AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LTD

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

MARCH 31, 2024 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2023

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(1)Refer to Note 9'Shareholders' Equity' for details on dividends declared and paid related to the Company's common and preferred shares.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) (CONTINUED)

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

In 2024, $48 million related to a loan advanced to Monarch Point Re (ISA 2023) Ltd. ("Monarch Point Re") was repaid and was treated as a non-cash activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows. In addition, $46 million related to reinsurance balances payables due to Monarch Point Re under the retrocession agreement and $4 million related to ceded losses and loss expenses due from Monarch Point Re under the retrocession agreement were settled and both were treated as a non-cash activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Further, $6 million related to interest on the loan advanced to Monarch Point Re was received in advance and was treated as a non-cash activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

In 2024,$25 million related to a loan advanced to a third party reinsurer was repaid and $25 million related to reinsurance balances payables due to the third party reinsurer under the retrocession agreement was settled and both were treated as non-cash activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows (refer to Note 10 'Debt').

In 2023,$31 million related to a loan advanced to a third party reinsurer was repaid and was treated as a non-cash activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows. In addition, $31 million related to reinsurance balances payables due to the third party reinsurer under the retrocession agreement and $5 million related to ceded losses and loss expenses due from the party reinsurer under the retrocession agreement were settled and both were treated as a non-cash activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

These unaudited consolidated financial statements (the "financial statements") have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's ("SEC") instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and include AXIS Capital Holdings Limited ("AXIS Capital") and its subsidiaries (the "Company"). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes included in AXIS Capital's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC.

In the opinion of management, these financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company's financial position and results of operations for the periods presented.

The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for a full year. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

To facilitate comparison of information across periods, certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year's presentation. At March 31, 2024, the Company presented loan advances made in 2023 separately in the consolidated statements of cash flows. These loan advances made were previously included in insurance and reinsurance balances payable in the consolidated statements of cash flows. This presentation was adopted to facilitate comparison to loan advances made in 2024. This reclassification did not impact results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

Tabular dollar and share amounts are in thousands, with the exception of per share amounts. All amounts are reported in U.S. dollars.

Significant Accounting Policies

There were no notable changes to the Company's significant accounting policies subsequent to its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

2. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company's underwriting operations are organized around its global underwriting platforms, AXIS Insurance and AXIS Re. The Company has determined that it hastwo reportable segments, insurance and reinsurance. The Company does not allocate its assets by segment, with the exception of goodwill and intangible assets.

Insurance

The Company's insurance segment offers specialty insurance products to a variety of niche markets on a worldwide basis. The product lines in this segment are professional lines, property, liability, cyber, marine and aviation, accident and health, and credit and political risk.

Reinsurance

The Company's reinsurance segment provides treaty reinsurance to insurance companies on a worldwide basis. The product lines in this segment are liability, accident and health, professional lines, credit and surety, motor, agriculture, marine and aviation, and run-off lines which include catastrophe and property lines of business that the Company placed into run-off in 2022 and engineering lines of business that the Company placed into run-off in 2020.

The following tables present the underwriting results of the Company's reportable segments, as well as the carrying amounts of allocated goodwill and intangible assets:

2. SEGMENT INFORMATION (CONTINUED)

3. INVESTMENTS

a) Fixed Maturities, Available for Sale

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair values of the Company's fixed maturities classified as available for sale:

(1)Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") originated by U.S. government-sponsored agencies.

(2)Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS").

(3)Asset-backed securities ("ABS") include debt tranched securities collateralized primarily by auto loans, student loans, credit card receivables and collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs").

(4)Municipals include bonds issued by states, municipalities and political subdivisions.

Contractual Maturities

Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

The table below provides the contractual maturities of fixed maturities classified as available for sale:

Gross Unrealized Losses

The following table summarizes fixed maturities, available for sale in an unrealized loss position and the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

At March 31, 2024,4,138 fixed maturities (2023:3,535) were in an unrealized loss position of $492 million (2023: $481 million), of which $11 million (2023: $13 million) was related to securities below investment grade or not rated.

At March 31, 2024,3,004 fixed maturities (2023:3,212) had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater and had a fair value of $5,354 million (2023:$6,293 million).

The unrealized losses of $492 million (2023: $481 million) were due to non-credit factors and were expected to be recovered as the related securities approach maturity.

At March 31, 2024, the Company did not intend to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of their amortized costs.

b) Fixed Maturities, Held to Maturity

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair values of the Company's fixed maturities classified as held to maturity:

(1)Asset-backed securities ("ABS") include debt tranched securities collateralized primarily by collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs").

At March 31, 2024, fixed maturities, held to maturity of $693 million(2023:$686 million) were presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses of$nil (2023: $nil).

The Company's ABS, held to maturity consist of CLO debt tranched securities. The Company uses a scenario-based approach to review its CLO debt portfolio and reviews subordination levels of these securities to determine their ability to absorb credit losses of the underlying collateral. If losses are forecast to be below the subordination level for a tranche held by the Company, the security is determined not to have a credit loss. At March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses expected to be recognized over the life of the Company's ABS, held to maturity was $nil.

To estimate expected credit losses for corporate debt securities, held to maturity, the Company's projected cash flows are primarily driven by assumptions regarding the severity of loss, which is a function of the probability of default and projected recovery rates. The Company's default and recovery rates are based on credit ratings, credit analysis and macroeconomic forecasts. At March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses expected to be recognized over the life of the Company's corporate debt, held to maturity was $nil.

Contractual Maturities

Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. ABS classified as held to maturity had a carrying value of $593 million(2023: $591 million).

Corpo rate debt classified as held to maturity with a net carrying value of $17 million (2023: $nil) is due between 1 year and 3 years and corporate debt classified as held to maturity with a net carrying value of $83 million (2023: $95 million) is due between 3 years and 10 years.

c) Equity Securities

The following table provides the cost and fair values of the Company's equity securities:

d) Mortgage Loans

The following table provides details of the Company's mortgage loans, held for investment:

The primary credit quality indicators for commercial mortgage loans are the debt service coverage ratio which compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan, (generally, the lower the debt service coverage ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss) and the loan-to-value ratio which compares the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral (generally, the higher the loan-to-value ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss). The debt service coverage ratio and loan-to-value ratio, as well as the values utilized in calculating these ratios, are updated quarterly.

The Company has a high quality mortgage loan portfolio with a weighted average debt service coverage ratio of 1.9 x (2023:1.9 x) and a weighted average loan-to-value ratio of 71% (2023:71%). At March 31, 2024, and 2023 there wereno past due amounts associated with the commercial mortgage loans held by the Company.

On a quarterly basis, collateral dependent mortgage loans (e.g., when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is reasonably possible or probable) are evaluated individually for credit losses. The allowance for expected credit losses for a collateral dependent loan is established as the excess of amortized cost over the estimated fair value of the loan's underlying collateral, less selling cost when foreclosure is probable. Accordingly, the change in the estimated fair value of collateral dependent loans, which are evaluated individually for credit losses, is recognized as a change in the allowance for expected credit losses which is recorded in net investment gains (losses).

At March 31, 2024, there arethree collateral dependent loans with estimated loan-to-value ratios in excess of 100%, resulting in an allowance for expected credit loss of $8 million (2023: $6 million).

e) Other Investments

The following table provides a summary of the Company's other investments, together with additional information relating to the liquidity of each category:

n/a - not applicable

(1) Applies toone fund with a fair value of $13 million (2023: $17 million).

(2) Applies toone fund with a fair value of $64 million (2023: $66 million).

(3) Applies toone fund with a fair value of $24 million (2023: $25 million).

Two common redemption restrictions which may impact the Company's ability to redeem multi-strategy funds are gates and lockups. A gate is a suspension of redemptions which may be implemented by the general partner or investment manager of the fund in order to defer, in whole or in part, the redemption request in the event the aggregate amount of redemption requests exceeds a predetermined percentage of the fund's net assets which may otherwise hinder the general partner or investment manager's ability to liquidate holdings in an orderly fashion in order to generate the cash necessary to fund extraordinarily large redemption payouts. A lockup period is the initial amount of time an investor is contractually required to hold the security before having the ability to redeem. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, neither of these restrictions impacted the Company's redemption requests. At March 31, 2024, there wereno multi-strategy fund holdings (2023: $nil)where the Company is still within the lockup period.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had $28 million (2023: $28 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in multi-strategy hedge funds. Once the full amount of committed capital has been called by the General Partner of each of these funds, the assets will not be fully returned until after the completion of the funds' investment term. These funds have investment terms ranging fromtwo years to the dissolution of the underlying fund.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had $190 million (2023: $192 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in direct lending funds. Once the full amount of committed capital has been called by the General Partner of each of these funds, the assets will not be fully returned until the completion of the fund's investment term. These funds have investment terms ranging from four toten years and the General Partners of certain funds have the option to extend the term by up tothree years.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had $134 million (2023: $145 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in private equity funds. The life of the funds is subject to the dissolution of the underlying funds. The Company expects the overall holding period to be oversix years.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had $105 million (2023: $107 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in real estate funds. These funds include an open-ended fund and funds with investment terms ranging fromtwo years to the dissolution of the underlying fund.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had $23 million (2023: $30 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner inthree private company investment funds focusing on financial services technology companies with an emphasis on insurance technology companies ("private company investment funds"). Two of these funds have investment terms of 5 years andone fund has an investment term of 10 years.

f) Equity Method Investments

During 2023, the Company paid $22 million to acquire 18% of the common equity of Monarch Point Re (ISAC) Ltd. and Monarch Point Re (ISA 2023) Ltd., a collateralized reinsurance company formed under the laws of Bermuda as an incorporated segregated accounts company under the Incorporated Segregated Accounts Companies Act 2019, as amended (the "ISAC Act"). During 2024, the Company paid $7 million to acquire 18% of the common equity of Monarch Point Re (ISA 2024) Ltd., (Monarch Point Re (ISAC) Ltd., Monarch Point Re (ISA 2023) Ltd. and Monarch Point Re (ISA 2024) Ltd., individually or collectively "Monarch Point Re").

Monarch Point Re is an independent reinsurer jointly sponsored by the Company and Stone Point Credit, LLC ("Stone Point").

The Company retrocedes a diversified portfolio of casualty reinsurance business to Monarch Point Re and Stone Point serves as its investment manager. As an investor, the Company expects to benefit from underwriting fees generated by Monarch Point Re and the income and capital appreciation Stone Point seeks to deliver through its investment management services.

Monarch Point Re is not a Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") that is required to be included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company accounts for its ownership interest in Monarch Point Re under the equity method of accounting.

During 2016, the Company paid $108 million including direct transaction costs to acquire 19% of the common equity of Harrington Reinsurance Holdings Limited ("Harrington"), the parent company of Harrington Re Ltd. ("Harrington Re"), an independent reinsurance company jointly sponsored by the Company and The Blackstone Group L.P. ("Blackstone").

Through long-term service agreements, the Company serves as Harrington Re's reinsurance underwriting manager and Blackstone serves as exclusive investment management service provider. As an investor, the Company expects to benefit from underwriting profit generated by Harrington Re and the income and capital appreciation Blackstone seeks to deliver through its investment management services. In addition, the Company has entered into an arrangement with Blackstone under which underwriting and investment related fees will be shared equally.

Harrington is not a VIE that is required to be included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company accounts for its ownership interest in Harrington under the equity method of accounting. The Company's proportionate share of the underlying equity in net assets resulted in a basis difference of $5 million which represents initial transactions costs.

g)Variable Interest Entities

In the normal course of investing activities, the Company actively manages allocations to non-controlling tranches of structured securities which are variable interests issued by VIEs. These structured securities include RMBS, CMBS and ABS.

The Company also invests in limited partnerships which represent 74% of the Company's other investments. The investments in limited partnerships include multi-strategy funds, direct lending funds, private equity funds, real estate funds and CLO equity tranched securities, which are variable interests issued by VIEs (refer to Note 3(e) 'Other Investments').

The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that are most significant to the economic performance of these VIEs. Therefore, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The maximum exposure to loss on these interests is limited to the amount of commitment made by the Company. The Company has not provided financial or other support to these structured securities other than the original investment.

h) Net Investment Income

Net investment income was derived from the following sources:

i) Net Investment Gains (Losses)

The following table provides an analysis of net investment gains (losses):

(1) Related to instances where the Company intends to sell securities or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell securities before their anticipated recovery.

(2) Refer to Note 5 'Derivative Instruments'.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturities classified as available for sale:

j) Reverse Repurchase Agreements

At March 31, 2024, the Company held $53 million (2023: $12 million) of reverse repurchase agreements. These loans are fully collateralized, are generally outstanding for a short period of time and are presented on a gross basis as part of cash and cash equivalents in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The required collateral for these loans is either cash or U.S. Treasuries at a minimum rate of 102% of the loan principal. Upon maturity, the Company receives principal and interest income. The Company monitors the estimated fair value of the securities loaned and borrowed on a daily basis with additional collateral obtained as necessary throughout the duration of the transaction.

4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair Value Hierarchy

Fair value is defined as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (i.e., the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants. U.S. GAAP prescribes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The level in the hierarchy within which a given fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the measurement. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels as follows:

•Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

•Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. The unobservable inputs reflect the Company's judgments about assumptions that market participants might use.

The availability of observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, for example, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires significantly more judgment.

Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized as Level 3. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many financial instruments. This may lead the Company to change the selection of valuation technique (from market to cash flow approach) or may cause the Company to use multiple valuation techniques to estimate the fair value of a financial instrument. This circumstance could cause an instrument to be reclassified between levels within the fair value hierarchy.

Valuation Techniques

The valuation techniques, including significant inputs and assumptions generally used to determine the fair values of the Company's financial instruments as well as the classification of the fair values of its financial instruments in the fair value hierarchy are described in detail below.

At each valuation date, the Company uses the market approach valuation technique to estimate the fair value of its fixed maturities portfolio, where possible. The market approach includes, but is not limited to, prices obtained from third-party pricing services for identical or comparable securities and the use of "pricing matrix models" using observable market inputs such as yield curves, credit risks and spreads, measures of volatility, and prepayment speeds. Pricing from third-party pricing services is sourced from multiple vendors, where available, and the Company maintains a vendor hierarchy by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. Where prices are unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers who are active in the corresponding markets. The valuation techniques including significant inputs and assumptions generally used to determine the fair values of the Company's fixed maturities by asset class as well as the classifications of the fair values of these securities in the fair value hierarchy are described in detail below.

U.S. Government and Agency

U.S. government and agency securities consist primarily of bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury and mortgage pass-through agencies such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Government National Mortgage Association. As the fair values of U.S. Treasury securities are based on unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 1. The fair values of U.S. government agency securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads are observable market inputs, the fair values of U.S. government agency securities are classified as Level 2.

Non-U.S. Government

Non-U.S. government securities include bonds issued by non-U.S. governments and their agencies along with supranational organizations (collectively also known as sovereign debt securities). The fair values of these securities are based on prices obtained from international indices or valuation models that include inputs such as interest rate yield curves, cross-currency basis index spreads and country credit spreads for structures similar to the sovereign bond in terms of issuer, maturity and seniority. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of non-U.S. government securities are classified as Level 2.

Corporate Debt

Corporate debt securities consist primarily of investment grade debt of a wide variety of corporate issuers and industries. The fair values of these securities are generally determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads are observable market inputs, the fair values of corporate debt securities are generally classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 3.

Agency RMBS

Agency RMBS consist of bonds issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Government National Mortgage Association. The fair values of these securities are priced using a mortgage pool specific model which uses daily inputs from the active to be announced market and the spread associated with each mortgage pool based on vintage. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of Agency RMBS are classified as Level 2.

CMBS

CMBS mainly include investment grade bonds originated by non-agencies. The fair values of these securities are determined using a pricing model which uses dealer quotes and other available trade information along with security level characteristics to determine deal specific spreads. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of CMBS are generally classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 3.

Non-agency RMBS

Non-agency RMBS mainly include investment grade bonds originated by non-agencies. The fair values of these securities are determined using an option adjusted spread model or other relevant models, which use inputs including available trade information or broker quotes, prepayment and default projections based on historical statistics of the underlying collateral and current market data. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of non-agency RMBS are generally classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 3.

ABS

ABS mainly include investment grade bonds backed by pools of loans with a variety of underlying collateral, including auto loans, student loans, credit card receivables and collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"), originated by a variety of financial institutions. The fair values of these securities are determined using a model which uses prepayment speeds and spreads sourced primarily from the new issue market. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of ABS are generally classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, the Company obtains non-binding quotes from broker-dealersto estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 3.

Municipals

Municipals comprise revenue bonds and general obligation bonds issued by U.S. domiciled state and municipal entities. The fair values of these securities are determined using spreads obtained from the new issue market, trade prices and broker-dealers quotes. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of municipals are classified as Level 2.

Equity Securities

Equity securities include common stocks, preferred stocks, exchange-traded funds and bond mutual funds. As the fair values of common stocks and exchange-traded funds are based on unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 1. As the significant inputs used to price preferred stocks are observable market inputs, the fair value of these securities are classified as Level 2. As bond mutual funds have daily liquidity, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2.

The fair value of an indirect investment in CLO-Equities is estimated using an income approach valuation technique, specifically an externally developed discounted cash flow model due to the lack of observable and relevant trades in secondary markets. As the significant inputs used to price this security are unobservable, the fair value of the indirect investment in CLO-Equities is classified as Level 3.

Other privately held investments include common shares, preferred shares, private company investment funds, investments in limited partnerships, convertible notes, convertible preferred shares, and a variable yield security. These investments are initially valued at cost, which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair values of these investments are generally derived from one or a combination of valuation methodologies which consider factors including recent capital raises by the investee companies, comparable precedent transaction multiples, comparable publicly traded multiples, third-party valuations, discounted cash-flow models, and other techniques that consider the industry and develo pment stage of each investee company. The fair value of the variable yield security is determined using an externally developed discounted cash flow model. In order to assess the reasonableness of the information received from investee companies, the Company maintains an understanding of current market conditions, historical results, and emerging trends that may impact the results of operations, financial condition or liquidity of these companies. In addition, the Company engages in regular communication with management at investee companies. As the significant inputs used to price these investments are unobservable, the fair values of other privately held investments are classified as Level 3. The fair values of private company investment funds are estimated using NAVs as advised by external fund managers or third-party administrators.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments primarily comprise highly liquid securities with maturities greater than three months but less than one year from the date of purchase. These securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity, therefore their amortized cost approximates fair value. The fair values of short-term investments are classified as Level 2.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments include foreign exchange forward contracts that are customized to the Company's economic hedging strategies and trade in the over-the-counter derivative market. The fair values of these derivatives are determined using a market approach valuation technique based on significant observable market inputs from third-party pricing vendors, non-binding broker-dealer quotes and/or recent trading activity. As the significant inputs used to price these derivatives are observable market inputs, the fair values of these derivatives are classified as Level 2.

The tables below present the financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated:

The following table quantifies the significant unobservable inputs used in estimating fair values at March 31, 2024 of investments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy:

Note: Fixed maturities of $126 million that are classified as Level 3 are excluded from the above table as these securities are priced using broker-dealer quotes. In addition, other privately held investments of $78 million that are classified as Level 3 are excluded from the above table as these investments are priced using capital statements received from investee companies.

Other Investments - CLO-Equities

The CLO-Equities market continues to be relatively inactive with only a small number of transactions being observed, particularly related to transactions involving CLO-Equities held by the Company. Accordingly, the fair value of the Company's indirect investment in CLO-Equities is determined using a discounted cash flow model prepared by an external investment manager.

The default and loss severity rates are the most judgmental unobservable market inputs to the discounted cash flow model to which the valuation of the Company's indirect investment in CLO-Equities is most sensitive. A significant increase (decrease) in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in a lower (higher) fair value estimate for the investment in CLO-Equities and, in general, a change in default rate assumptions would be accompanied by a directionally similar change in loss severity rate assumptions. Collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates are less judgmental inputs as they are based on the historical average of actual spreads and the weighted average life of the current underlying portfolios, respectively. A significant increase (decrease) in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in a higher (lower) fair value estimate for the investment in CLO-Equities. In general, these inputs have no significant interrelationship with each other or with default and loss severity rates.

On a quarterly basis, the Company's valuation process for its indirect investment in CLO-Equities includes a review of the underlying cash flows and key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model. The above significant unobservable inputs are reviewed and updated based on information obtained from secondary markets, including information received from the managers of the Company's CLO-Equities investment. In order to assess the reasonableness of the inputs the Company uses in the discounted cash flow model, the Company maintains an understanding of current market conditions, historical results, and emerging trends that may impact future cash flows. In addition, the assumptions the Company uses in its models are updated through regular communication with industry participants and ongoing monitoring of the deals in which the Company participates.

Other Investments - Other Privately Held Securities

Other privately held securities are initially valued at cost which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair value of the variable yield security was determined using an externally developed discounted cash flow model. This model includes inputs that are specific to that investment. The inputs used in the fair value measurement include an appropriate discount rate, default rate, loss absorption rate and estimated maturity date. The selection of an appropriate discount rate is judgmental and is the most significant unobservable input used in the valuation of this investment. A significant increase (decrease) in this input in isolation could result in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement for this investment. In order to assess the reasonableness of the inputs the Company uses in the discounted cash flow model, the Company maintains an understanding of current market conditions, historical results, as well as investee specific information that may impact future cash flows.

The following table presents changes in Level 3 for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

(1) Realized gains (losses) on fixed maturities and realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other assets and other liabilities included in net income are included in net investment gains (losses). Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments included in net income are included in net investment income.

(2) Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturities are included in other comprehensive income ("OCI").

(3) Change in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets and liabilities held at the reporting date.

Transfers into Level 3 from Level 2

There wereno transfers into Level 3 from Level 2 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2

There wereno transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Measuring the Fair Value of Other Investments Using Net Asset Valuations

The fair values of multi-strategy funds, direct lending funds, private equity funds, real estate funds and private company investment funds are estimated using net asset valuations ("NAVs") as advised by external fund managers or third-party administrators. For these funds, NAVs are based on the manager's or administrator's valuation of the underlying holdings in accordance with the fund's governing documents and in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

For multi-strategy funds, direct lending funds, private equity funds, real estate funds and private company investment funds, valuation statements are typically released on a reporting lag. Therefore, the Company estimates the fair value of these funds by starting with the most recent fund valuations and adjusting for capital calls, redemptions, drawdowns and distributions. Return estimates are not available from the relevant fund managers for these funds, therefore the Company typically has a reporting lag in its fair value measurements of these funds. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 all funds measured at fair value using NAVs are reported generally on a one quarter lag.

The Company often does not have access to financial information relating to the underlying securities held within the funds, therefore, management is unable to corroborate the fair values placed on the securities underlying the asset valuations provided by fund managers or fund administrators. In order to assess the reasonableness of the NAVs, the Company performs a number of monitoring procedures on a quarterly basis, to assess the quality of the information provided by fund managers and fund administrators. These procedures include, but are not limited to, regular review and discussion of each fund's performance with its manager, regular evaluation of fund performance against applicable benchmarks and the backtesting of the Company's fair value estimates against subsequently received NAVs. Backtesting involves comparing the Company's previously reported fair values for each fund against NAVs per audited financial statements (for year-end values) and final NAVs from fund managers and fund administrators (for interim values).

The fair values of multi-strategy funds, direct lending funds, private equity funds, real estate funds and private company investment funds, are measured using the NAV practical expedient, therefore the fair values of these funds have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.

Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, at Fair Value

The fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance also applies to financial instruments disclosed, but not carried, at fair value, except for certain financial instruments, including insurance contracts.

At March 31, 2024, the carrying values of cash and cash equivalents including restricted amounts, accrued investment income, receivable for investments sold, certain other assets, payable for investments purchased and certain other liabilities approximated fair values due to their short maturities. As these financial instruments are not actively traded, their fair values are classified as Level 2.

At March 31, 2024, the Company's fixed maturities, held to maturity, were recorded at amortized cost with a carrying value of $693 million (2023: $686 million) and a fair value of $684 million (2023: $676 million). The fair values of these securities are determined using a model which uses prepayment speeds and spreads sourced primarily from the new issue market. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable market inputs, their fair values are classified as Level 2.

At March 31, 2024, the carrying value of mortgage loans, held for investment, approximated fair value. The fair values of mortgage loans are primarily determined by estimating expected future cash flows and discounting them using current interest rates for similar mortgage loans with similar credit risk or are determined from pricing for similar loans. As mortgage loans are not actively traded, their fair values are classified as Level 3.

At March 31, 2024, the Company's debt was recorded at amortized cost with a carrying value of $1,314 million (2023: $1,314 million) and a fair value of $1,204 million (2023: $1,198 million). The fair value of the Company's debt is based on prices obtained from a third-party pricing service and is determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads are observable market inputs, the fair value of this debt is classified as Level 2.

At March 31, 2024, Federal Home Loan Bank advances were recorded at amortized cost with a carrying value of $86 million (2023: $86 million) and a fair value of $86 million (2023: $86 million). As these advances are not actively traded, their fair values are classified as Level 2.

5. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The following table provides the balance sheet classifications of derivatives recorded at fair value:

(1)Derivative assets and derivative liabilities are classified within other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

The notional amounts of derivative contracts represent the basis on which amounts paid or received are calculated and are presented in the above table to quantify the volume of the Company's derivative activities. Notional amounts are not reflective of credit risk.

None of the Company's derivative instruments are designated as hedges.

Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

The Company's derivative instruments are generally traded under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master netting agreements which establish terms that apply to all transactions. In the event of a bankruptcy or other stipulated event, master netting agreements provide that individual positions be replaced with a new amount, usually referred to as the termination amount, determined by taking into account market prices and converting into a single currency. Effectively, this contractual close-out netting reduces credit exposure from gross to net exposure.

The following table provides a reconciliation of gross derivative assets and liabilities to the net amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets, with the difference being attributable to the impact of master netting agreements:

(1)Net asset and liability derivatives are classified within other assets and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Refer to Note 3 'Investments'for information on reverse repurchase agreements.

a) Relating to Investment Portfolio

The Company's investment portfolio is exposed to foreign currency risk. Therefore, the fair values of its investments are partially influenced by changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to manage the effect of this foreign currency risk. These foreign currency hedging activities are not designated as specific hedges for financial reporting purposes.

5. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (CONTINUED)

b) Relating to Underwriting Portfolio

The Company's insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries and branches operate in various countries. Some of its business is written in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, therefore the underwriting portfolio is exposed to significant foreign currency risk. The Company manages foreign currency risk by seeking to match its foreign-denominated net liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts with cash and investments that are denominated in the same currencies. The Company uses derivative instruments, specifically, forward contracts to economically hedge foreign currency exposures.

The following table provides the total unrealized and realized gains (losses) recognized in net income (loss) for derivatives not designated as hedges:

6. RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES

Reserve Roll-Forward

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company's beginning and ending gross reserve for losses and loss expenses and net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses:

Estimates for Significant Catastrophe Events

At March 31, 2024, net reserves for losses and loss expenses included estimated amounts for numerous catastrophe events. The magnitude and complexity of losses arising from certain of these events inherently increase the level of uncertainty and, therefore, the level of management judgment involved in arriving at estimated net reserves for losses and loss expenses. These events include Hurricane Ian, Winter Storm Elliot, June European Convective Storms, the Russia-Ukraine war and COVID-19 which occurred in 2022. As a result, actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from current estimates. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recognized catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinsurance, of $20 million (2023: $38 million).

The Company's net prior year reserve development arises from changes to estimates of losses and loss expenses related to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years. The following table presents net prior year reserve development by segment:

The following sections provide further details on net prior year reserve development by segment, line of business and accident year:

Insurance Segment:

Prior year reserve development by line of business was as follows:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net prior year reserve development of $nil was recognized, the principal components of which were:

•$8 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2021 and 2022 accident years.

•$8 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on marine and aviation business primarily due to an increase in the loss estimate attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2019 accident year.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized $1 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

•$13 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine and aviation business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2021 and 2022 accident years.

•$8 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on cyber business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to 2019 and older accident years.

•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to 2018 and older accident years, partially offset by reserve strengthening related to the 2021 accident year.

•$5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk business primarily due to a decrease in the loss estimate attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2020 accident year and better than expected loss emergence attributable to the Lloyds book of business related to several accident years.

•$18 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. primary casualty book of business mainly related to the 2015, 2018 and 2021 accident years.

•$13 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. commercial management solutions book of business related to several accident years and U.S. financial institutions book of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year.

Reinsurance Segment:

Prior year reserve development by line of business was as follows:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net prior year reserve development of $nil was recognized.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized $3 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

•$12 million of net favorable development on agriculture business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2022 accident year.

•$7 million of net favorable development on accident and health business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2022 accident year.

•$33 million of net adverse development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening to reflect increased estimates of future loss trend due to inflation, increases in loss estimates attributable to one large claim within the European book of business related to the 2021 accident year and reserve strengthening within the U.S. proportional book of business related to 2019 and older accident years.

•$17 million of net adverse development on motor business primarily due to reserve strengthening to reflect increased estimates of future loss trend due to inflation.

Run-off lines

•$31 million of net favorable development on catastrophe business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2022 accident year.

•$7 million of net favorable development on property business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to 2022 catastrophe events.

7. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

The following table presents a comparison of earnings per common share and earnings per diluted common share:

8. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Performance Restricted Stock Units

Performance Restricted Stock Units granted in 2024 with a market condition

Certain share-settled performance restricted stock units granted in 2024 include a market condition which is the Company’s total shareholder return relative to its peer group ("Relative TSR") over the performance period. Relative TSR is calculated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement. If performance goals are achieved, these awards will cliff vest at the end of athree-year performance period within a range of 0% to 200% of target.

Performance Restricted Stock Units granted in 2024 with a performance condition

Certain share-settled performance restricted stock units granted in 2024 include a performance condition which is the Company’s average annual growth in book value per diluted common share, plus accumulated dividends over the performance period, adjusted to exclude unrealized investment gains (losses) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income, and share repurchases during the performance period ("Adjusted DBVPS"). Adjusted DBVPS is calculated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement. If performance goals are achieved, these awards will cliff vest at the end of athree-year performance period within a range of 0% to 200% of target.

8. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)

Valuation assumptions

Performance Restricted Stock Units granted in 2024 and 2023 with a market condition

The fair value of these performance restricted stock units was measured on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model.

The following table provides details of the significant inputs used in the Monte Carlo simulation model:

n/a - not applicable

(1) Performance restricted stock units granted in the ordinary course of business

(2) Performance restricted stock units granted in the three months ended March 31, 2023 in relation to senior leadership transition

Beginning share price, Ending share price and Expected term

Performance restricted stock units granted in 2024

The beginning share price for awards was based on the average closing share price over the 30 trading days preceding and including the start of the performance period. The ending share price was based on the average projected closing share price over the 30 trading days preceding and including the end of the performance period. Performance for these awards is measured from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2026.

Performance restricted stock units granted in 2023 and performance restricted stock units granted in the three months ended March 31, 2023 in relation to senior leadership transition

The beginning share price for awards was based on the average closing share price over the 10 trading days preceding and including the start of the performance period. The ending share price was based on the projected average closing share price over the 10 trading days preceding and including the end of the performance period. Performance for awards granted in 2023 is generally measured from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2025, with performance for awards granted to one senior leader being measured from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023.

Expected volatility

The expected volatility is estimated based on the Company's historical share price volatility.

Expected dividend yield

The expected dividend yield is not applicable to the performance restricted stock units as dividends are paid at the end of the vesting period and do not affect the value of the performance restricted stock units.

Risk-free interest rate

The risk-free rate is estimated based on the yield on a U.S. treasury zero-coupon bond issued with a remaining term equal to the vesting period of the performance restricted stock units.

Compensation expense associated with performance restricted stock units granted in 2024 and 2023 is determined on the grant date based on the fair value calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation model, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the transition in our senior leadership resulted in a modification of the previously existing vesting terms of the outstanding restricted stock units and performance restricted stock units granted in 2022 and earlier of one senior leader, and a modification of the performance period of that leader's performance restricted stock units granted in 2022. The modifications did not result in incremental compensation expense.

8. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)

Performance Restricted Stock Units granted in 2024 with a performance condition

The fair value of these performance restricted stock units was determined based on the closing price of the Company's common shares on the grant date, and compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, and is subject to periodic adjustment based on the achievement of established performance criteria during the performance period.

The following table provides an activity summary of the Company's share-settled restricted stock units for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

The following table provides additional information related to share-based compensation:

(1) Fair value is based on the closing price of the Company's common shares on the vest date.

9. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

The following table presents changes in common shares issued and outstanding:

Treasury Shares

The following table presents common shares repurchased from shares held in Treasury:

(1) Shares are repurchased pursuant to the Company's Board-authorized share repurchase program announced in December 2023, effective January 1, 2024 through

to December 31, 2024.

(2) Calculated using whole numbers.

(3) Shares are repurchased from employees to satisfy personal withholding tax liabilities that arise on the vesting of share-settled restricted stock units.

Dividends

The following table presents dividends declared and paid related to the Company's common and preferred shares:

10. DEBT AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS

Loan Advances made to a Third Party Reinsurer

At March 31, 2024, loan advances of $25 million (2023: $82 million) were repaid and were treated as a non-cash activity in the consolidated statement of cash flows. The loan balance receivable at March 31, 2024, of $55 million (2023: $80 million) is included in loan advances made in the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2023, the Company had committed to advance a further $26 million to the third party reinsurer. During 2024, the third party reinsurer advised the Company that this advance was no longer required.

Letter of Credit Facility

On March 26, 2024, the $500 million Facility was amended to reduce the committed utilization capacity available under the Facility to $300 million, enter into an uncommitted secured letter of credit facility with Citibank Europe plc, extend the tenors of issuable letters of credit to March 31, 2026 and make certain updates to the facility's collateral and fee arrangements.

11. FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK ADVANCES

The Company's subsidiaries, AXIS Insurance Company and AXIS Surplus Insurance Company, are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ("FHLB").

At March 31, 2024, the companies had admitted assets of approximately $3 billion (2023: $3 billion) which provides borrowing capacity of up to approximately $759 million (2023: $759 million).

At March 31, 2024, the Company had$86 million (2023: $86 million) of borrowings under the FHLB program, with maturities in 2024 and 2025 and interest payable at interest rates between 5.6% and 5.7%(2023:5.6% and 5.9%). The Company incurred interest expense of $1 million for thethree months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The borrowings under the FHLB program are secured by investments with a fair value of $90 million(2023: $95 million).

12. COMMITMENT AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is subject to routine legal proceedings, including arbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against the Company in the ordinary course of its insurance or reinsurance operations. Estimated amounts payable related to these proceedings are included in the reserve for losses and loss expenses in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

The Company is not party to any material legal proceedings arising outside the ordinary course of business.

Investments

Refer to Note 3 -'Investments' for information on the Company's unfunded investment commitments related to the Company's other investment portfolio.

13. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table presents the tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss):

The following table presents details of amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") to net income (loss):

(1) Amounts in parentheses are charges to net income (loss).

14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

During 2018, the Company entered into a quota share retrocessional agreement with Harrington Re which was deemed to have met the established criteria for retroactive reinsurance accounting. During 2024, the Company entered into a reinsurer novation and replacement agreement with Harrington Re and a third party reinsurer with respect to this quota share retrocession contract.

15. REORGANIZATION EXPENSES

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, reorganization expenses were $12 million (2023: $nil) primarily related to severance costs mainly attributable to the Company's "How We Work" program which is focused on simplifying the Company’s operating structure.

16. INCOME TAXES

On December 27, 2023, the Government of Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 (the "Act") which will apply a corporate income tax of 15% for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. The Act includes a provision referred to as the economic transition adjustment, which is intended to provide a fair and equitable transition into the tax regime. Pursuant to the Act and subsequently issued guidance, the Company recorded a net deferred tax asset of $163 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 which it expects to utilize mainly over a 10-year period. The Company expects to incur increased taxes in Bermuda beginning in 2025.

The following table provides an analysis of income tax expense (benefit):

16. INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED)

The following table presents the distribution of income before income taxes between domestic and foreign jurisdictions and a reconciliation of the actual income tax rate to the amount computed by applying the effective tax rate of 0% under Bermuda law to income before income taxes: