established a robust price challenge process that includes a review by the treasury front office of all prices provided on a quarterly basis. Any price evidencing unexpected quarter over quarter fluctuations or deviations from expectations is challenged. If considered necessary to resolve any discrepancies, a price will be obtained from an additional independent valuation source. The Company does not typically adjust the prices provided, other than through this established challenge process. The results of price challenges are subject to review by executive management. Any price discrepancies are resolved based on careful consideration of the assumptions and inputs employed by each of the pricing sources.

Derivative financial instruments—Fair values of interest rate derivatives are determined using widely accepted discounted cash flow modeling techniques. These discounted cash flow models use projections of future cash payments and receipts that are discounted at mid-market rates. Observable inputs that may impact the valuation of these instruments include benchmark swap rates and benchmark forward yield curves. These fair value measurements are generally classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following tables present assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at the dates indicated (in thousands):

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis

Following is a description of the methodologies used to estimate the fair values of assets and liabilities that may be measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which those measurements are typically classified:

Collateral dependent loans and OREO—The carrying amount of collateral dependent loans is typically based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, which may be real estate, enterprise value or other business assets, less estimated costs to sell when repayment is expected to come from the sale of the collateral. The carrying value of OREO is initially measured based on the fair value of the real estate acquired in foreclosure and subsequently adjusted to the lower of cost or estimated fair value, less estimated cost to sell. Fair values of real estate collateral and OREO are typically based on third-party real estate appraisals which utilize market and income approaches to valuation incorporating both observable and unobservable inputs.

Fair value measurements related to collateral dependent loans and OREO are generally classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table presents the net carrying value of assets classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy at the dates indicated, for which non-recurring changes in fair value were recorded during the period then ended (in thousands):

The following table presents the carrying value and fair value of financial instruments and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which those measurements are classified at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

Note 9 Commitments and Contingencies

The Company issues off-balance sheet financial instruments to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to fund loans, unfunded commitments under existing lines of credit, and commercial and standby letters of credit. These commitments expose the Company to varying degrees of credit and market risk which are essentially the same as those involved in extending loans to customers, and are subject to the same credit policies used in underwriting loans. Collateral may be obtained based on the Company’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amount of these commitments.

Commitments to fund loans

These are agreements to lend funds to customers as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments to fund loans generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Many of these commitments are expected to expire without being funded and, therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future liquidity requirements.

Unfunded commitments under lines of credit

Unfunded commitments under lines of credit include commercial and commercial real estate lines of credit to existing customers, for many of which additional extensions of credit are subject to borrowing base requirements. Some of these commitments may mature without being fully funded, so may not necessarily represent future liquidity requirements.

Commercial and standby letters of credit

Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These letters of credit are primarily issued to support trade transactions or guarantee arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers.

Total lending related commitments outstanding at March 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in various legal actions arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, based upon advice of legal counsel, the likelihood is remote that the adverse impact of these proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, would be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 10 Deposits

The following table presents average balances and weighted average rates paid on deposits for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

(1)Annualized.

The following table presents maturities of time deposits as of March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Included in deposits at March 31, 2024, are public funds deposits of $3.1 billion and brokered deposits of $5.2 billion.

Interest expense on deposits for the periods indicated was as follows (in thousands):

Certain of our depositors participate in various customer rebate programs. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, costs related to those programs totaled $14.0 million and $8.5 million, respectively. These expenses are included in "other non-interest expense" in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.