ASHLAND INC.

The following is a description of Ashland’s material legal proceedings. Ashland’s threshold for disclosing material environmental legal proceedings involving a governmental authority where potential monetary sanctions are involved is $1 million.

Asbestos-Related Litigation

Ashland is subject to liabilities from claims alleging personal injury caused by exposure to asbestos. Such claims result primarily from indemnification obligations undertaken in 1990 in connection with the sale of Riley Stoker Corporation ("Riley"), a former subsidiary. Although Riley was neither a producer nor a manufacturer of asbestos, its industrial boilers contained some asbestos containing components provided by other companies.

Hercules LLC ("Hercules") (formerly Hercules Incorporated), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashland, is also subject to liabilities from asbestos-related personal injury lawsuits involving claims which typically arise from alleged exposure to asbestos fibers from resin encapsulated pipe and tank products which were sold by one of Hercules’ former subsidiaries to a limited industrial market.

Ashland and Hercules are also defendants in lawsuits alleging exposure to asbestos at facilities formerly or presently owned or operated by Ashland or Hercules.

For additional detailed information regarding liabilities arising from asbestos-related litigation, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis - Critical Accounting Policies - Asbestos Litigation” and Note M of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Environmental Proceedings

(a)CERCLA and Similar State Law Sites - Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA") and similar state laws, Ashland and its subsidiaries may be subject to joint and several liability for cleanup costs in connection with alleged releases of hazardous substances at sites where it has been identified as a “potentially responsible party” ("PRP"). As of September 30, 2025, Ashland and its subsidiaries have been identified as a PRP by U.S. federal and state authorities, or by private parties seeking contribution, for the cost of environmental investigation and/or cleanup at 53 sites. These sites are currently subject to ongoing investigation and remedial activities, overseen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("USEPA") or a state agency, in which Ashland or its subsidiaries are typically participating as a member of a PRP group. Generally, the types of relief sought include remediation of contaminated sediment, soil and/or groundwater, reimbursement for past costs of site cleanup and administrative oversight and/or long-term monitoring of environmental conditions at the sites. The ultimate costs are not predictable with assurance.

(b)Lower Passaic River, New Jersey Matters - Ashland, through two formerly owned facilities, and International Specialty Products ("ISP"), through a now-closed facility, were identified as PRPs, along with approximately 70 other companies (the "Cooperating Parties Group" or the "CPG"), in a May 2007 Administrative Order of Consent ("AOOC") with the USEPA. The parties were required to perform a remedial investigation and feasibility study ("RI/FS") of the entire 17 miles of the Passaic River. In June 2007, the USEPA separately commenced a Focused Feasibility Study ("FFS") as an interim measure of the lower 8 miles of the river. In accordance with the 2007 AOOC, in June 2012 the CPG voluntarily entered into another AOOC for an interim removal action focused solely at mile 10.9 of the Passaic River. The allocations for the 2007 AOOC and the 2012 removal action were based on interim allocations, are immaterial and have been accrued. In April 2014, the USEPA released the FFS for a cleanup of the lower 8 miles. The CPG submitted the Draft RI/FS Report on April 30, 2015. In March 2016, the USEPA released the FFS Record of Decision for the lower 8 miles and reached an agreement with another chemical company, Occidental Chemical Corporation ("OCC") to conduct and pay for the remedial design in September 2016, which design work was completed in Spring 2024. In March 2023, USEPA issued a unilateral order with OCC to conduct and pay for the remedial design for a remedy in the upper 9 miles of the river. In June 2018, OCC sued Ashland, ISP and numerous other defendants in the United States District

Court for the District of New Jersey to recover past and future costs of the lower 8 miles pursuant to CERCLA, and filed a later suit in March 2023 for past and future costs of the upper 9 miles of the river. Between 2017 and 2020, Ashland and ISP participated in an USEPA allocation process that resulted in a partial settlement with the USEPA. The settlement was lodged with the New Jersey District Court on December 16, 2022, and is currently pending court approval amidst opposition from OCC and others. The 2018 and 2023 OCC litigations have been stayed pending the outcome of the settlement.

For additional information regarding environmental matters and reserves, see Note M of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other Pending Legal Proceedings

In addition to the matters described above, there are other various claims, lawsuits and administrative proceedings pending or threatened against Ashland and its current and former subsidiaries. Such actions are with respect to commercial matters, product liability, toxic tort liability, employment matters and other environmental matters which seek remedies or damages, some of which are for substantial amounts. While Ashland cannot predict with certainty the outcome of such actions, it believes that adequate reserves have been recorded as of September 30, 2025. There is a reasonable possibility that a loss exceeding amounts already recognized may be incurred related to these actions; however, Ashland believes that such potential losses would not be material as of September 30, 2025.