BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP INC

Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements (the “financial statements”) of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Berkshire”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The Company is a Delaware corporation, headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and the holding company for Berkshire Bank (the “Bank”), a Massachusetts-chartered trust company headquartered in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. These financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and the Bank’s consolidated subsidiaries. In consolidation, all significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated. The results of operations of companies or assets acquired are included only from the dates of acquisition. All material wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries are consolidated unless GAAP requires otherwise.

The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these financial statements were issued.

Reclassification

Certain items in prior financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash, balances due from banks, and short-term investments, all of which had an original maturity within 90 days. Due to the nature of cash and cash equivalents and the near term maturity, the Company estimated that the carrying amount of such instruments approximated fair value. The nature of the Bank’s business requires that it maintain amounts due from banks which at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Bank has not experienced any losses on such amounts and all amounts are maintained with well-capitalized institutions.

Trading Security

The Company accounts for a tax advantaged economic development bond originated in 2008 at fair value, in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320. The bond has been designated as a trading account security and is recorded at fair value, with changes in unrealized gains and losses recorded through earnings each period as part of non-interest income.

Securities

Debt securities that management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost. All other debt securities are classified as available for sale and carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of other net comprehensive income. Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in net income. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Restricted equity securities, such as stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”) are carried at cost. There are no quoted market prices for the Company’s restricted equity securities. The Bank is a member of the FHLBB, which requires that members maintain an investment in FHLBB stock, which may be redeemed based on certain conditions. The Bank reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost bases in the FHLBB stock.

Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method, without anticipating prepayments, except mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated, over the terms of the securities. Premiums on callable debt securities are amortized to their earliest call date. Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.

The Company measures expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities on a collective basis. Accrued interest receivable on held to maturity debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The Company evaluates available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position by first assessing whether it intends to sell or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available for sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans originated with the intent to be sold in the secondary market are accounted for under the fair value option. Non-refundable fees and direct loan origination costs related to residential mortgage loans held for sale are recognized in non-interest income or non-interest expense as earned or incurred. Fair value is primarily determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets. Gains and losses on sales of residential mortgage loans (sales proceeds minus carrying value) are recorded in non-interest income.

Loans that were previously held for investment that the Company has an active plan to sell are transferred to loans held for sale at the lower of cost or market (fair value). The market price is primarily determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets or agreed upon sales prices. Gains are recorded in non-interest income at sale to the extent that the sale price of the loan exceeds carrying value. Any reduction in the loan’s value, prior to being transferred to loans held for sale, is reflected as a charge-off of the recorded investment in the loan resulting in a new cost basis, with a corresponding reduction in the allowance for credit losses. Further decreases in the fair value of the loan are recognized in non-interest expense.

Loans

Loans are reported at their amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of the unamortized balance of any deferred fees or costs and the unamortized balance of any premiums or discounts on loans purchased or acquired through mergers. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Interest income includes net accretion or amortization of deferred fees or costs and of premiums or discounts. Direct loan origination costs, net of any origination fees, in addition to premiums and discounts on loans, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method. Interest on loans, excluding automobile and unsecured consumer loans, is generally not accrued on loans which areninety days or more past due unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. Automobile and unsecured consumer loans generally continue accruing until one hundred and twenty days delinquent, at which time they are charged off. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off is reversed against interest income, except for certain loans designated as well-secured. The interest on nonaccrual loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Purchase Credit Deteriorated ("PCD") Loans

Loans that the Company acquired in acquisitions include some loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense.

The allowance for credit losses on loans (“ACLL”) is comprised of the allowance for credit losses on loans. The ACLL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the balance sheet date. The estimate of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about current conditions, past events, and reasonable and supportable forward-looking forecasts regarding collectability of the reported amounts. In order to estimate the expected credit losses for loans evaluated on a pooled basis, the Company utilizes a static pool migration methodology which calculates a historical loss rate for each of the identified loan segments. The historical loss rates are then adjusted for current and asset specific characteristics (also referred to as qualitative adjustments) and for expected changes to current conditions over the reasonable and supportable forecast period (also referred to as forecast).The level of the ACLL is based on management’s ongoing review of all relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past and current events, utilizing a 7 quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with a 1 year reversion period. The ACLL reserve is overlaid with qualitative factors based upon:

•the existence and growth of concentrations of credit;

•the volume and severity of past due financial assets, including nonaccrual assets;

•the institutions lending and credit review as well as the experience and ability of relevant management and staff and;

•the effect of other external factors such as regulatory, competition, regional market conditions, legal and technological environment and other events such as natural disasters;

The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level by the Company to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit).) The Company’s allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (other liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets), with adjustments to the reserve recognized in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The ACLL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company evaluates its risk characteristics of loans based on regulatory call report code with sub-segmentation based on underlying collateral for certain loan types. Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment are as follows:

Construction – Loans in this segment primarily include real estate development loans for which payment is derived from sale of the property or long term financing at completion. Credit risk is affected by cost overruns, time to sell at an adequate price, and market conditions.

Commercial real estate multifamily, owner occupied and non-owner – Loans in this segment are primarily owner-occupied or income-producing properties throughout New England and Northeastern New York. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties are adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy, which in turn, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Management monitors the cash flows of these loans.

Commercial and industrial loans – Loans in this segment are made to businesses and are generally secured by assets of the business such as accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, other liquid collateral, equipment and other business assets. Repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. Loans in this segment include asset based loans which generally have no scheduled repayment which are closely monitored against formula based collateral advance ratios. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending, will have an effect on the credit quality of this segment.

Residential real estate – All loans in this segment are collateralized by residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Home equity and other consumer loans – Loans in this segment are primarily home equity lines of credit, automobile loans and other consumer loans. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are not also included in the collective evaluation. Estimates of specific allowance may be determined by the present value of anticipated future cash flows or the loan’s observable fair market value, or the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell, if the loan is collateral dependent. However, for collateral dependent loans, the amount of the amortized cost in a loan that exceeds the fair value of the collateral is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses on loans in lieu of an allocation of a specific allowance amount when such an amount has been identified definitively as uncollectible.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

Bank-owned life insurance policies are reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date which is the cash surrender value. Changes in the net cash surrender value of the policies, as well as insurance proceeds received, are reflected in non-interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income and are not subject to income taxes.

Foreclosed and Repossessed Assets

Other real estate owned is comprised of real estate acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. Repossessed collateral is primarily comprised of taxi medallions. Both other real estate owned and repossessed collateral are held for sale and are initially recorded at the fair value less estimated costs to sell at the date of foreclosure or repossession, establishing a new cost basis. The shortfall, if any, of the loan balance over the fair value of the property or collateral (excluding taxi medallions), less cost to sell, at the time of transfer from loans to other real estate owned or repossessed collateral is charged to the allowance for credit losses on loans. Subsequent to transfer, the asset is carried at lower of cost or fair value less cost to sell and periodically evaluated for impairment. The shortfall, if any, of the loan balance over the fair value of the collateral comprised of taxi medallions at the time of transfer from loans to repossessed collateral is charged to non-interest income. Subsequent impairments in the fair value of other real estate owned and repossessed collateral are charged to expense in the period incurred. Net operating income or expense related to other real estate owned and repossessed collateral is included in operating expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Because of changing market conditions, there are inherent uncertainties in the assumptions with respect to the estimated fair value of other real estate owned and repossessed collateral. Because of these inherent uncertainties, the amount ultimately realized on other real estate owned and repossessed collateral may differ from the amounts reflected in the financial statements.

Capitalized Servicing Rights

Capitalized servicing rights are included in “other assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Servicing assets are initially recognized as separate assets at fair value when rights are acquired through purchase or through sale of financial assets with servicing retained.

The Company's servicing rights accounted for under the fair value method are carried on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in income in the period in which the change occurs. Changes in the fair value of servicing rights are primarily due to changes in valuation assumptions, such as discount rates and prepayment speeds, and the collection and realization of expected cash flows.

The Company’s servicing rights accounted for under the amortization method are initially recorded at fair value. Under that method, capitalized servicing rights are charged to expense in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. Fair value of the servicing rights is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, such as the cost to service, the discount rate, prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for an individual tranche, to the extent that fair value is less than the capitalized amount for the tranches. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular tranche, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income.

Premises and Equipment

Land is carried at cost. Buildings, improvements, and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term, plus optional terms if certain conditions are met, or the estimated useful life of the asset.

Other Intangibles

Intangible assets are acquired assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset or liability.

The fair values of these assets are generally determined based on appraisals and are subsequently amortized on a straight-line basis or an accelerated basis over their estimated lives. Management assesses the recoverability of these intangible assets at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds fair value, an impairment charge is recorded to income.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of an entire financial asset, group of entire financial assets, or a participating interest in an entire financial asset are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets.

Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable for future years to differences between financial statement and tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The effect of tax rate changes on deferred taxes is recognized in the income tax provision in the period that includes the enactment date. A tax valuation allowance is established, as needed, to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. In the event it becomes more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset allowances will not be needed, the valuation allowance will be adjusted.

In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying the Company’s income tax positions. Income tax positions and recorded tax benefits are based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have determined the amount of the tax benefit to be recognized by estimating the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will not be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. Where applicable, associated interest and penalties have also been recognized. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures and recognizes compensation cost relating to share-based payment transactions based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instruments issued. The fair value of restricted stock is recorded as unearned compensation. The deferred expense is amortized to compensation expense based on one of several permitted attribution methods over the longer of the required service period or performance period. For performance-based restricted stock awards, the Company estimates the degree to which performance conditions will be met to determine the number of shares that will vest and the related compensation expense. Compensation expense is adjusted in the period such estimates change.

Income tax benefits and/or tax deficiencies related to stock compensation determined as the difference between compensation cost recognized for financial reporting purposes and the deduction for tax, are recognized in the income statement as income tax expense or benefit in the period in which they occur.

Wealth Management

Wealth management assets held in a fiduciary or agent capacity are not included in the accompanying Consolidated

Balance Sheets because they are not assets of the Company.

Wealth management fees is primarily comprised of fees earned from consultative investment management, trust administration, tax return preparation, and financial planning. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are recognized monthly, based on the daily accrual of the market value of the investment accounts and the applicable fee rate.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements as part of the Company’s interest rate risk management strategy for certain assets and liabilities and not for speculative purposes. Based on the Company’s intended use for the interest rate swap at inception, the Company designates the derivative as either an economic hedge of an asset or liability or a hedging instrument subject to the hedge accounting provisions of ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.”

Interest rate swaps designated as economic hedges are recorded at fair value within other assets or liabilities. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded directly through earnings.

For interest rate swaps that management intends to apply the hedge accounting provisions of ASC 815, the Company formally documents at inception all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the various hedges. Additionally, the Company uses dollar offset or regression analysis at the hedge’s inception and for each reporting period thereafter, to assess whether the derivative used in its hedging transaction is expected to be and has been highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when it is determined that a derivative is not expected to be or has ceased to be highly effective as a hedge, and then reflects changes in fair value of the derivative in earnings after termination of the hedge relationship.

The Company enters into commitments to lend with borrowers, and forward commitments to sell loans or to-be-announced mortgage-backed bonds to investors to hedge against the inherent interest rate and pricing risk associated with selling loans. The commitments to lend generally terminate once the loan is funded, the lock period expires or the borrower decides not to contract for the loan. The forward commitments generally terminate once the loan is sold, the commitment period expires or the borrower decides not to contract for the loan. These commitments are considered derivatives which are accounted for by recognizing their estimated fair value on the Consolidated

Balance Sheets as either a freestanding asset or liability. See Note 14 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities to the financial statements for more information on commitments to lend and forward commitments.

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet financial instruments, consisting primarily of credit related financial instruments. These financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they are funded or related fees are incurred or received.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The Company groups assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

Level 1 - Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Valuation is based on observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Valuation is based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using unobservable techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Employee Benefits

The Company maintains an employer sponsored 401(k) plan to which participants may make contributions in the form of salary deferrals and the Company provides matching contributions in accordance with the terms of the plan. Contributions due under the terms of the defined contribution plans are accrued as earned by employees.

Due to the Rome Bancorp acquisition in 2011, the Company inherited a noncontributory, qualified, defined benefit pension plan for certain employees who met age and service requirements; as well as other post-retirement benefits, principally health care and group life insurance. The Rome pension plan and postretirement benefits that were acquired in connection with the whole-bank acquisition were frozen prior to the close of the transaction. The pension benefit in the form of a life annuity is based on the employee’s combined years of service, age, and compensation. The Company also has a long-term care post-retirement benefit plan for certain executives where upon disability, associated benefits are funded by insurance policies or paid directly by the Company.

In order to measure the expense associated with the Plans, various assumptions are made including the discount rate, expected return on plan assets, anticipated mortality rates, and expected future healthcare costs. The assumptions are based on historical experience as well as current facts and circumstances. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for its plans. As of the measurement date, plan assets are determined based on fair value, generally representing observable market prices. The projected benefit obligation is primarily determined based on the present value of projected benefit distributions at an assumed discount rate.

Net periodic pension benefit costs include interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, the expected return on plan assets based on actuarially derived market-related values, and the amortization of net actuarial losses. Net periodic postretirement benefit costs include service costs, interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, and the amortization of prior service credits and net actuarial gains. Differences between expected and actual results in each year are included in the net actuarial gain or loss amount, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The net actuarial gain or loss in excess of a 10% corridor is amortized in net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service period of active participants in the Plans. The prior service credit is amortized over the average remaining service period to full eligibility for participating employees expected to receive benefits.

The Company recognizes in its consolidated balance sheets an asset for a plan’s overfunded status or a liability for a plan’s underfunded status. The Company also measures the Plans’ assets and obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the fiscal year and recognizes those changes in other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax.

Due to the SI Financial acquisition in 2019, the Company inherited a tax-qualified defined benefit pension plan. The plan was frozen effective September 6, 2013. The plan is a single plan under the Internal Revenue Code and, as a result, all of the assets stand behind all of liabilities. Accordingly, contributions made by a participating employer may be used to provide benefits to participants of other participating employers.

Operating Segments

The Company's reportable segment is determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is designated the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), based upon information provided about the Company's products and services offered, primarily banking operations. Consolidated net income of the company is the primary performance metric utilized by the CODM. The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the CODM, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar. The CODM will evaluate the financial performance of the Company's business components such as by evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results in assessing the Company's segment and in the determination of allocating resources. The CODM uses revenue streams to evaluate product pricing and significant expenses to assess performance and evaluate return on assets. The CODM uses consolidated net income to benchmark the Company against its competitors. The benchmarking analysis coupled with monitoring of budget to actual results are used in assessment performance and in establishing compensation. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the revenues in the banking operation. Interest expense, provisions for credit losses, and payroll provide the significant expenses in the banking operation. No other expenses meet the threshold of significant. While the Company has assigned certain management responsibilities by business lines, the Company’s CODM monitors and evaluates financial performance on a Company-wide basis. The majority of the Company’s revenue is from the business of banking. Accordingly, all of the Company’s operations are considered by management to be aggregated inone reportable operating segment. All operations are domestic.

Recently Adopted Accounting Principles

Effective January 1, 2024, the Company adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-02, "Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)" (ASU 2023-02). ASU 2023-02 expanded the permitted use of the proportional amortization method (PAM), which was previously only available to low-income housing tax credit investments, to other tax equity investments if certain conditions are met. Under PAM, the initial cost of an investment is amortized in proportion to the income tax benefits received and both the amortization of the investment and the income tax benefits received are recognized as a component of income tax expense. Under this ASU, an entity has the option to apply PAM to applicable investments on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis. The Company has elected PAM for its public welfare investments which consist of Affordable Housing and New Market tax credit investments. In addition, the amendments in this ASU require that all tax equity investments accounted for using PAM use the delayed equity contribution guidance in paragraph ASC 323-740-25-3, requiring a liability be recognized for delayed equity contributions that are unconditional and legally binding or for equity contributions that are contingent upon a future event when that contingent event becomes probable. The amendments in this ASU also require additional disclosures in interim and annual periods concerning investments for which PAM is applied, including (i) the nature of tax equity investments, and (ii) the effect of tax equity investments and related income tax credits and other income tax benefits on the financial position and results of operations. The provisions of this ASU became effective for the Company for interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2024. Refer to Note 24 – Tax Equity Investments for additional information. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

Future Application of Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The ASU requires disclosure in the rate reconciliation table of additional categories of information and more details about the reconciling items in some categories if items meet a quantitative threshold. The ASU also requires all entities to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes for annual periods and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold, among other things. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating; however, the adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 2. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, and short-term investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. At year-end 2024 and 2023, there wereno short-term investments pledged as collateral support for derivative financial contracts. The Federal Reserve Bank requires the Bank to maintain certain reserve requirements of vault cash and/or deposits. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the reserve requirement waszero.

NOTE 3. TRADING SECURITY

The Company holds a tax advantaged economic development bond that is being accounted for at fair value. The security had an amortized cost of $5.3 million and $6.2 million and a fair value of $5.3 million and $6.1 million at year-end 2024 and 2023, respectively. Unrealized gains/(losses) recorded through income on this security totaled $21 thousand, $294 thousand, and ($830) thousand for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As discussed further in Note 14 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, the Company has entered into a swap contract to swap-out the fixed rate of the security in exchange for a variable rate. The Company does not purchase securities with the intent of selling them in the near term, and there are no other debt securities in the trading portfolio at year-end 2024 and 2023.

NOTE 4. SECURITIES

The following is a summary of securities available for sale (“AFS”) , held to maturity (“HTM”), and equity securities:

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At year-end 2024 and 2023, accumulated net unrealized (losses) on AFS securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) were losses of $142.1 million and $188.9 million, respectively. The year-end 2024 and 2023 related income tax benefit of $37.7 million and $49.4 million, respectively, was also included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss).

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses for debt securities held to maturity by security type for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Credit Quality Information

The Company monitors the credit quality of held to maturity securities through credit ratings from various rating agencies. Credit ratings express opinions about the credit quality of a security and are utilized by the Company to make informed decisions. Investment grade securities are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher and generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be of low credit risk. Conversely, securities rated below investment grade are considered to have distinctively higher credit risk than investment grade securities. For securities without credit ratings, the Company utilizes other financial information indicating the financial health of the underlying municipality, agency, or organization.

As of December 31, 2024, none of the Company's investment securities were delinquent or in nonaccrual status.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of AFS and HTM securities, segregated by contractual maturity at year-end 2024 are presented below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are shown in total, as their maturities are highly variable.

At year-end 2024 and 2023, the Company had pledged securities as collateral for certain municipal deposits and for interest rate swaps with certain counterparties. The total amortized cost and fair values of these pledged securities follows. Additionally, there is a blanket lien on certain securities to collateralize borrowings from the FHLBB and Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, as discussed further in Note 10 - Borrowed Funds.

Proceeds from the sale of AFS securities totaled $362 million, $267 million, and $150 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The (loss)/gain for the sale of AFS securities were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) and into earnings. The components of net recognized gains and losses on the sale of AFS securities and the fair value change of equities are as follows:

Debt securities with unrealized losses, segregated by the duration of their continuous unrealized loss positions, are summarized as follows:

Debt Securities

The Company expects to recover its amortized cost basis on all debt securities in its AFS and HTM portfolios. Furthermore, the Company does not intend to sell nor does it anticipate that it will be required to sell any of its securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024, prior to this recovery. The Company’s ability and intent to hold these securities until recovery is supported by the Company’s strong capital and liquidity positions.

The following summarizes, by investment security type, the basis for the conclusion that the debt securities in an unrealized loss position within the Company’s AFS and HTM portfolios did not maintain other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") at year-end 2024:

AFS municipal bonds and obligations

At year-end 2024,77 out of 91 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS municipal bonds and obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 5.2% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The Company continually monitors the municipal bond sector of the market carefully and periodically evaluates the appropriate level of exposure to the market. At this time, the Company feels the bonds in this portfolio carry minimal risk of default and the Company is appropriately compensated for that risk. There were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

AFS collateralized mortgage obligations

At year-end 2024,41 out of 43 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS collateralized mortgage obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 20.7% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA"), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC"), and Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA") guarantee the contractual cash flows of all of the Company's collateralized residential mortgage obligations. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

AFS commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities

At year-end 2024,28 out of 28 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS mortgage-backed securities were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 20.3% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

AFS corporate bonds

At year-end 2024,12 out of 14 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS corporate bonds were in unrealized loss positions. The aggregate unrealized loss represents 6.8% of the amortized cost of bonds in unrealized loss positions. The Company reviews the financial strength of these bonds and has concluded that the amortized cost remains supported by the expected future cash flows of these securities. All securities are performing.

HTM municipal bonds and obligations

At year-end 2024,137 out of 159 securities in the Company’s portfolio of HTM municipal bonds and obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 10.9% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The Company continually monitors the municipal bond sector of the market carefully and periodically evaluates the appropriate level of exposure to the market. At this time, the Company feels the bonds in this portfolio carry minimal risk of default and the Company is appropriately compensated for that risk. There were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

HTM collateralized mortgage obligations

At year-end 2024,12 out of 12 securities in the Company’s portfolio of HTM collateralized mortgage obligations were in an unrealized loss position. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 17.7% of the amortized cost of the security in an unrealized loss position. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of all of the Company's collateralized residential mortgage obligations. The securities are investment grade rated, and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

HTM commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities

At year-end 2024,17 out of 17 securities in the Company’s portfolio of HTM mortgage-backed securities were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 20.0% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

HTM tax-advantaged economic development bonds

At year-end 2024,2 out of 2 securities in the Company’s portfolio of tax-advantaged economic development

bonds were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 3.7% of the amortized cost of

securities in unrealized loss position. The Company believes that more likely than not all the principal outstanding

will be collected. All securities are performing.

NOTE 5. LOANS AND RELATED ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The following is a summary of total loans by regulatory call report code with sub-segmentation based on underlying collateral for certain loan types:

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, outstanding loans originated under the Small Business Administration ("SBA") Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") totaled $1.4 million and $3.0 million, respectively. These loans are 100% guaranteed by the SBA and the full principal amount of the loan may qualify for forgiveness. These loans are included in commercial and industrial.

In 2024, the Company purchased loans aggregating $76 million and sold loans aggregating $178 million. In 2023, the Company purchased loans aggregating $649 million and sold loans aggregating $255 million. In 2022, the Company purchased loans aggregating $718 million and sold loans aggregating $366 million. Net gains on sales of loans were $12.6 million, $10.3 million, and $12.5 million for the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Most of the Company’s lending activity occurs within its primary markets in Massachusetts, Southern Vermont, and Northeastern New York. Most of the loan portfolio is secured by real estate, including residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, and home equity loans. Year-end loans to operators of non-residential buildings totaled $2.3 billion, or 24.6%, and $2.2 billion, or 24.0% of total loans in 2024 and 2023, respectively. There were no other concentrations of loans related to any single industry in excess of 10% of total loans at year-end 2024 or 2023.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no foreclosed residential real estate property. Additionally, residential mortgage loans collateralized by real estate property that are in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 totaled $1.1 million and $3.8 million, respectively, including sold loans serviced by the Company.

At year-end 2024 and 2023, the Company had pledged loans totaling $1.6 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, to the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston as collateral for certain borrowing arrangements. Also, residential first mortgage loans are subject to a blanket lien for FHLBB advances. See Note 10 - Borrowed Funds.

At year-end 2024 and 2023, the Company’s commitments outstanding to related parties totaled $2.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and the loans outstanding against these commitments totaled $1.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Related parties include directors and executive officers of the Company and its subsidiaries, as well as their respective affiliates in which they have a controlling interest and immediate family members. For the years 2024 and 2023, all related party loans were performing.

Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment are as follows:

Construction - Loans in this segment primarily include real estate development loans for which payment is derived from sale of the property or long term financing at completion. Credit risk is affected by cost overruns, time to sell at an adequate price, and market conditions.

Commercial real estate multifamily, owner occupied and non-owner- Loans in these segments are primarily owner-occupied or income-producing properties throughout New England and Northeastern New York. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties are adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy, which in turn, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Management monitors the cash flows of these loans.

Commercial and industrial loans - Loans in this segment are made to businesses and are generally secured by assets of the business such as accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, other liquid collateral, equipment and other business assets. Repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. Loans in this segment include asset based loans which generally have no scheduled repayment and which are closely monitored against formula based collateral advance ratios. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Residential real estate - All loans in this segment are collateralized by residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Home equity and other consumer loans - Loans in this segment are primarily home equity lines of credit, automobile loans and other consumer loans. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

The Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans (“ACLL”) is comprised of the allowance for credit losses, and the allowance for unfunded commitments is accounted for as a separate liability in other liabilities on the balance sheet. The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the balance sheet date. The Company uses a static pool migration analysis method, applying expected historical loss trend and observed economic metrics. The level of the ACLL is based on management’s ongoing review of all relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past and current events, utilizing a 7 quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with a 1 year reversion period. The ACLL reserve is overlaid with qualitative factors based upon:

•the existence and growth of concentrations of credit;

•the volume and severity of past due financial assets, including nonaccrual assets;

•the institutions lending and credit review as well as the experience and ability of relevant management and staff and;

•the effect of other external factors such as regulatory, competition, regional market conditions, legal and technological environment and other events such as natural disasters.

The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level by the Company to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit) and is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

The Company’s allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (other liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets), with adjustments to the reserve recognized in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments for the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

Credit Quality Information

The Company monitors the credit quality of its portfolio by using internal risk ratings that are based on regulatory guidance. Loans that are given a Pass rating are not considered a problem credit. Loans that are classified as Special Mention loans are considered to have potential weaknesses and are evaluated closely by management. Substandard, including non-accruing loans, are loans for which a definitive weakness has been identified and which may make full collection of contractual cash flows questionable. Doubtful loans are those with identified weaknesses that make full collection of contractual cash flows, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

For commercial credits, the Company assigns an internal risk rating at origination and reviews the rating annually, semiannually, or quarterly depending on the risk rating. The rating is also reassessed at any point in time when management becomes aware of information that may affect the borrower’s ability to fulfill their obligations.

The Company risk rates its residential mortgages, including 1-4 family and residential construction loans, based on a three rating system: Pass, Special Mention, and Substandard. Loans that are current within 59 days are rated Pass. Residential mortgages that are 60-89 days delinquent are rated Special Mention. Loans delinquent for 90 days or greater are rated Substandard and generally placed on nonaccrual status.

The following table presents the Company’s loans by risk category:

For home equity and consumer other loan portfolio segments, Berkshire evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and by payment activity. The performing or nonperforming status is updated on an ongoing basis dependent upon improvement and deterioration in credit quality. The following table presents the amortized cost based on payment activity:

The following table summarizes information about total loans rated Special Mention or lower at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The table below includes consumer loans that are Special Mention and Substandard accruing that are classified as performing based on payment activity.

The following is a summary of loans by past due status at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

The following is a summary of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

The commercial and industrial loans nonaccrual amortized cost as of December 31, 2024 included medallion loans with a fair value of $0.3 million and a contractual balance of $6.5 million.

The commercial and industrial loans nonaccrual amortized cost as of December 31, 2023 included medallion loans with a fair value of $0.4 million and a contractual balance of $8.8 million.

A financial asset is considered collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. Expected credit losses for collateral-dependent loans are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. Significant quarter over quarter changes are reflective of changes in nonaccrual status and not necessarily associated with credit quality indicators like appraisal value. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of individually analyzed collateral-dependent loans by loan portfolio segment:

Modified Loans

Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing principal forgiveness, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or interest rate reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses.

In some cases, the Company provides multiple types of concessions on one loan. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. For the loans included in the "combination" columns below, multiple types of modifications have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period. The combination is at least two of the following: a term extension and principal forgiveness, an other-than-insignificant payment delay and/or an interest rate reduction.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, by class and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below:

The Company has committed to lend additional amounts totaling $8.8 million to the borrowers included in the previous table.

The Company has committed to lend additional amounts totaling $7.8 million to the borrowers included in the previous table.

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table presents the performance of such loans that have been modified in the last 12 months.

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans that had a payment default during the year ended December 31, 2024 and were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

There were no loans that had a payment default during the years ended December 31, 2023 that were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount.

NOTE 6. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

Year-end premises and equipment are summarized as follows:

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years 2024, 2023, and 2022 amounted to $7.0 million, $8.4 million, and $9.6 million, respectively.

NOTE 7. OTHER INTANGIBLES

The components of other intangible assets are as follows:

Other intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line or accelerated basis over their estimated lives, which range from four tofifteen years. Amortization expense related to intangibles totaled $4.6 million in 2024, $4.8 million in 2023, and $5.1 million in 2022.

The estimated aggregate future amortization expense for intangible assets remaining at year-end 2024 is as follows: 2025- $4.5 million; 2026- $4.5 million; 2027- $3.6 million; 2028- $1.8 million; 2029 - $0.7 million; and none thereafter. For the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, no impairment charges were identified for the Company’s intangible assets.

NOTE 8. OTHER ASSETS

Year-end other assets are summarized as follows:

The Bank sells loans in the secondary market and retains the right to service many of these loans. The Bank earns fees for the servicing provided. At years end 2024, 2023, and 2022, loans sold and serviced for others amounted to $1.5 billion, $1.4 billion, and $1.5 billion, respectively. Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The risks inherent in servicing assets relate primarily to changes in prepayments that result from shifts in interest rates. For the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, contractually specified servicing fees were $6.2 million, $6.7 million, and $5.5 million, respectively, and are included as a component of loan related fees withinnon-interest income. Refer to Note 19 - Fair Value Measurements for significant assumptions and inputs used in the valuation at year-end 2024.

Servicing rights activity was as follows:

(1)As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the servicing rights included in the total balance accounted for at fair value were $1.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2024, the fair value of servicing rights was $17.7 million. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of servicing rights was $16.6 million.

NOTE 9. DEPOSITS

A summary of year-end time deposits is as follows:

Included in total deposits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are brokered deposits of $440.0 million and $524.4 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Also included in total deposits are reciprocal deposits of $138.5 million and $110.2 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, as well as related party deposits of $24.4 million and $25.0 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

NOTE 10. BORROWED FUNDS

Borrowed funds at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized, as follows:

Short-term debt includes Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”) advances with an original maturity of less than one year. The Bank maintains a $3.0 million secured line of credit with the FHLBB that bears a daily adjustable rate calculated by the FHLBB. There wasno outstanding balance on the FHLBB line of credit for the periods ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Bank's available borrowing capacity with the FHLBB was $2.5 billion for both the periods ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2024.

The Bank is approved to borrow on a short-term basis from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston as a non-member bank. The Bank has pledged certain loans and securities to the Federal Reserve Bank to support this arrangement. No borrowings with the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston took place for the periods ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Bank's available borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank was $1.6 billion and $1.5 billion for the periods ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Long-term FHLBB advances consist of advances with an original maturity of more than one year and are subject to

prepayment penalties. There wereno callable advances outstanding at December 31, 2024. The advances outstanding at December 31, 2024 included amortizing advances totaling $6.0 million. There wereno callable advances outstanding at December 31, 2023. The advances outstanding at December 31, 2023 included amortizing advances totaling $4.2 million. All FHLBB borrowings, including the line of credit, are secured by a blanket security agreement on certain qualified collateral, principally all residential first mortgage loans and certain securities.

A summary of maturities of FHLBB advances at year-end 2024 is as follows:

The Company didnot have variable-rate FHLB advances for the period ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

In June 2022, the Company issuedten year subordinated notes in the amount of $100.0 million. The interest rate is fixed at 5.50% for the first five years. After five years, the notes become callable and will bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate (which is expected to be Three-Month Term SOFR), plus 249 basis points. The subordinated note includes reduction to the note principal balance of $1.5 million for unamortized debt issuance costs as of December 31, 2024.

The Company holds 100% of the common stock of Berkshire Hills Capital Trust I (“Trust I”) which is included in other assets with a cost of $0.5 million. The sole asset of Trust I is $15.5 million of the Company’s junior subordinated debentures due in 2035. These debentures bear interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.85% and had a rate of 6.63% and 7.49% at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company has the right to defer payments of interest for up tofive years on the debentures at any time, or from time to time, with certain limitations, including a restriction on the payment of dividends to shareholders while such interest payments on the debentures have been deferred. The Company has not exercised this right to defer payments. The Company has the right to redeem the debentures at par value on each quarterly payment date. Trust I is considered a variable interest entity for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, Trust I is not consolidated into the Company’s financial statements.

The Company holds 100% of the common stock of SI Capital Trust II (“Trust II”) which is included in other assets

with a cost of $0.2 million. The sole asset of Trust II is $8.2 million of the Company’s junior subordinated

debentures due in 2036. These debentures bear interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.70% and had a rate

of 6.32% and 7.35% at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company has the right to defer payments of interest for up tofive years on the debentures at any time, or from time to time, with certain limitations, including a restriction on the payment of dividends to shareholders while such interest payments on the debentures have been deferred. The Company has not exercised this right to defer payments. The Company has the right to redeem the debentures at par value. Trust II is considered a variable interest entity for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, Trust II is not consolidated into the Company’s financial statements.

NOTE 11. OTHER LIABILITIES

Year-end other liabilities are summarized as follows:

NOTE 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Pension Plan

The Company maintains a legacy, employer-sponsored defined benefit pension plan (the “Plan”) for which participation and benefit accruals were frozen on January 1, 2003. The Plan was assumed in connection with the Rome Bancorp acquisition in 2011. Accordingly, no employees are permitted to commence participation in the Plan and future salary increases and years of credited service are not considered when computing an employee’s benefits under the Plan. As of December 31, 2024, all minimum Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) funding requirements have been met.

Information regarding the pension plan is as follows:

Net periodic pension cost is comprised of the following:

Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows:

The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost are a net (gain)/loss of $(0.4) million, $0.1 million, and $0.5 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company did not make any cash contributions to the pension trust during 2024 and 2023. The Company doesnot expect to make any cash contributions in 2025. There isno gain/loss expected to be amortized from other comprehensive income into net periodic pension cost over the next fiscal year.

The principal actuarial assumptions used are as follows:

The discount rate that is used in the measurement of the pension obligation is determined by comparing the expected future retirement payment cash flows of the pension plan to the Above Median FTSE Pension Discount Curve as of the measurement date. The expected long-term rate of return on Plan assets reflects long-term earnings expectations on existing Plan assets and those contributions expected to be received during the current plan year. In estimating that rate, appropriate consideration was given to historical returns earned by Plan assets in the fund and the rates of return expected to be available for reinvestment. The rates of return were adjusted to reflect current capital market assumptions and changes in investment allocations.

The Company’s overall investment strategy with respect to the Plan’s assets is primarily for preservation of capital and to provide regular dividend and interest payments. The Plan’s targeted asset allocation is 65% equity securities via investment in the Long-Term Growth - Equity Portfolio ("LTGE"),34% intermediate-term investment grade bonds via investment in the Long-Term Growth - Fixed-Income Portfolio ("LTGFI"), and 1% in cash equivalents portfolio (for liquidity). Equity securities include investments in a diverse mix of equity funds to gain exposure in the US and international markets. The fixed income portion of the Plan assets is a diversified portfolio that primarily invests in intermediate-term bond funds. The overall rate of return is based on the historical performance of the assets applied against the Plan’s target allocation, and is adjusted for the long-term inflation rate.

The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted prices in active markets, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3).

The fair value of the Plan’s assets by category within the fair value hierarchy are as follows at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. During 2023, the Plan's equity mutual funds and fixed income mutual funds were transferred to Level 1 from Level 2 because they are actively traded and quoted prices were available. The Plan did not hold any assets classified as Level 3.

Estimated benefit payments under the pension plans over the next 10 years at December 31, 2024 are as follows:

Multi-Employer Pension Plan

As a result of the Company's acquisition of SI Financial Group, Inc. (“SIFI”), the Company participates in the Pentegra Defined Benefit Plan for Financial Institutions (the “DB Plan”), a tax-qualified defined benefit pension plan. The DB Plan operates as a multiple-employer plan under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code, and as a multi-employer plan for accounting purposes. The DB Plan was frozen effective September 6, 2013. The Company made contributions of $345 thousand in 2024. As of July 1, 2024, the DB Plan held assets with a market value of $3.9 million and liabilities with a market value of $5.0 million. The funded status (market value of plan assets divided by funding target) of the DB Plan, was 80% as of July 1, 2024, as required by federal and state regulations. Market value of the DB Plan's assets reflects contributions received through June 30, 2024. There are no collective bargaining agreements in place that require contributions to the DB Plan by the Company. The DB Plan is a single plan under the Internal Revenue Code and, as a result, all of the assets stand behind all of the liabilities. Accordingly, contributions made by a participating employer may be used to provide benefits to participants of other participating employers.

Postretirement Benefits

The Company maintains an unfunded postretirement medical plan assumed in connection with the Rome Bancorp acquisition in 2011. The postretirement plan has been modified so that participation is closed to those employees who did not meet the retirement eligibility requirements by March 31, 2011. The Company contributes partially to medical benefits and life insurance coverage for retirees. Such retirees and their surviving spouses are responsible for the remainder of the medical benefits, including increases in premiums levels, between the total premium and the Company’s contribution.

The Company also has an executive long-term care (“LTC”) postretirement benefit plan which started August 1, 2014. The LTC plan reimburses executives for certain costs in the event of a future chronic illness. Funding of the plan comes from Company paid insurance policies or direct payments. At the plan’s inception, a $558 thousand benefit obligation was recorded against equity representing the prior service cost of plan participants.

Information regarding the postretirement plans is as follows:

Net periodic post-retirement cost is comprised of the following:

Changes in benefit obligations recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows:

The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

The amount expected to be amortized from other comprehensive income/(loss) into net periodic postretirement cost over the next fiscal year is $61 thousand.

The discount rates used in the measurement of the postretirement plan obligations are determined by comparing the expected future retirement payment cash flows of the plans to the Above Median FTSE Pension Discount Curve as of the measurement date.

The assumed discount rates on a weighted-average basis were 5.52% and 4.98% as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company has fixed contributions, therefore, the annual rate of increase in healthcare costs is not used in measuring the accumulated post-retirement benefit medical obligation.

For participants in the LTC plan covered by insurance policies, no increase in annual premiums is assumed based on the history of the corresponding insurance provider.

Estimated benefit payments under the post-retirement benefit plan over the next ten years at December 31, 2024 are as follows:

401(k) Plan

The Company provides a 401(k) Plan in which most eligible employees participate. Expenses related to the plan were $3.3 million in 2024, $3.1 million in 2023, and $2.9 million in 2022.

Other Plans

The Company maintains supplemental executive retirement plans (“SERPs”) for select current and former executives. Benefits generally commence no earlier than age sixty-two and are payable either as an annuity or as a lump sum at the executive’s option. Most of these SERPs were assumed in connection with acquisitions. At year-end 2024 and 2023, the accrued liability for these SERPs was $14.9 million and $16.7 million, respectively. SERP (benefit)/expense was $(0.4) million in 2024, $(1.0) million in 2023, and $2.0 million in 2022, and is recognized over the required service period.

The Company has endorsement split-dollar arrangements pertaining to certain current and former executives and directors. Under these arrangements, the Company purchased policies insuring the lives of the executives and directors, and separately entered into agreements to split the policy benefits with the individuals. There are no post-retirement benefits associated with these policies. The Company also assumed split-dollar life insurance agreements from multiple prior acquisitions. The accrued liability for these split-dollar arrangements was $6.9 million as of year-end 2024 and $7.0 million as of year-end 2023.

NOTE 13. INCOME TAXES

Provision for Income Taxes

The components of the Company’s provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were, as follows:

Effective Tax Rate

The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities were, as follows:

The Company’s net deferred tax asset decreased by $12.6 million during 2024 and $12.2 million of this change is related to unrealized losses in OCI.

Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, are expected to be realized through the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income.

Valuation Allowances

The components of the Company’s valuation allowance on its deferred tax asset, net as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were, as follows:

The state tax valuation allowance, net of Federal benefit, was originally recorded in 2012, due to management's assessment that it is more likely than not that certain deferred tax assets recorded for the difference between the book basis and the state tax basis in certain tax credit limited partnership investments (LPs) will not be realized. Management anticipates that the remaining excess state tax basis realized upon termination of these partnerships will be a capital loss upon disposition, and that capital loss may not be deductible in some of the Company's state tax jurisdictions.

The valuation allowance as of December 31, 2024 is subject to change in the future as the Company continues to periodically assess the likelihood of realizing its deferred tax assets.

Tax Attributes

At December 31, 2024, the Company has no remaining federal net operating loss carryforwards.

State net operating loss carryforwards, net of valuation allowance described above, are expected to be utilized in the future and begin to expire in 2035. The related gross deferred tax asset is $99 thousand.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its income tax positions based on tax laws and regulations and financial reporting considerations, and records adjustments as appropriate. This evaluation takes into consideration the status of taxing authorities’ current examinations of the Company’s tax returns, recent positions taken by the taxing authorities on similar transactions, if any, and the overall tax environment in relation to uncertain tax positions.

The following table presents changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

It is reasonably possible that over the next twelve months the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change from the reevaluation of uncertain tax positions arising in examinations, in appeals, or in the courts, or from the closure of tax statutes. The Company does not expect any significant changes in unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months.

All of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would be recorded as a component of income tax expense, therefore, affecting the effective tax rate. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to the liability for uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The accrual for interest and penalties was not material for all years presented.

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction as well as in various states. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income tax examinations by tax authorities. Other than open statutes of limitation pertaining specifically to the amended returns filed for 2015 through 2018 to claim 2020 NOL carryback refunds, the Company is no longer subject to examination for tax years prior to 2021 including any related income tax filings from its recent acquisitions. The Company has been selected for a federal income tax audit for the years 2017 through 2020 pertaining to the amended returns filed. The Company has been selected for an income tax audit in the state of Connecticut for tax years 2019, 2020, and 2021, as well as an income tax audit in the state of Wisconsin for tax years 2018, 2019, and 2020.

NOTE 14. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

At year-end 2024, the Company held derivatives with a total notional amount of $4.9 billion. That amount included $0.6 billion in interest rate swap derivatives and $0.2 billion in interest rate collars that were designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. The Company had economic hedges and non-hedging derivatives totaling $4.1 billion and $10.5 million, respectively, which are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes and are therefore recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded directly through earnings. Economic hedges included interest rate swaps totaling $3.7 billion, risk participation agreements with dealer banks of $345.4 million, and $3.0 million in forward commitment contracts.

As part of the Company’s risk management strategy, the Company enters into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in certain of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Interest rate swap agreements involve the risk of dealing with both Bank customers and institutional derivative counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. The agreements are entered into with counterparties that meet established credit standards and contain master netting and collateral provisions protecting the at-risk party. The derivatives program is overseen by the Risk Management, Capital and Compliance Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. Based on adherence to the Company’s credit standards and the presence of the netting and collateral provisions, the Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these contracts was not significant at December 31, 2024.

The Company hadno pledged collateral to derivative counterparties in the form of cash at year-end 2024. The Company had pledged securities to derivative counterparties with an amortized cost of $9.6 million and a fair value of $9.1 million at year-end 2024. The Company hadno pledged collateral to derivative counterparties in the form of cash at year-end 2023. The Company had pledged securities to derivative counterparties with an amortized cost of $9.8 million and a fair value of $9.6 million at year-end 2023. The Company does not typically require its commercial customers to post cash or securities as collateral on its program of back-to-back economic hedges. However certain language is written into the International Swaps Dealers Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) and loan documents where, in default situations, the Bank is allowed to access collateral supporting the loan relationship to recover any losses suffered on the derivative asset or liability. The Company may need to post additional collateral in the future in proportion to potential increases in unrealized loss positions.

Information about interest rate swap agreements and non-hedging derivative assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 follows:

(1) Fair value estimates include the impact of $28.8 million settled to market contract agreements.

Information about interest rate swap agreements and non-hedging derivative asset and liabilities at December 31, 2023 follows:

(1) Fair value estimates include the impact of $26.7 million settled to market contract agreements.

Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of unrealized changes in the fair value of derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges is reported in other comprehensive income/(loss) and subsequently reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction is forecasted to affect earnings. Each quarter, the Company assesses the effectiveness of each hedging relationship by comparing the changes in cash flows of the derivative hedging instrument with the changes in cash flows of the designated hedged item or transaction. The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings. All cash flow hedges are considered highly effective.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company hadeight interest rate swap contracts with a notional value of $600.0 million. The interest rate swaps have durations ofone totwo years. This hedge strategy converts commercial variable rate loans to fixed interest rates, thereby protecting the Company from floating interest rate variability.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company hadtwo interest rate collars. The first interest rate collar has a 3.00% floor and a 5.75% cap with a notional value of $100.0 million. The second interest rate collar has a 3.25% floor and a 5.75% cap with a notional value of $100.0 million. The interest rate collars have durations ofone totwo years. The structure of these instruments is such that the Company pays the counterparty an incremental amount if the collar index exceeds the cap rate. Conversely, the Company receives an incremental amount if the index falls below the floor rate. No payments are required if the collar index falls between the cap and floor rates.

Amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Income and in the other comprehensive income/(loss) section of the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (related to interest rate derivatives designated as hedges of cash flows), were as follows:

Economic hedges

As of December 31, 2024 the Company has an interest rate swap with a $5.3 million notional amount to swap out the fixed rate of interest on an economic development bond bearing a fixed rate of 5.09%, currently within the Company’s trading portfolio under the fair value option, in exchange for a SOFR-based floating rate. The intent of the economic hedge is to improve the Company’s asset sensitivity to changing interest rates in anticipation of favorable average floating rates of interest over the 21-year life of the bond. The fair value changes of the economic development bond are mostly offset by fair value changes of the related interest rate swap.

The Company also offers certain derivative products directly to qualified commercial borrowers. The Company economically hedges derivative transactions executed with commercial borrowers by entering into mirror-image, offsetting derivatives with third-party financial institutions. The transaction allows the Company’s customer to convert a variable-rate loan to a fixed rate loan. Because the Company acts as an intermediary for its customer, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts mostly offset each other in earnings. There was no credit valuation loss adjustment arising from the difference in credit worthiness of the commercial loan and financial institution counterparties as of December 31, 2024. The interest income and expense on these mirror image swaps exactly offset each other.

The Company has risk participation agreements with dealer banks. Risk participation agreements occur when the Company participates on a loan and a swap where another bank is the lead. The Company earns a fee to take on the risk associated with having to make the lead bank whole on Berkshire’s portion of the pro-rated swap should the borrower default.

The Company utilizes forward sale commitments to hedge interest rate risk and the associated effects on the fair value of interest rate lock commitments and loans held for sale. The forward sale commitments are accounted for as derivatives with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings.

The company uses the following types of forward sale commitments contracts:

•Best efforts loan sales,

•Mandatory delivery loan sales, and

•To be announced (TBA) mortgage-backed securities sales.

A best efforts contract refers to a loan sales agreement where the Company commits to deliver an individual mortgage loan of a specified principal amount and quality to an investor if the loan to the underlying borrower closes. The Company may enter into a best efforts contract once the price is known, which is shortly after the potential borrower’s interest rate is locked.

A mandatory delivery contract is a loan sales agreement where the Company commits to deliver a certain principal amount of mortgage loans to an investor at a specified price on or before a specified date. Generally, the Company may enter into mandatory delivery contracts shortly after the loan closes with a customer.

The Company may sell to-be-announced mortgage-backed securities to hedge the changes in fair value of interest rate lock commitments and held for sale loans, which do not have corresponding best efforts or mandatory delivery contracts. These security sales transactions are closed once mandatory contracts are written. On the closing date the price of the security is locked-in, and the sale is paired-off with a purchase of the same security. Settlement of the security purchase/sale transaction is done with cash on a net-basis.

Non-hedging derivatives

The Company enters into commitments to lend for residential mortgage loans, which commit the Company to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specific interest rate and within a specified period of time. Commitments that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale are considered derivative financial instruments under applicable accounting guidance. Outstanding commitments expose the Company to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan. The commitments are free-standing derivatives which are carried at fair value with changes recorded in non-interest income in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Changes in the fair value of commitments subsequent to inception are based on changes in the fair value of the underlying loan resulting from the fulfillment of the commitment and changes in the probability that the loan will fund within the terms of the commitment, which is affected primarily by changes in interest rates and the passage of time.

Amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Income related to economic hedges and non-hedging derivatives were as follows:

Assets and Liabilities Subject to Enforceable Master Netting Arrangements

Interest Rate Swap Agreements (“Swap Agreements”)

The Company enters into swap agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies for commercial banking customers. The Company mitigates this risk by entering into equal and offsetting swap agreements with highly rated third party financial institutions. The swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties; however, the Company does not offset assets and liabilities under these arrangements for financial statement presentation purposes. The master netting arrangements provide for a single net settlement of all swap agreements, as well as collateral, in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. Collateral generally in the form of marketable securities is received or posted by the counterparty with net liability positions, respectively, in accordance with contract thresholds.

The Company had net asset positions with its financial institution counterparties totaling $44.8 million and $39.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company had net asset positions with its commercial banking counterparties totaling $3.1 million and $6.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Company had net liability positions with its financial institution counterparties totaling $3.1 million and $6.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company had net liability positions with its commercial banking counterparties totaling $76.0 million and $69.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table presents the assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets

Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities

Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets

Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities

NOTE 15. LEASES

Substantially all of the leases in which the Company is the lessee are comprised of real estate property for branches, ATM locations, and office space. Most of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. At December 31, 2024, lease expiration dates ranged from 1 month to 15 years.

The following table represents the Consolidated Balance Sheets classification of the Company’s right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities:

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For real estate leases, non-lease components and other non-components, such as common area maintenance charges, real estate taxes, and insurance are not included in the measurement of the lease liability since they are generally able to be segregated.

The Company does not have any material sub-lease agreements.

Lease expense for operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $8.9 million. Variable lease components, such as consumer price index adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities.

Lease expense for operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $9.1 million. Variable lease components, such as consumer price index adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities.

Lease expense for operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $9.7 million. Variable lease components, such as consumer price index adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

The following table presents a maturity analysis of the Company’s lease liability by lease classification at December 31, 2024:

NOTE 16. OTHER COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES, AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ACTIVITIES

Credit Related Financial Instruments. The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such commitments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit, and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the other party to the financial instrument is represented by the contractual amount of these commitments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. A summary of financial instruments outstanding whose contract amounts represent credit risk is as follows at year-end:

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The commitments for lines of credit may expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These letters of credit are primarily issued to support borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company considers standby letters of credit to be guarantees and the amount of the recorded liability related to such guarantees was not material at year-end 2024 and 2023.

The Company has $10.9 million of commitments remaining for historic tax credit investments as of December 31, 2024.

Employment and Change in Control Agreements. The Company and the Bank have change in control agreements with several officers which provide a severance payment in the event employment is terminated in conjunction with a defined change in control.

Legal Claims. Various legal claims arise from time to time in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2024, neither the Company nor the Bank was involved in any pending legal proceedings believed by management to be material, that are not accrued for, to the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

NOTE 17. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Minimum Regulatory Capital Requirements

The Company and Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal and state banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if imposed, could have a direct material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the following table) of total and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined) and of Tier 1 capital to average assets (as defined). As of year-end 2024 and 2023, the Bank and the Company met the capital adequacy requirements. Regulators may set higher expected capital requirements in some cases based on their examinations.

At December 31, 2024, the capital levels of both the Company and the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements and their regulatory capital ratios were above the minimum levels. The capital levels of both the Company and the Bank at December 31, 2024 also exceeded the minimum capital requirements including the currently applicable BASEL III capital conservation buffer of 1.875%.

As of year-end 2024 and 2023, the Bank met the conditions to be classified as “well capitalized” under the relevant regulatory framework. To be categorized as well capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following tables.

The Company and Bank’s actual and required capital amounts were as follows:

Common stock

The Bank is subject to dividend restrictions imposed by various regulators, including a limitation on the total of all dividends that the Bank may pay to the Company in any calendar year. The total of all dividends shall not exceed the Bank’s net income for the current year (as defined by statute), plus the Bank’s net income retained for the two previous years, without regulatory approval. Dividends from the Bank are an important source of funds to the Company to make dividend payments on its common, to make payments on its borrowings, and for its other cash needs. The ability of the Company and the Bank to pay dividends is dependent on regulatory policies and regulatory capital requirements. The ability to pay such dividends in the future may be adversely affected by new legislation or regulations, or by changes in regulatory policies relating to capital, safety and soundness, and other regulatory concerns.

The payment of dividends by the Company is subject to Delaware law, which generally limits dividends to an amount equal to an excess of the net assets of a company (the amount by which total assets exceed total liabilities) over statutory capital, or if there is no excess, to the Company’s net profits for the current and/or immediately preceding fiscal year.

Accumulated other comprehensive income

Year-end components of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) are as follows:

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income/(loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

The following table presents the changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock (such as stock options) were exercised or converted into additional common shares that would then share in the earnings of the entity. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year, plus an incremental number of common-equivalent shares computed using the treasury stock method.

Earnings per common share has been computed based on the following (average diluted shares outstanding is calculated using the treasury stock method):

For the year ended 2024,43 thousand options were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculations. For the year ended 2023,49 thousand options were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculations. For the year ended 2022,64 thousand options were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculations.

NOTE 18. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) permits the granting of a combination of Restricted Stock awards and incentive and non-qualified stock options (“Stock Options”) to employees and directors. A total of 1.2 million shares was authorized under the Plan. Awards may be granted as either Restricted Stock or Stock Options provided that any shares that are granted as Restricted Stock are counted against the share limit set forth as (1)one for every one share of Restricted Stock granted and (2)one for every one share of Stock Option granted. As of the 2022 Plan's effective date, all expired, canceled, and forfeited shares under the 2018 Plan are included in the 2022 Plan's available shares. As of year-end 2024, the Company had the ability to grant approximately 0.8 million shares under this plan.

A summary of activity in the Company’s stock compensation plans is shown below:

Stock Awards

The total compensation cost for stock awards recognized as expense was $8.3 million, $7.5 million, and $7.3 million, in the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The total recognized tax benefit associated with this compensation cost was $2.3 million, $2.0 million, and $2.0 million, respectively.

The weighted average fair value of stock awards granted was $23.25, $26.18, and $28.75 in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Stock awards vest over periods up tofive years and are valued at the closing price of the stock on the grant date. Certain awards vest based on the Company's performance over established measurement periods. The total fair value of stock awards vested during 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $4.5 million, $5.6 million, and $5.1 million respectively. The unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock awards was $10.1 million as of year-end 2024. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period oftwo years.

Option Awards

Option awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant, and vest over periods up tofive years. The options grant the holder the right to acquire a share of the Company’s common stock for each option held, and have a contractual life often years. As of year-end 2024, the weighted average remaining contractual term for options outstanding isone year.

The Company generally issues shares from treasury stock as options are exercised. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The expected dividend yield and expected term are based on management estimates. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility. The risk-free interest rates for the expected term are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The Company did not grant options during 2024 and 2023.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2024 was $31 thousand. There wereno options exercised during 2023. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2022 was $62 thousand. There was no expense pertaining to options vesting in 2024. The expense pertaining to options vesting was $1 thousand and $13 thousand for the years 2023 and 2022, respectively. The tax benefit associated with stock option expense for 2023 and 2022 was $0.2 thousand and $3 thousand, respectively. As of year-end 2024 and 2023, there wasno unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options. The unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options as of year-end 2022 was $1 thousand.

NOTE 19. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. These valuation methodologies were applied to all of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are carried at fair value.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements of Financial Instruments

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of year-end 2024 and 2023 segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

During the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there wereno transfers between Level 1, 2 and 3.

Trading Security at Fair Value. The Company holdsone security designated as a trading security. It is a tax advantaged economic development bond issued to the Company by a local nonprofit which provides wellness and health programs. The determination of the fair value for this security is determined based on a discounted cash flow methodology. Certain inputs to the fair value calculation are unobservable and there is little to no market activity in the security; therefore, the security meets the definition of a Level 3 security. The discount rate used in the valuation of the security is sensitive to movements in the 3-month SOFR rate.

Securities Available for Sale and Equity Securities. Equity securities classified as Level 1 consist of publicly-traded equity securities for which the fair values can be obtained through quoted market prices in active exchange markets. Equity securities classified as Level 2 consist of securities with infrequent trades in active exchange markets, and pricing is primarily sourced from third party pricing services. AFS securities classified as Level 2 include most of the Company’s debt securities. The pricing on Level 2 and Level 3 was primarily sourced from third party pricing services, overseen by management, and is based on models that consider standard input factors such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and condition, among other things. Level 3 pricing includes inputs unobservable to market participants.

Loans Held for Investment. The Company’s held for investment loan portfolio includes loans originated by Company and loans acquired through business combinations. The Company intends to hold these assets until maturity as a part of its business operations. For one acquired portfolio subset, the Company previously accounted for these purchased-credit impaired loans as a pool under ASC 310, as they were determined to have common risk characteristics. These loans were recorded at fair value on acquisition date and subsequently evaluated for impairment collectively. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company elected the fair value option on this portfolio, recognizing a $11.2 million fair value write-down charged to Retained Earnings, net of deferred tax impact, as of January 1, 2020. The fair value of this loan portfolio is determined based on a discounted cash flow methodology. Certain inputs to the fair value calculation are unobservable; therefore, the loans meet the definition of Level 3 assets. The discount rate used in the valuation is consistent with assets that have significant credit deterioration. The cash flow assumptions include payment schedules for loans with current payment histories and estimated collateral value for delinquent loans. All of these loans were nonperforming as of December 31, 2024.

Loans held for sale. The Company elected the fair value option for all mortgage loans originated for sale ("HFS") that were originated for sale on or after May 1, 2012. Loans HFS are classified as Level 2 as the fair value is based on input factors such as quoted prices for similar loans in active markets.

The changes in fair value of loans held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2024 were gains of $29 thousand. The changes in fair value of loans held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2023 were gains of $17 thousand. The changes in fair value of loans held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2022 were gains of $169 thousand. During 2024, originations of loans held for sale totaled $184 million and sales of loans originated for sale totaled $182 million. During 2023, originations of loans held for sale totaled $85 million and sales of loans originated for sale totaled $84 million. During 2022, originations of loans held for sale totaled $20 million and sales of loans originated for sale totaled $25 million.

Interest Rate Swaps. The valuation of the Company’s interest rate swaps is obtained from a third-party pricing service and is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. The pricing analysis is based on observable inputs for the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity and interest rate curves.

The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings.

Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. However, as of year-end 2024, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Commitments to Lend. The Company enters into commitments to lend for residential mortgage loans intended for sale, which commit the Company to lend funds to a potential borrower at a certain interest rate and within a specified period of time. The estimated fair value of commitments to originate residential mortgage loans for sale is based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets. However, this value is adjusted by a factor which considers the likelihood that the loan commitment will ultimately close, and by the non-refundable costs of originating the loan. The closing ratio is derived from the Bank’s internal data and is adjusted using significant management judgment. The costs to originate are primarily based on the Company’s internal commission rates that are not observable. As such, these commitments to lend are classified as Level 3 measurements.

Forward Sale Commitments. The Company utilizes forward sale commitments as economic hedges against potential changes in the values of the commitments to lend and loans originated for sale. To be announced (TBA) mortgage-backed securities forward commitment sales are used as hedging instruments, are classified as Level 1, and consist of publicly-traded debt securities for which identical fair values can be obtained through quoted market prices in active exchange markets. The fair values of the Company’s best efforts and mandatory delivery loan sale commitments are determined similarly to the commitments to lend using quoted prices in the market place that are observable. However, costs to originate and closing ratios included in the calculation are internally generated and are based on management’s judgment and prior experience, which are considered factors that are not observable. As such, best efforts and mandatory forward sale commitments are classified as Level 3 measurements.

Capitalized Servicing Rights. The Company accounts for certain capitalized servicing rights at fair value in its Consolidated Financial Statements, as the Company is permitted to elect the fair value option for each specific instrument. A loan servicing right asset represents the amount by which the present value of the estimated future net cash flows to be received from servicing loans exceed adequate compensation for performing the servicing. The fair value of servicing rights is estimated using a present value cash flow model. The most important assumptions used in the valuation model are the anticipated rate of the loan prepayments and discount rates. Although some assumptions in determining fair value are based on standards used by market participants, some are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

The table below presents the changes in Level 3 assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis at year-end 2024 and 2023:

Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs within Level 3 recurring assets/(liabilities) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company is required, on a non-recurring basis, to adjust the carrying value or provide valuation allowances for certain assets using fair value measurements in accordance with GAAP. The following is a summary of applicable non-recurring fair value measurements. There are no liabilities measured on a non-recurring basis.

Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs within Level 3 non-recurring assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

(a) Where dollar amounts are disclosed, the amounts represent the lowest and highest fair value of the respective assets in the population except for adjustments for market/property conditions, which represents the range of adjustments to individual properties.

(a) Where dollar amounts are disclosed, the amounts represent the lowest and highest fair value of the respective assets in the population except for adjustments for market/property conditions, which represents the range of adjustments to individual properties.

There were no Level 1 or Level 2 nonrecurring fair value measurements for year-end 2024 and 2023.

Individually evaluated loans. Loans are generally not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, the Company records non-recurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectible portions of those loans. Non-recurring adjustments can also include certain impairment amounts for collateral-dependent loans calculated when establishing the allowance for credit losses. Such amounts are generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and, as a result, the carrying value of the loan less the calculated valuation does not necessarily represent the fair value of the loan. Real estate collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace. However, the choice of observable data is subject to significant judgment, and there are often adjustments based on judgment in order to make observable data comparable and to consider the impact of time, the condition of properties, interest rates, and other market factors on current values. Additionally, commercial real estate appraisals frequently involve discounting of projected cash flows, which relies inherently on unobservable data. Therefore, real estate collateral related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 3. Estimates of fair value for other collateral that supports commercial loans are generally based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace and therefore such valuations have been classified as Level 3.

Loans Transferred to Held for Sale. Once a decision has been made to sell loans not previously classified as held for sale, these loans are transferred into the held for sale category and carried at the lower of cost or fair value. Real estate collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace. The choice of observable data is subject to significant judgment, and there are often adjustments based on judgment in order to make observable data comparable and to consider the impact of time, the condition of properties, interest rates, and other market factors on current values. Nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments that relate to real estate collateral have generally been classified as Level 3. Estimates of fair value for other collateral that supports commercial loans are generally based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace and therefore such valuations have been classified as Level 3.

Capitalized loan servicing rights. A loan servicing right asset represents the amount by which the present value of the estimated future net cash flows to be received from servicing loans exceed adequate compensation for performing the servicing. The fair value of servicing rights is estimated using a present value cash flow model. The most important assumptions used in the valuation model are the anticipated rate of the loan prepayments and discount rates. Adjustments are only recorded when the discounted cash flows derived from the valuation model are less than the carrying value of the asset. Although some assumptions in determining fair value are based on standards used by market participants, some are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Summary of Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments

The following tables summarize the estimated fair values, which represent exit price, and related carrying amounts, of the Company’s financial instruments. Certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments are excluded from disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented herein may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.

NOTE 20. CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF PARENT COMPANY

Condensed financial information pertaining only to the Parent, Berkshire Hills Bancorp, is as follows.

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

NOTE 21. QUARTERLY DATA (UNAUDITED)

Quarterly results of operations were as follows:

NOTE 22. NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Presented below is net interest income after provision for credit losses for the three years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

NOTE 23. TAX EQUITY INVESTMENTS

The Company typically accounts for tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, if certain criteria are met. The election to account for tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method is done so on a tax credit program-by-tax credit program basis. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment, which is inclusive of any delayed equity contributions, that are unconditional and legally binding or for equity contributions that are contingent on a future event, when that event becomes probable, in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits that are allocated to the Company over the period of the investment.

Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment, inclusive of delayed equity contributions, in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits that are allocated to the Company over the period of the investment. The net benefits of these investments, which are comprised of income tax credits and operating loss income tax benefits, net of investment amortization, are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a component of income tax expense. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 the carrying value of all tax equity investments was $35.6 million and $16.6 million, respectively, and were included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The carrying value of the investments accounted for under PAM on December 31, 2024 included $18.7 million of delayed equity contributions described in the chart below. The delayed equity contributions were included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company's delayed equity contributions were estimated to be paid as follows:

The following table presents income tax credits and other income tax benefits, as well as amortization expense, associated with investments where the proportional amortization method of accounting has been applied for the periods indicated.

There wasno material non-income tax related expense associated with these investments recorded outside of income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024. The non-income tax related activity associated with these investments recorded outside of theincome tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $8.0 million. There wereno impairment losses recorded on tax equity investments during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 24. REVENUE

Revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of Topic 606 is recognized within noninterest income. The Company does not have any material significant payment terms as payment is received at or shortly after the satisfaction of the performance obligation. The value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less are not disclosed. The Company recognizes incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred for contracts with a term of one year or less.

Topic 606 does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, including revenue from loans and securities. In addition, certain non-interest income streams such as fees associated with mortgage servicing rights, financial guarantees, derivatives, and certain credit card fees are also not in scope of Topic 606. Topic 606 is applicable to non-interest revenue streams such as wealth management fees, administrative services for customer deposit accounts, interchange fees, and sale of owned real estate properties.

The following presents non-interest income, segregated by revenue streams in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606, for the years ended 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Non-interest income streams in-scope of Topic 606 are discussed below.

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts. Service charges on deposit accounts consist of monthly service fees (i.e. business analysis fees and consumer service charges) and other deposit account related fees. The Company's performance obligation for monthly service fees is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Other deposit account related fees are largely transactional based, and therefore, the Company's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers’ accounts. The Company may, from time to time, waive certain fees (e.g., NSF fee) for customers but generally do not reduce the transaction price to reflect variability for future reversals due to the insignificance of the amounts. Waiver of fees reduces the revenue in the period the waiver is granted to the customer.

Wealth Management Fees. Wealth management fees are primarily comprised of fees earned from consultative investment management, trust administration, tax return preparation, and financial planning. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are recognized monthly, based on the daily accrual of the market value of the investment accounts and the applicable fee rate.

Interchange Fees. Interchange fees are transaction fees paid to the card-issuing bank to cover handling costs, fraud and bad debt costs, and the risk involved in approving the payment. Due to the day-to-day nature of these fees they are settled on a daily basis and are accounted for as they are received.

Gains/Losses on Sales of OREO. The sale of OREO and other nonfinancial assets are accounted for with the derecognition of the asset in question once a contract exists and control of the asset has been transferred to the buyer. The gain or loss on the sale is calculated as the difference between the carrying value of the asset and the transaction price.

NOTE 25. BRANCH SALE

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company completed the sale often of the Bank’s branches in upstate and eastern New York. The sale was made pursuant to definitive agreements entered into on March 4, 2024 with three buyers. The sale consisted ofthree separate transactions, which were completed during the third quarter of 2024. In the aggregate, the Bank sold $383 million in deposits and $50 million of related residential mortgage and consumer loans, along with all branch premises and equipment. Thethree buyers also assumed related operations and the employment of all associated staff. The sale excluded the Bank’s commercial banking business. The Company recorded a $16.0 millionpre-tax gain related to the branch sale.

NOTE 26. PENDING MERGER

On December 16, 2024, Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Berkshire”), Commerce Acquisition Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire (“Merger Sub”), and Brookline Bancorp, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Brookline”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”). The Merger Agreement provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into Brookline, with Brookline as the surviving entity (the “Merger”), and immediately following the Merger, Brookline will merge with and into Berkshire, with Berkshire as the surviving entity (the “Holdco Merger”). The Merger Agreement further provides that immediately following the Merger, Berkshire Bank, a Massachusetts trust company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire, Bank Rhode Island, a Rhode Island-chartered bank and a wholly owned subsidiary of Brookline, and PCSB Bank, a New York-chartered bank and a wholly owned subsidiary of Brookline, each will merge with and into Brookline Bank, a Massachusetts trust company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Brookline, with Brookline Bank as the surviving bank (the “Bank Mergers” and, together with the Merger and the Holdco Merger, the “Proposed Transaction”).

Upon the terms and subject to the conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of common stock, $0.01 par value, of Brookline (“Brookline Common Stock”) outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, other than certain shares held by Brookline or Berkshire, will be converted into the right to receive 0.42 of a share (the “Exchange Ratio”) of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of Berkshire (“Berkshire Common Stock”). Holders of Brookline Common Stock will receive cash in lieu of fractional shares of Berkshire Common Stock.