BANK OF HAWAII CORP

Note 1. Summary of Signi ficant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Bank of Hawai‘i Corporation (the “Parent”) is a Delaware corporation and a bank holding company headquartered in Honolulu, Hawaii. Bank of Hawai‘i Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) provide a broad range of financial products and services to customers in Hawaii, Guam, and other Pacific Islands. The majority of the Company’s operations consist of customary commercial and consumer banking services including, but not limited to, lending, leasing, deposit services, trust and investment activities, brokerage services, and trade financing.

The accounting and reporting principles of the Company conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the financial services industry. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to the financial statements.

Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

The following is a summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies:

Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent and its subsidiaries. The Parent’s principal operating subsidiary is Bank of Hawai‘i (the “Bank”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Variable Interest Entities

Variable interests are defined as contractual ownership or other interests in an entity that change with fluctuations in an entity’s net asset value. The primary beneficiary consolidates the variable interest entity (“VIE”). The primary beneficiary is defined as the enterprise that has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the VIE.

The Company has limited partnership interests in several low-income housing partnerships. These partnerships provide funds for the construction and operation of apartment complexes that provide affordable housing to lower-income households. If these developments successfully attract a specified percentage of residents falling in that lower income range, state and/or federal income tax credits are made available to the partners. The tax credits are generally recognized over 10 years for federal and 5 years for state. In order to continue receiving the tax credits each year over the life of the partnership, the low-income residency targets must be maintained.

Unfunded commitments to fund these low-income housing partnerships were$101.1 million and $88.8 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. These unfunded commitments are unconditional and legally binding and are recorded in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of condition. See Note 18 Affordable Housing Projects Tax Credit Partnerships for more information.

The Company also has limited partnership interests in solar energy tax credit partnership investments. These partnerships develop, build, own and operate solar renewable energy projects. Over the course of these investments, the Company expects to receive federal and state tax credits, tax-related benefits, and excess cash available for distribution, if any. The Company may be called to sell its interest in the limited partnerships through a call option once all investment tax credits have been recognized. Tax benefits associated with these investments are generally recognized over 6 years.

Although these entities meet the definition of a VIE, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the entities, as the general partner has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entities. While the partnership agreements allow the limited partners, through a majority vote, to remove the general partner, this right is not deemed to be substantive as the general partner can only be removed for cause.

The investments in these entities are initially recorded at cost, which approximates the maximum exposure to loss as a result of the Company’s involvement with these unconsolidated entities. The balance of the Company’s investments in these entities was$208.9 million and$175.3 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in other assets in the consolidated statements of condition.

Investment Securities

Investment securities are accounted for according to their purpose and holding period. Trading securities are those that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term. The Company heldno trading securities as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. Available-for-sale investment securities, comprised of debt and mortgage-backed securities, are those that may be sold before maturity due to changes in the Company’s interest rate risk profile or funding needs, and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as a component of other comprehensive income. Held-to-maturity investment securities, comprised of debt and mortgage-backed securities, are those that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost.

Realized gains and losses are recorded in noninterest income and are determined on a trade date basis using the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on investment securities are recognized in interest income on an accrual basis. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income using the interest method over the expected lives of the individual securities.

Transfers of debt securities from the available-for-sale category to the held-to-maturity category are made at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of transfer remains in accumulated other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the held-to-maturity investment security. Premiums or discounts on investment securities are amortized or accreted as an adjustment of yield using the interest method over the estimated life of the security. Unrealized holding gains or losses that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income are also amortized or accreted over the estimated life of the security as an adjustment of yield, offsetting the related amortization of the premium or accretion of the discount.

Loans Held for Sale

Residential mortgage loans with the intent to be sold in the secondary market are accounted for on an aggregate basis under the fair value option. Fair value is primarily determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets. Non-refundable fees and direct loan origination costs related to residential mortgage loans held for sale are recognized as part of the cost basis of the loan at the time of sale. Gains and losses on sales of residential mortgage loans (sales proceeds minus carrying value) are recorded in the mortgage banking component of noninterest income.

Commercial loans that management has an active plan to sell are valued on an individual basis at the lower-of-cost-or fair value. Fair value is primarily determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets or agreed upon sales prices. Any reduction in the loan’s value, prior to being transferred to the held-for-sale category, is reflected as a charge-off of the recorded investment in the loan resulting in a new cost basis, with a corresponding reduction in the allowance for credit losses (the “Allowance”). Further decreases in the fair value of the loan are recognized in noninterest expense.

Loans are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income including unamortized deferred loan fees and costs, and cumulative net charge-offs. Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis. Loan origination fees, certain direct costs, and unearned discounts and premiums, if any, are deferred and are generally amortized into interest income as yield adjustments using the interest method over the contractual life of the loan. Loan commitment fees are generally recognized into noninterest income. Other credit-related fees are recognized as fee income, a component of noninterest income, when earned.

The Company’s lease financing arrangements primarily consist of equipment and automobile leases. These lease arrangements are classified as sales-type leases despite not receiving a selling profit at lease inception. Sales-type leases are carried at the aggregate of lease payments receivable plus the estimated residual value of leased property, less unearned income. Unearned income on sales-type leases is amortized over the lease term by methods that approximate the interest method. Residual values on leased assets are periodically reviewed for impairment.

Non-Performing Loans and Leases

Generally, all classes of commercial loans and leases are placed on non-accrual status upon becoming contractually past due 90 days as to principal or interest (unless loans and leases are adequately secured by collateral, are in the process of collection, and are reasonably expected to result in repayment), when terms are renegotiated below market levels, or where substantial doubt about full repayment of principal or interest is evident. For residential mortgage and home equity loan classes, loans past due 120 days as to principal or interest may be placed on non-accrual status and a partial charge-off may be recorded, depending on the collateral value and whether the loan is in the process of collection. For automobile and other consumer loan classes, the entire outstanding balance of the loan is charged off when the loan becomes 120 days past due as to principal or interest.

When a loan or lease is placed on non-accrual status, the accrued and unpaid interest receivable is reversed and the loan or lease is accounted for on the cash or cost recovery method until qualifying for return to accrual status. All payments received on non-accrual loans and leases are applied against the principal balance of the loan or lease. A loan or lease may be returned to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal become current in accordance with the terms of the loan or lease agreement and when doubt about repayment is resolved.

Generally, for all classes of loans and leases, a charge-off is recorded when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and when it is possible to determine a reasonable estimate of the loss. For all classes of commercial loans and leases, a charge-off is determined on a judgmental basis after due consideration of the debtor’s prospects for repayment and the fair value of collateral. For the pooled segment of the Company’s commercial and industrial loan class, which consists of small business loans, the entire outstanding balance of the loan remains on accrual status until it is charged off during the month that the loan becomes 120 days past due as to principal or interest. As previously mentioned, for residential mortgage and home equity loan classes, a partial charge-off may be recorded at 120 days past due as to principal or interest depending on the collateral value and/or the collectability of the loan. In the event that a loan or line in the home equity loan class is behind another financial institution’s first mortgage, the entire outstanding balance of the loan is charged off when the loan becomes 120 days past due as to principal or interest, unless the combined loan-to-value ratio is 60% or less. As noted above, loans in the automobile and other consumer loan classes are charged off in its entirety upon the loan becoming 120 days past due as to principal or interest.

The Company’s reserve for credit losses is comprised of the Allowance and the Unfunded Reserve.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans and Leases (the “Allowance”)

The current expected credit loss (“CECL”) approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure (or pool of exposures).

The estimate of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. Historical loss experience is generally the starting point for estimating expected credit losses. The Company then considers whether the historical loss experience should be adjusted for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date that did not exist over the period from which historical experience was used. The Company also considers future economic conditions and portfolio performance as part of a reasonable and supportable forecast period.

Portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses. The Company has designated two portfolio segments of loans and leases, commercial and consumer. These portfolio segments are further disaggregated into classes, which represent loans and leases of similar type, risk characteristics, and methods for monitoring and assessing credit risk. The commercial portfolio segment is disaggregated into four classes, commercial and industrial, commercial mortgage, construction, and lease financing. The consumer portfolio segment is also disaggregated into four classes, residential mortgage, home equity, auto, and other (which is comprised of revolving credit, installment, and consumer lease financing arrangements). Each commercial and consumer portfolio class is also segmented based on risk characteristics.

Commercial Portfolio Segment

The historical loss experience for the commercial portfolio segment is primarily determined using a Cohort method. This method pools loans into groups (“cohorts”) sharing similar risk characteristics based on portfolio class and risk ratings, and tracks each cohort’s historical net charge-offs to calculate a historical loss rate. The historical loss rates for each cohort are then averaged to calculate an overall historical loss rate which is applied to current loan balances to arrive at the quantitative baseline portion of the Allowance for most of the commercial portfolio segment.

The Company also considers qualitative adjustments to the quantitative baseline such as the impact of current environmental factors at the reporting date that did not exist over the period from which historical experience was used. Relevant factors include, but are not limited to, concentrations of credit risk, such as geographic, large borrower, industry; and economic trends and conditions, such as Hawaii unemployment, real estate prices and market conditions, and visitor arrivals. The Company also considers changes in underwriting standards, experience and depth of lending staff, trends in delinquencies, and the level of criticized loans.

The Company also incorporates a reasonable and supportable (“R&S”) loss forecast period, which is currently one year, to account for the effect of forecasted economic conditions and other factors on the performance of the commercial portfolio, which could differ from historical loss experience. The Company performs asset quality reviews which includes a review of forecasted delinquencies, gross charge-offs and recoveries, nonperforming assets, criticized loans and leases, and risk rating migration. The results of the asset quality review are used to consider qualitative adjustments to the quantitative baseline. After the one-year R&S loss forecast period, this adjustment assumes an immediate reversion to historical loss rates for the remaining expected life of the loan.

The Company establishes a specific reserve for individually evaluated loans which do not share similar risk characteristics with the loans evaluated using a collective or pooled basis. These individually evaluated loans are removed from the pooling approach discussed above for the quantitative baseline. Individually evaluated loans may include non-accrual and doubtful loans as well as other loans with unique risk characteristics that justify separate analysis as deemed appropriate by management.

Consumer Portfolio Segment

The historical loss experience for the consumer portfolio segment is primarily determined using a Vintage method. This method measures historical loss behavior in the form of a historical loss rate for homogenous loan pools that originate in the same period, known as a vintage. The historical loss rates are then applied to origination loan balances by vintage to determine the quantitative baseline portion of the Allowance for most of the consumer portfolio segment. The homogenous loan pools are segmented according to similar risk characteristics (e.g., residential mortgage, home equity) and may be sub-segmented further based on historical loss behavior. For example, the Company sub-segments residential mortgages by geography and home equity by lien position.

The Company also considers qualitative adjustments to the quantitative baseline. For example, the Company considers the impact of current environmental factors at the reporting date that did not exist over the period from which historical experience was used. The environmental factors considered for the consumer portfolio are similar to the aforementioned factors considered for the commercial portfolio.

The Company also incorporates a reasonable and supportable (“R&S”) loss forecast period, which is currently one year, to account for the effect of forecasted economic conditions and other factors on the performance of the consumer portfolio which could differ from historical loss experience. The Company performs asset quality reviews which include a review of forecasted delinquencies, gross charge-offs and recoveries, and nonperforming assets. Asset quality review results are used to consider qualitative adjustments to the quantitative baseline.

The Company has chosen an immediate reversion back to average historical loss rates following the one-year R&S loss forecast period. The reversion method does not reflect uncertainties beyond the R&S loss forecast period, for which the Company has addressed through other qualitative adjustments.

The Company establishes a specific reserve for individually evaluated loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the loans evaluated using a collective or pooled basis.

See Note 4 Loans and Leases and the Allowance for Credit Losses for more information.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Held-to-Maturity (“HTM”) Debt Securities

The Company’s HTM debt securities are also required to utilize the CECL approach to estimate expected credit losses. Substantially all of the Company’s HTM debt securities are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses for these securities.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale (“AFS”) Debt Securities

The impairment model for available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities differs from the CECL approach utilized by HTM debt securities because AFS debt securities are measured at fair value rather than amortized cost. Although ASU No. 2016-13 replaced the legacy other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) model with a credit loss model, it retained the fundamental nature of the legacy OTTI model. One notable change from the legacy OTTI model is when evaluating whether credit loss exists, an entity may no longer consider the length of time fair value has been less than amortized cost. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as a provision for (or reversal of) credit losses. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. As of December 31, 2023, the Company determined that the unrealized loss positions in AFS securities were not the result of credit losses, and management had the intent and ability to hold to recovery, therefore, an allowance for credit losses was not recorded. See Note 3 Investment Securities for more information.

Collateral-Dependent Loans

A financial asset is considered collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. For all classes of loans and leases deemed collateral-dependent, the Company elected the practical expedient to estimate expected credit losses based on the collateral’s fair value less cost to sell. In most cases, the Company records a partial charge-off to reduce the loan’s carrying value to the collateral’s fair value less cost to sell. Substantially all of the collateral consists of various types of real estate including residential properties; commercial properties such as retail centers, office buildings, and lodging; agriculture land; and vacant land.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

The Unfunded Reserve represents the expected credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments such as unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The Unfunded Reserve is recognized as a liability (other liabilities in the consolidated statements of condition) and the offsetting adjustment to the reserve is recognized in provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income. The Unfunded Reserve is determined by estimating future draws and applying the expected loss rates on those draws. Future draws are based on historical averages of utilization rates (i.e., the likelihood of draws taken). To estimate future draws on unfunded balances, current utilization rates are compared to historical utilization rates. If current utilization rates are below historical utilization rates, the rate difference is applied to the committed balance to estimate the future draw. Expected loss rates are estimated using the loss rates calculated for the corresponding loan category in the Allowance. For the commercial portfolio, the historical loss rates were calculated utilizing the Cohort methodology, while the consumer portfolio utilized the Vintage methodology.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in other banks, and funds sold. All amounts are readily convertible to cash and have maturities of less than 90 days.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Capital leases are included in premises and equipment at the capitalized amount less accumulated amortization.

Premises and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Estimated useful lives generally range up to 30 years for buildings and up to 10 yearsfor equipment. Capitalized leased assets and leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term. Repairs and maintenanceare charged to expense as incurred, while improvements which extend the estimated useful life of the asset are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining life of the asset.

Premises and equipment are periodically evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment exists when the expected undiscounted future cash flows of premises and equipment are less than its carrying amount. In that event, the Company records a loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset based on quoted market prices, if applicable, or a discounted cash flow analysis.

Foreclosed Real Estate

Foreclosed real estate consists of properties acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. These properties are recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell the property. If the recorded investment in the loan exceeds the property’s fair value at the time of acquisition, a charge-off is recorded against the Allowance. If the fair value of the property at the time of acquisition exceeds the carrying amount of the loan, the excess is recorded either as a recovery to the Allowance if a charge-off had previously been recorded, or as a gain on initial transfer in other noninterest income. Subsequent decreases in the property’s fair value and operating expenses of the property are recognized through charges to other noninterest expense. The fair value of the property acquired is based on third party appraisals, broker price opinions, recent sales activity, or a combination thereof, subject to management judgment.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights are recognized as assets when mortgage loans are sold and the rights to service those loans are retained. Mortgage servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income.

The Company’s mortgage servicing rights accounted for under the fair value method are carried on the statements of condition at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in mortgage banking income in the period in which the change occurs. Changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights are primarily due to changes in valuation inputs, assumptions, and the collection and realization of expected cash flows.

The Company’s mortgage servicing rights accounted for under the amortization method are initially recorded at fair value. However, these mortgage servicing rights are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. An impairment analysis is prepared on a quarterly basis by estimating the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights and comparing that value to the carrying amount. A valuation allowance is established when the carrying amount of these mortgage servicing rights exceeds fair value.

Goodwill

Goodwill is initially recorded as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination and is subsequently evaluated at least annually for impairment. Goodwill impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level, equivalent to a business segment or one level below. The Company has goodwill assigned to the following reporting unit: Consumer Banking.

The Company performs its annual evaluation of goodwill impairment in the fourth quarter of each year and on an interim basis if events or changes in circumstances indicate that there may be impairment. The Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative factors considered include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic and State of Hawaii economic conditions, industry and market conditions and trends, the Company’s financial performance, market capitalization, stock price, and any Company-specific events relevant to the assessment. If the assessment of qualitative factors indicates that it is not more likely than not that an impairment exists, no further testing is performed; otherwise an impairment test is performed. Subsequent reversals of goodwill impairment are prohibited. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company’s goodwill impairment evaluation, based on its qualitative assessment, indicated there wasno impairment.

Non-Marketable Equity Securities

The Company is required to own Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Des Moines and Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock as a condition of membership. These non-marketable equity securities are accounted for at cost which equals par or redemption value. These securities do not have a readily determinable fair value as their ownership is restricted and there is no market for these securities. These securities can only be redeemed or sold at their par value and only to the respective issuing government sponsored institution or to another member institution. The Company records these non-marketable equity securities as a component of other assets, which are periodically evaluated for impairment. Management considers these non-marketable equity securities to be long-term investments. Accordingly, when evaluating these securities for impairment, management considers the ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The Company purchases life insurance policies on the lives of certain officers and employees and is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. The Company invests in these Bank-Owned Life Insurance (“BOLI”) policies to provide an efficient form of funding for long-term retirement and other employee benefits costs. The Company records these BOLI policies in the consolidated statements of condition at cash surrender value, with changes recorded in noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The Company enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Company may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase the assets. As a result, securities sold under agreements to repurchase are accounted for as collateralized financing arrangements (i.e., secured borrowings) and not as a sale and subsequent repurchase of securities. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability in the Company’s consolidated statements of condition, while the securities underlying the securities sold under agreements to repurchase remain in the respective asset accounts.

Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans

The Company incurs certain employment-related expenses associated with itstwo frozen pension plans and a postretirement benefit plan (the “Plans”). In order to measure the expense associated with the Plans, various assumptions are made including the discount rate, expected return on plan assets, anticipated mortality rates, and expected future healthcare costs. The assumptions are based on historical experience as well as current facts and circumstances. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for its Plans. As of the measurement date, plan assets are determined based on fair value, generally representing observable market prices. The projected benefit obligation is primarily determined based on the present value of projected benefit distributions at an assumed discount rate.

Net periodic pension benefit costs include interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, the expected return on plan assets based on actuarially derived market-related values, and the amortization of net actuarial gains or losses. Net periodic postretirement benefit costs include service costs, interest costs based on an assumed discount rate, and the amortization of prior service credits and net actuarial gains or losses. The service cost portion of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs is recognized in salaries and benefits and interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization of net actuarial gains or losses are recognized in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income. Differences between expected and actual results in each year are included in the net actuarial gain or loss amount, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The net actuarial gain or loss in excess of a 10% corridor is amortized in net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining expected lives of the pension plan participants and over the average remaining future service years of the postretirement benefit plan participants. The prior service credit is amortized over the average remaining service period to full eligibility for participating employees expected to receive benefits.

The Company recognizes in its consolidated statements of condition an asset for a plan’s overfunded status or a liability for a plan’s underfunded status. The Company also measures the Plans’ assets and obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the year and recognizes those changes in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

The Parent files a consolidated federal income tax return with the Bank and its subsidiaries. Calculation of the Company’s provision for income taxes requires the interpretation of income tax laws and regulations and the use of estimates and judgments in its determination. The Company is subject to examination by governmental authorities that may give rise to income tax issues due to differing interpretations. Changes to the liability for income taxes also occur due to changes in income tax rates, implementation of new business strategies, resolution of issues with taxing authorities, and newly enacted statutory, judicial, and regulatory guidance.

Deferred income taxes are provided to reflect the tax effect of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the corresponding tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred income taxes are calculated by applying enacted statutory tax rates and tax laws to future years in which temporary differences are expected to reverse. The impact on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the tax rate change is enacted. A deferred tax valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The Company’s tax sharing policy provides for the settlement of income taxes between each relevant subsidiary as if the subsidiary had filed a separate return. Payments are made to the Parent by subsidiaries with tax liabilities and subsidiaries that generate tax benefits receive payments for those benefits as used.

The Company maintains reserves for certain tax positions that arise in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2023, these positions were evaluated based on an assessment of probabilities as to the likelihood of whether a liability had been incurred. Such assessments are reviewed as events occur and adjustments to the reserves are made as appropriate. In evaluating a tax position for recognition, the Company evaluates whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. If the tax position meets the more likely than not recognition threshold, the tax position is measured and recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements as the largest amount of tax benefit that, in management’s judgment, is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

Treasury Stock

Shares of the Parent’s common stock that are repurchased are recorded in treasury stock at cost. On the date of subsequent re-issuance, the treasury stock account is reduced by the cost of such stock on a first-in, first-out basis.

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, assuming conversion of all potentially dilutive common stock equivalents.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivative instruments are carried at fair value and recorded in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate in the consolidated statements of condition with changes in the fair value recorded to earnings or accumulated other comprehensive income, as appropriate. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, the Company designates the derivative as a fair value hedge (i.e., a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability) or a free-standing derivative instrument. For a derivative designated as a fair value hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument and the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability are recognized in current period earnings as an increase or decrease to the carrying value of the hedged item in the statements of condition and in the related income statement account.

For a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument and changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment attributable to interest rate risk are recorded in current period earnings.

The Company formally documents the relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivative instruments that are designated as hedges to specific assets or liabilities, unrecognized firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company also formally assesses, both at the inception of a hedge and on a quarterly basis, whether the derivative instruments used are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values of hedged items. To qualify for hedge accounting, derivatives must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged and must be designated as a hedge at the inception of the derivative contract. The Company assesses a hedge as highly effective if the change in fair value of the derivative hedging instrument is within 80% to 125% of the opposite change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company may grant share-based compensation to employees and non-employee directors in the form of restricted stock and restricted stock units. The fair value of restricted stock is determined based on the closing price of the Parent’s common stock on the date of grant. The Company recognizes compensation expense related to restricted stock on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for service-based awards plus additional recognition of costs associated with accelerated vesting based on the projected attainment of Company performance measures.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed the first time that advertising takes place. Advertising costs were $8.2 million, $10.0 million, and $9.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

International Operations

The Bank has operations that are conducted in certain Pacific Islands that are denominated in U.S. dollars. These operations are classified as domestic.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurements apply whenever GAAP requires or permits assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value either on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions that management believes market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability. Fair value measurement and disclosure guidance established a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of inputs used in valuation methodologies. Management maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value measurements. Management reviews and updates the fair value hierarchy classifications of the Company’s assets and liabilities on a quarterly basis. The three-level fair value hierarchy is as follows:

In some instances, an instrument may fall into multiple levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such instances, the instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest of the three levels (with Level 3 being the lowest) that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company's assessment of the significance of an input requires judgment and considers factors specific to the instrument.

See Note 14 Employee Benefits and Note 21 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities for the required fair value measurement disclosures.

Accounting Standards Pending Adoption

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The amendments in ASU 2023-07 improve financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. ASU 2023-07 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” ASU 2023-09 enhances annual income tax disclosures to address investor requests for more information about the tax risks and opportunities present in an entity’s worldwide operations. The two primary enhancements disaggregate existing income tax disclosures related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual period beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 should be applied on a prospective basis, although retrospective application is permitted. ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 2. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restrictions on Cash

The Company is required to maintain cash on hand or on deposit with the FRB based on the amount of certain customer deposits, mainly checking accounts. The FRB lowered the reserve requirement ratios on transaction accounts to zero percent effective March 26, 2020, therefore, there wereno required reserve balances as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents reported within the consolidated statements of condition that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows:

Note 3. Investment Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of the Company’s investment securities as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, were as follows:

The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable (“AIR”) from the amortized cost basis of debt securities disclosed throughout this footnote. For available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities, AIR totaled$9.0 million and$11.7 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. For held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities, AIR totaled$8.7 million and$9.2 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. AIR is included in the “accrued interest receivable” line item on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition.

The table below presents an analysis of the contractual maturities of the Company’s investment securities as of December 31, 2023. Debt securities issued by government agencies (Small Business Administration securities) and mortgage-backed securities are disclosed separately in the table below as these investment securities may prepay prior to their scheduled contractual maturity dates.

Investment securities with carrying values of $7.1 billion and $4.1 billion as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, were pledged to secure deposits of governmental entities, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, support the Company's borrowing capacity with the FRB, and secure derivative transactions.

The table below presents the gains and losses from the sales of investment securities for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

The losses on sales of investment securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 included a $4.6 million realized loss from sales of various corporate and municipal bonds, a strategic decision made by the Company to reduce the size of its AFS portfolio. In addition, fees paid to the counterparties of the Company’s prior Visa Class B share sale transactions, which are expensed as incurred, also contributed to the losses during the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes the Company’s AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

The Company does not believe that the AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023, which were comprised of 379 individual securities, represent a credit loss impairment. The gross unrealized loss positions were primarily related to mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Total gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. The Company does not intend to sell the investment securities that were in an unrealized loss position and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investment securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity.

Substantially all of the Company’s HTM debt securities are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses for these securities as of December 31, 2023.

Interest income from taxable and non-taxable investment securities for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, were as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the carrying values of the Company’s Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB Des Moines”) stock and Federal Reserve Bank stock were as follows:

These securities can only be redeemed or sold at their par value and only to the respective issuing government-supported institution or to another member institution. The Company records these non-marketable equity securities as a component of other assets and periodically evaluates these securities for impairment. Management considers these non-marketable equity securities to be long-term investments. Accordingly, when evaluating these securities for impairment, management considers the ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than recognizing temporary declines in value.

Note 4. Loans and Leases and the Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s loan and lease portfolio was comprised of the following as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

The majority of the Company’s lending activity is with customers located in the State of Hawaii. A substantial portion of the Company’s real estate loans are secured by real estate in Hawaii.

Net gains related to sales of residential mortgage loans, recorded as a component of mortgage banking income, were $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and $7.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. Net gains on sales of commercial loans were not material for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of loans disclosed throughout this footnote. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, accrued interest receivable for loans totaled $48.4 million and $40.1 million, respectively, and is included in the “accrued interest receivable” line item on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition.

Allowance for Credit Losses (the “Allowance”)

The following presents by portfolio segment, the activity in the Allowance for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company uses several credit quality indicators to manage credit risk in an ongoing manner. The Company uses an internal credit risk rating system that categorizes loans and leases into pass, special mention, or classified categories. Credit risk ratings are applied individually to those classes of loans and leases that have significant or unique credit characteristics that benefit from a case-by-case evaluation. These are typically loans and leases to businesses or individuals in the classes which comprise the commercial portfolio segment. Groups of loans and leases that are underwritten and structured using standardized criteria (e.g. credit score, loan-to-value, debt-to-income) and monitored primarily on payment performance, are typically risk-rated and monitored collectively. These are typically loans and leases to individuals in the classes which comprise the consumer portfolio segment.

The following are the definitions of the Company’s credit quality indicators:

For Pass rated credits in the commercial portfolio, most risk ratings are certified at a minimum annually. For Special Mention or Classified Credits, risk ratings are reviewed for appropriateness on an ongoing basis, monthly, or at a minimum, quarterly. The following presents by credit quality indicator, loan class, and year of origination, the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2023.

Loans reported as Special Mention or Classified in the 2023 column represent renewal of loans that originated in an earlier period.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, $13.2 million in revolving loans were converted to term loans.

The following presents by credit quality indicator, loan class, and year of origination, the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, $6.2 million in revolving loans were converted to term loans.

Aging Analysis

Loans and leases are considered to be past due once becoming 30 days delinquent. For the consumer portfolio, this generally represents two missed monthly payments. The following presents by class, an aging analysis of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

Represents non-accrual loans that are not past due 30 days or more; however, full payment of principal and interest as originally structured is still not expected.

Non-Accrual Loans and Leases

The following presents the non-accrual loans and leases as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

All payments received while on non-accrual status are applied against the principal balance of the loan or lease. The Company does not recognize interest income while loans or leases are on non-accrual status.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include interest rate reductions, principal or interest forgiveness, forbearances, term extensions, and other actions intended to minimize economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral. The following illustrates the most common loan modifications by loan classes offered by the Company that are required to be disclosed pursuant to the requirements of ASU 2022-02:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023.

1 Includes forbearance plans.

2 Comprised of other revolving credit, installment and lease financing.

The following table presents the financial effect of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023.

1 Includes forbearance plans.

2 Comprised of other revolving credit, installment and lease financing.

The following table presents the loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2023.

1 Comprised of other revolving credit, installment and lease financing.

The following table presents the aging analysis of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of December 31, 2023.

1 Comprised of other revolving credit, installment and lease financing.

The following table presents by loan class and year of origination, the gross charge-offs recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Foreclosure Proceedings

Consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in the process of foreclosure totaled $4.9 million as of December 31, 2023.

Note 5. Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company’s portfolio of residential mortgage loans serviced for third parties was$2.6 billion as of December 31, 2023, and$2.6 billion as of December 31, 2022. Substantially all of these loans were originated by the Company and sold to third parties on a non-recourse basis with servicing rights retained. These retained servicing rights are recorded as a servicing asset and are initially recorded at fair value (see Note 21 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities for more information). Changes to the balance of mortgage servicing rights are recorded in mortgage banking income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

The Company’s mortgage servicing activities include collecting principal, interest, and escrow payments from borrowers; making tax and insurance payments on behalf of borrowers; monitoring delinquencies and executing foreclosure proceedings; and accounting for and remitting principal and interest payments to investors. Servicing income, including late and ancillary fees, was$5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023,$6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and$6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Servicing income is recorded in mortgage banking income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company’s residential mortgage investor loan servicing portfolio is primarily comprised of fixed rate loans concentrated in Hawaii.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the change in the fair value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights accounted for under the fair value measurement method was as follows:

For the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the change in the carrying value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights accounted for under the amortization method was as follows:

The key data and assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

Represents annualized loan prepayment rate assumption.

Derived from multiple interest rate scenarios that incorporate a spread to a market yield curve and market volatilities.

A sensitivity analysis of the Company’s fair value of mortgage servicing rights to changes in certain key assumptions as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, is presented in the following table.

This analysis generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of a change in one key assumption to the change in the fair value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights usually is not linear. Also, the effect of changing one key assumption without changing other assumptions is not realistic.

Note 6. Premises and Equipment

The components of the Company’s premises and equipment as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, were as follows:

Depreciation and amortization (including finance lease amortization) included in noninterest expense was$21.3 million,$21.4 million, and$21.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

There wasno impairment of the Company’s premises and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

Note 7. Other Assets

The components of the Company’s other assets as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, were as follows:

Note 8. Deposits

Time Deposits

As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s total time deposits were$3.1 billion and$1.7 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the contractual maturities of these time deposits were as follows:

The amount of time deposits with balances of $100,000 or more was$2.7 billion as of December 31, 2023, and$1.5 billion as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the contractual maturities of these time deposits were as follows:

Uninsured time deposits as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 were $1.7 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively.

Public Deposits

As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, deposits of governmental entities of$2.0 billion and$1.6 billion, respectively, required collateralization by acceptable investment securities of the Company.

Note 9. Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

Details of the Company’s securities sold under agreements to repurchase as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, all of the Company's repurchase agreements were at fixed interest rates. Remaining terms ranged from 2024 to 2029.

The following table presents the remaining contractual maturities of the Company’s repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, disaggregated by the class of collateral pledged.

In September 2023, the Company terminated repurchase agreements with three private institutions, with an aggregate outstanding

balance of $425.0 million. The termination of these repurchase agreements resulted in a $14.7 million gain on debt extinguishment, which is reflected in other noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income. Additionally, during the three months ended September 30, 2023, a private institution exercised their call right onthree repurchase agreements totaling $150.0 million and as a result the agreements were terminated.

Note 10. Other Debt

The Company’s other debt as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, were as follows:

As a member of the FHLB, the Bank may borrow funds from the FHLB in amounts up to 45% of the Bank’s total assets, provided the Bank is able to pledge an adequate amount of qualified assets to secure the borrowings. As of December 31, 2023, FHLB advances totaled $550.0 million with a weighted-average interest rate of 4.13% and maturity dates ranging from 2026 to 2028. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an undrawn line of credit with the FHLB of $2.5 billion.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an undrawn line of credit with the FRB of $6.4 billion.

Finance lease obligations relate to office space at the Company’s headquarters. The lease began in 1993 and has a 60 year term.

As of December 31, 2023, the annual maturities of the Company's other debt, exclusive of finance lease obligations, were expected to be as follows:

Note 11. Shareholders’ Equity

Regulatory Capital

The table below sets forth the minimum required capital amounts and ratios for well capitalized institutions and the actual capital amounts and ratios for the Company and the Bank as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about the components of regulatory capital, risk weightings, and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1 and Total Capital. Common Equity Tier 1 Capital is common shareholders’ equity, reduced by certain intangible assets, postretirement benefit liability adjustments, and unrealized gains and losses on investment securities. Tier 1 Capital consists of Common Equity Tier 1 Capital and additional tier 1 capital instruments meeting specified requirements. Total Capital is Tier 1 Capital plus an allowable amount of the reserve for credit losses. Risk-weighted assets are calculated by taking assets and credit equivalent amounts of off-balance-sheet items and assigning them to one of several broad risk categories. Four capital ratios are used to measure capital adequacy: Common Equity Tier 1 Capital divided by risk-weighted assets, as defined; Tier 1 Capital divided by risk-weighted assets; Total Capital divided by risk-weighted assets; and the Tier 1 Leverage ratio, which is Tier 1 Capital divided by quarterly adjusted average total assets.

In addition to the minimum risk-based capital requirements, all banks must hold additional capital, referred to as the capital conservation buffer (which is in the form of common equity) under the U.S. Basel III capital framework, to avoid being subject to limits on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to officers. The capital conservation buffer is a minimum of 2.5% of additional capital in addition to the minimum risk-based capital ratios.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company and the Bank were well capitalized as defined in the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. The capital conservation buffer requirements do not currently result in any limitations on distributions or discretionary bonuses for the Company or the Bank. There were no conditions or events since December 31, 2023, that management believes have changed the Company or the Bank’s capital classifications.

The Company elected to apply the modified transition provision related to the impact of the CECL accounting standard on regulatory capital, as provided by the U.S. banking agencies’ March 2020 interim final rule that was finalized on September 30, 2020. Under the modified CECL transition provision, the regulatory capital impact of the Day 1 adjustment to the allowance for credit losses (after-tax), upon the January 1, 2020, CECL adoption date, was deferred, and was phased-in to regulatory capital at 25% per year commencing January 1, 2022. For the ongoing impact of CECL, the Company is allowed to defer the regulatory capital impact of the allowance for credit losses in an amount equal to 25% of the change in the allowance for credit losses (pre-tax) recognized through earnings for each period between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021. The cumulative adjustment to the allowance for credit losses between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, was also phased-in to regulatory capital at 25% per year commencing January 1, 2022.

Dividends

Dividends paid by the Parent are substantially funded from dividends received from the Bank. The Bank is subject to federal and state regulatory restrictions that limit cash dividends and loans to the Parent. These restrictions generally require advance approval from the Bank’s regulator for payment of dividends in excess of the sum of net income for the current calendar year and the retained net income of the priortwo calendar years.

Common Stock Repurchase Program

The Parent has a common stock repurchase program in which shares repurchased are held in treasury stock for reissuance in connection with share-based compensation plans and for general corporate purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Parent repurchased 150,000 shares of common stock under its share repurchase program at an average cost per share of$65.69 and total cost of$9.9 million. From the beginning of the stock repurchase program in July 2001 through December 31, 2023, the Parent repurchased a total of 58.2 million shares of common stock at an average cost of$41.24 per share and total cost of$2.4 billion. The actual amount and timing of future share repurchases, if any, will depend on market conditions, applicable SEC rules and various other factors.

Preferred Stock Issuance

On June 15, 2021, the Company issued and sold 7,200,000 depositary shares (the “depositary shares”), each representing a 1/40 th ownership interest in a share of 4.375% Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”). The Series A Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. Net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and expenses, totaled $175.5 million. Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock are not cumulative and will be paid when declared by the Parent’s Board of Directors to the extent that the Company have legally available funds to pay dividends. If declared, dividends will accrue and be payable quarterly, in arrears, on the liquidation preference amount, on a non-cumulative basis, at a rate of 4.375% per annum. Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock will not have voting rights, except with respect to certain changes in the terms of the preferred stock, certain dividend non-payments and as otherwise required by applicable law. The Company may redeem the Series A Preferred Stock at its option, (i) in whole or in part, from time to time, on any dividend payment date on or after August 1, 2026 or (ii) in whole but not in part, at any time within 90 days following a regulatory capital treatment event, in either case at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share), plus any declared and unpaid dividends.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

The amount relates to the amortization/accretion of unrealized gains and losses related to the Company's reclassification of available-for-sale investment securities to the held-to-maturity category. The unrealized net gains/losses will be amortized/accreted over the remaining life of the investment securities as an adjustment of yield.

The following table presents the changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to net income.

These accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost and are included in Other Noninterest Expense on the consolidated statements of income (see Note 14 Pension Plans and Postretirement Benefit Plan for additional details).

Note 12. Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings per common share is computed using the two-class method. The following is a reconciliation of the weighted average number of common shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share and antidilutive stock options and restricted stock outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021:

Note 13. Business Segments

The Company’s business segments are defined as Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, and Treasury and Other. The Company’s internal management accounting process measures the performance of these business segments. This process, which is not necessarily comparable with the process used by any other financial institution, uses various techniques to assign balance sheet and income statement amounts to the business segments, including allocations of income, expense, the provision for credit losses, and capital. This process is dynamic and requires certain allocations based on judgment and other subjective factors. Unlike financial accounting, there is no comprehensive authoritative guidance for management accounting that is equivalent to GAAP. Previously reported results have been reclassified to conform to the current reporting structure.

The net interest income of the business segments reflects the results of a funds transfer pricing process that matches assets and liabilities with similar interest rate sensitivity and maturity characteristics and reflects the allocation of net interest income related to the Company’s overall asset and liability management activities on a proportionate basis. The basis for the allocation of net interest income is a function of the Company’s assumptions that are subject to change based on changes in current interest rates and market conditions. Funds transfer pricing also serves to transfer interest rate risk to Treasury. However, the other business segments have some latitude to retain certain interest rate exposures related to customer pricing decisions within guidelines.

The provision for credit losses for the Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking business segments reflects the actual net charge-offs of those business segments. The amount of the consolidated provision for loan and lease losses is based on the methodology that the Company used to estimate the consolidated Allowance. The residual provision for credit losses to arrive at the consolidated provision for credit losses is included in Treasury and Other.

Noninterest income and expense includes allocations from support units to business units. These allocations are based on actual usage where practicably calculated or by management’s estimate of such usage.

The provision for income taxes is allocated to business segments using a 26% effective income tax rate. However, the provision for income taxes for the Leasing business unit (included in the Commercial Banking segment) and Auto Leasing portfolio and Pacific Century Life Insurance business unit (both included in the Consumer Banking segment) are assigned their actual effective income tax rates due to the unique relationship that income taxes have with their products. The residual income tax expense or benefit to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate is included in Treasury and Other.

Consumer Banking

Consumer Banking offers a broad range of financial products and services, including loan, deposit and insurance products; private banking and international client banking services; trust services; investment management; and institutional investment advisory services. Consumer Banking also provides a full service brokerage offering equities, mutual funds, life insurance, and annuity products. Loan and lease products include residential mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit, automobile loans and leases, overdraft lines of credit, installment loans, small business loans and leases, and credit cards. Deposit products include checking, savings, and time deposit accounts. Private banking and personal trust groups assist individuals and families in building and preserving their wealth by providing investment, credit, and trust services to high-net-worth individuals. The investment management group manages portfolios utilizing a variety of investment products. Also within Consumer Banking, institutional client services offer investment advice to corporations, government entities, and foundations. Products and services from Consumer Banking are delivered to customers through 51 branch locations and 318 ATMs throughout Hawaii and the Pacific Islands, a customer service center, e-Bankoh (online banking service), and a mobile banking service.

Commercial Banking

Commercial Banking offers products including corporate banking, commercial real estate loans, commercial lease financing, auto dealer financing, and deposit products. Commercial lending and deposit products are offered to middle-market and large companies in Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. In addition, Commercial Banking offers deposit products to government entities in Hawaii. Commercial real estate mortgages focus on customers that include investors, developers, and builders predominantly domiciled in Hawaii. Commercial Banking also includes international banking and provides merchant services to its customers.

Treasury and Other

Treasury consists of corporate asset and liability management activities, including interest rate risk management and a foreign currency exchange business. This segment’s assets and liabilities (and related interest income and expense) consist of interest-bearing deposits, investment securities, federal funds sold and purchased, and short and long-term borrowings. The primary sources of noninterest income are from bank-owned life insurance, net gains from the sale of investment securities, and foreign exchange income related to customer-driven currency requests from merchants and island visitors. The net residual effect of the transfer pricing of assets and liabilities is included in Treasury, along with the elimination of intercompany transactions.

Other organizational units (Technology, Operations, Marketing, Human Resources, Finance, Credit and Risk Management, and Corporate and Regulatory Administration) provide a wide-range of support to the Company’s other income earning segments. Expenses incurred by these support units are charged to the business segments through an internal cost allocation process.

Selected business segment financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021 were as follows:

Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to current presentation.

Note 14. Employee Benefits

The Company has defined contribution plans, defined benefit plans, and a postretirement benefit plan.

Defined Contribution Plans

The Bank of Hawai‘i Retirement Savings Plan (the “Savings Plan”) hasthree Company contribution components in addition to employee contributions: 1) 401(k) matching, as described below; 2) a 3% fixed amount based on eligible compensation; and 3) a discretionary value-sharing contribution.

Under the 401(k) matching component, participating employees may contribute up to 50% of their eligible compensation (within federal limits) to the Savings Plan. The Company makes matching contributions on behalf of participants equal to $1.25 for each $1.00 contributed by participants, up to 2% of the participants’ eligible compensation, and $0.50 for every $1.00 contributed by participants over 2%, up to 5% of the participants’ eligible compensation. A 3% fixed contribution and a discretionary value-sharing contribution, that is linked to the Company’s financial goals, are made regardless of whether the participating employee contributes to the Savings Plan and are invested in accordance with the participant’s selection of investment options available under the Savings Plan. The Company also has a non-qualified savings plan which covers certain employees with compensation exceeding Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) limits on pay amounts in the allocation of the Savings Plan’s benefits. Total expense for all components of the Company’s defined contribution plans was $13.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, and $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Defined Benefit Plans

The Company hastwo defined benefit plans (the “Pension Plans”). In 1995, the Company froze its non-contributory, qualified defined benefit retirement plan (the “Retirement Plan”) and the excess retirement plan (the “Excess Plan”), which covered employees of the Company and participating subsidiaries who met certain eligibility requirements. Beginning January 1, 2001, the Pension Plans no longer provided for compensation increases in the determination of benefits. The projected benefit obligation is equal to the accumulated benefit obligation due to the frozen status of the Pension Plans.

The assets of the Retirement Plan primarily consist of equity and fixed income mutual funds.

The Excess Plan is a non-qualified excess retirement benefit plan which covers certain employees of the Company and participating subsidiaries with compensation exceeding IRS limits on pay amounts applicable to the Pension Plan’s benefit formula. The Excess Plan has no plan assets. The Excess Plan’s projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation were $2.6 million and $2.7 million for December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Postretirement Benefit Plan

The Company’s postretirement benefit plan provides retirees hired before January 1, 2012, with medical and dental insurance coverage. For eligible participants that retired before 2008 and met certain age requirements, the Company and retiree share in the cost of providing postretirement benefits where both the employer and retiree pay a portion of the insurance premiums. Eligible participants who retired before 2008 who did not meet certain age requirements continued on the Company’s benefit plans, but pay for their full insurance premiums. Participants who retired on or after January 1, 2008, who had medical or dental coverage under the Company’s plans immediately before retirement and meet certain age and years of service requirements as of December 31, 2008, are also eligible to participate in the Company’s benefit plans, but must pay for their full insurance premiums. Retirees age 65 and older are provided with a Medicare supplemental plan subsidy. Most employees of the Company who have met certain eligibility requirements are covered by this plan. Participants who retired on or after January 1, 2008, who met certain age and/or years of service requirements, are eligible for the Health Reimbursement Account (“HRA”) program. The HRA program provides retirees with an initial credit based on years of service. Thereafter, an annual credit up to a maximum of $1,200 is provided into the HRA. The retiree may use the HRA for medical, vision, prescription drug and dental premiums, co-payments, and medically necessary health care expenses that are not covered by any medical or dental insurance program or flexible health spending account.

The plan provides access-only coverage for employees hired on or after January 1, 2012. These retirees continue on the medical and dental plan until age 65 paying the full premium. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had no segregated assets to provide for postretirement benefits.

The following table provides a reconciliation of changes in benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets, as well as the funded status recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of condition for the Pension Plans and postretirement benefit plan for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

Participants' contributions relative to the postretirement benefit plan were offset against employer benefits paid in the table above. Participants' contributions for postretirement benefits were $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

Amounts are recognized in Retirement Benefits Payable in the consolidated statements of condition.

The changes in actuarial losses (gains) related to the Company’s Pension and postretirement benefit Plans are mainly due to changes in discount rates for the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in discount rate resulted in a $0.4 million increase to the Company’s Pension Plans liability and a $0.2 million increase to the Company’s postretirement benefit plan liability. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the change in discount rate resulted in a $21.9 million decrease to the Company’s Pension Plans liability and a $7.5 million decrease to the Company’s postretirement benefit plan liability.

The following presents the amounts recognized in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income for the Pension Plans and postretirement benefit plan as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

Components of net periodic benefit cost for the Company’s Pension Plans and the postretirement benefit plan are presented in the following table for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

Represents reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income during the period.

Assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, for the Company’s Pension Plans and postretirement benefit plan were as follows:

The health care cost trend rate is assumed to decrease annually, until reaching the ultimate trend rate of 4.0% in 2047.

Assumptions used to determine the net periodic benefit cost for the Company’s Pension Plans and postretirement benefit plan for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, were as follows:

A combination of factors is used by management in determining the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Historical return experience for major asset categories are evaluated and current market factors, such as inflation and interest rates, are considered in determining the expected long-term rate of return assumption.

The Company expects to contribute $0.4 million to the Pension Plans and $1.5 million to the postretirement benefit plan for the year ending December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2023, expected benefits to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter were as follows:

Retirement Plan Assets

The Company’s overall investment strategy is to maintain the purchasing power of the current assets and all future contributions by producing positive rates of return on plan assets; achieve capital growth towards the attainment of full funding of the Retirement Plan’s termination liability; maximize returns within reasonable and prudent levels of risk; and control costs of administering the plan and managing the investments. The long-term investment objective is to achieve an overall annualized total return, gross of fees, in line with the blended benchmark index comprised of 36% MSCI USA IMI Index,24% MSCI ACWI ex-US IMI Index, and 40% Barclays Aggregate Bond Index.

Subject to liquidity requirements, the asset allocation targets are 60% for equity securities,40% for fixed income securities with a 10% to 20% range permitted from the strategic targets, andzero to 20% for cash. Within the equity securities portfolio, the range for domestic securities is from 50% to 100% and the range for international securities is from 0% to 50%. All assets selected for the Retirement Plan must have a readily ascertainable market value and must be readily marketable.

Due to market fluctuations or cash flows, the allocation for each asset class may be breached by as much as 5% on a temporary basis. However, asset allocations are expected to conform to target ranges within 90 days of such an occurrence.

The fair values of the Retirement Plan assets as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, by asset category were as follows:

The fair values of assets held as of December 31, 2022 were measured using Level 1 inputs..

The fair value of the collective investment fund is based on net asset value ("NAV") of units as a practical expedient, and therefore the asset is not classified in the fair value hierarchy. Quoted prices for all other investments were available in active markets, and therefore were classified as Level 1 measurements in the fair value hierarchy.

Note 15. Share-Based Compensation

The Company has share-based compensation plans which allow grants of stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, and restricted stock units to its employees and non-employee directors. The Company’s employee stock option plans are shareholder approved and administered by the Human Resources and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Stock options provide grantees the option to purchase shares of the Parent’s common stock at a specified exercise price and, generally, expire 10 years from the date of grant. Stock option grants include incentive and non-qualified stock options whose vesting may be subject to one or more criteria, including employment or achievement of Company performance measures. Stock option exercise prices were equal to the quoted market price of the Parent’s common stock on the date of grant. Restricted stock provides grantees with rights to shares of common stock upon completion of one or more criteria, including service period, performance or other conditions as established by the Compensation Committee, such as vesting tied to the Company’s financial performance relative to the peer group or achievement of an absolute financial performance target. During the restriction period, all shares are considered outstanding and dividends are paid on the restricted stock. Generally, restricted stock vests over periods ranging fromone year tofive years from the date of grant. Restricted stock and dividends may be forfeited if an employee terminates prior to vesting.

As of December 31, 2023, total shares authorized under the plans were 2.1 million shares, of which 0.9 million shares were available for future grants.

The Company recognizes compensation expense, measured as the fair value of the share-based award on the date of grant, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation is recorded in the statements of income as a component of salaries and benefits for employees and as a component of other noninterest expense for non-employee directors, with a corresponding increase to capital surplus in shareholders’ equity. For the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, compensation expense and the related income tax benefit recognized for stock options and restricted stock were as follows:

Restricted Stock

As of December 31, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock was $18.3 million. The unrecognized compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.81 years.

The following table presents the activity for restricted stock:

As of December 31, 2023,109,863 shares were unvested from service-based grants.

Stock Options

There wereno stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. All previously issued stock options granted were fully vested prior to December 31, 2018. The Company reissues treasury stock to satisfy stock option exercises.

The following summarizes certain stock option activity of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021:

Note 16. Income Taxes

Provision for Income Taxes

The components of the Company’s provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, were as follows:

The tax effects of fair value adjustments on AFS investment securities, the amortization of unrealized gains and losses related to investment securities transferred to HTM, and the minimum pension liability adjustment are recorded directly to consolidated shareholders’ equity. Excess tax benefits related to stock options are recorded as a reduction of the provision for income taxes. The net tax charge recorded directly to consolidated shareholders’ equity was $13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The net tax benefit recorded directly to consolidated shareholders’ equity was$132.7 million and $26.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets

As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, significant components of the Company’s deferred tax liabilities and assets were as follows:

Both positive and negative evidence were considered by management in determining the need for a valuation allowance. Negative evidence included the uncertainty regarding the generation of capital gains in future years and restrictions on the ability to sell low-income housing investments during periods when carrybacks/carryforwards of capital losses are allowed. Positive evidence included capital gains in the carryback years. After considering all available evidence, management determined that a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets related to low-income housing investments that can only be used to offset capital gains was appropriate. Management determined that a valuation allowance was not required for the remaining deferred tax assets because it is more likely than not that these assets will be realized through future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, and there will be sufficient future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company carried a valuation allowance of $6.7 million and $6.2 million, respectively, related to the deferred tax assets established in connection with the low-income housing investments.

Certain events covered by Internal Revenue Code Section 593(e) will trigger a recapture of base year reserves of acquired thrift institutions. The base year reserves of acquired thrift institutions would be recaptured if an entity ceases to qualify as a bank for federal income tax purposes. The base year reserves of thrift institutions also remain subject to income tax penalty provisions that, in general, require recapture upon certain stock redemptions of, and excess distributions to, shareholders. As of December 31, 2023, retained earnings included $18.2 million of base year reserves for which the deferred federal income tax liability of $4.8 million has not been recognized.

Effective Tax Rate

The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021:

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The Company is required to record a liability, referred to as an unrecognized tax benefit (“UTB”), for the entire amount of benefit taken in a prior or future income tax return when the Company determines that a tax position has a less than 50% likelihood of being accepted by the taxing authority. The following presents a reconciliation of the Company’s liability for UTBs for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021:

As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022,$3.7 million in liabilities for UTBs were related to UTBs that if reversed would have an impact on the Company’s effective tax rate.

Management believes that it is reasonably possible that the Company’s liability for UTBs could further decrease as a result of the expiration of statutes of limitations within the next 12 months. However, management is currently not able to estimate a range of possible change in the amount of the liability for UTBs recorded as of December 31, 2023.

The Company classifies interest and penalties, if any, related to the liability for UTBs as a component of the provision for income taxes. The recorded net tax benefit for interest and penalties was less than $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the balance of the accrual for possible interest and penalties was $1.1 millionand $1.3 million, respectively.

The federal tax returns for 2020 through 2022 remain subject to examination. The Company's State of Hawaii income tax returns for 2017 and 2020 through 2022 remain subject to examination by the taxing authorities.

Note 17. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses derivative instruments to manage its exposure to market risks, including interest rate risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. The Company designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments in a qualifying hedge accounting relationship, while other derivatives serve as economic hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting. The Company is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties. See Note 19 Balance Sheet Offsettingfor more information.

In 2023, the Company entered into certain interest rate swap contracts that are matched to closed portfolios of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans and available-for-sale investments securities. These contracts have been designated as hedging instruments to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of the underlying loans or investment securities due to changes in interest rates. The related contracts are structured so that the notional amounts reduce over time to generally match the expected amortization of the underlying loan or investment security.

The notional amount and fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, were as follows:

The conversation rate swap agreements were valued at zero as further reductions to the conversion rate were deemed neither probable nor reasonably estimable.

The following table presents the Company’s derivative financial instruments, their fair values, and their location in the consolidated statements of condition as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

Asset derivatives are included in other assets and liability derivatives are included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of condition.

The following table presents the Company’s derivative financial instruments and the amount and location of the net gains or losses recognized in the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021:

The net gain amount presented in the table above for the year ended December 31, 2021, have been updated to properly exclude the fee income generated from the execution of these derivative financial instruments.

The following amounts were recorded on the consolidated statement of financial condition related to the cumulative basis adjustment for fair value hedges as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

These amounts were included in the fair value of closed portfolios of investment securities, available-for-sale used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the stated amount of assets in the closed portfolios anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was$1.8 billion.

These amounts were included in the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios of loans used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the stated amount of assets in the closed portfolios anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. As of December 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $3.2 billion.

Management has received authorization from the Bank’s Board of Directors to use derivative financial instruments as an end-user in connection with the Bank’s risk management activities and to accommodate the needs of the Bank’s customers. As with any financial instrument, derivative financial instruments have inherent risks. Market risk is defined as the risk of adverse financial impact due to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and equity prices. Market risks associated with derivative financial instruments are balanced with the expected returns to enhance earnings performance and shareholder value, while limiting the volatility of each. The Company uses various processes to monitor its overall market risk exposure, including earnings, valuation and price sensitivity analysis, and other methodologies.

Derivative financial instruments are also subject to credit and counterparty risk, which is defined as the risk of financial loss if a borrower or counterparty is either unable or unwilling to repay borrowings or settle transactions in accordance with the underlying contractual terms. Credit and counterparty risks associated with derivative financial instruments are similar to those relating to traditional financial instruments. The Company manages derivative credit and counterparty risk by evaluating the creditworthiness of each borrower or counterparty, adhering to the same credit approval process used for commercial lending activities.

The Company’s free-standing derivative financial instruments are required to be carried at their fair value on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition. These financial instruments have been limited to interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), forward commitments, interest rate swap agreements, foreign exchange contracts, and conversion rate swap agreements.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Interest Rate Lock Commitments/Forward Commitments

The Company enters into IRLCs for residential mortgage loans which commit us to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specific interest rate and within a specified period of time. IRLCs that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale are considered derivative financial instruments under applicable accounting guidance. Outstanding IRLCs expose the Company to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan. To mitigate this risk, the Company utilizes forward commitments as economic hedges against the potential decreases in the values of the loans held for sale. IRLCs and forward commitments are free-standing derivatives which are carried at fair value with changes recorded in the mortgage banking component of noninterest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company enters into swap agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies of a small number of commercial banking customers. The Company mitigates the interest rate risk of entering into these agreements by entering into equal and offsetting interest rate swap agreements with highly rated third party financial institutions. The interest rate swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value in the Company’s consolidated statements of condition (asset positions are included in other assets and liability positions are included in other liabilities). Fair value changes are recorded in other noninterest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The Company is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties; however, the Company does not offset assets and liabilities under these arrangements for financial statement presentation purposes. The master netting arrangements provide for a single net settlement of all swap agreements, as well as collateral, in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. Collateral, usually in the form of cash and marketable securities, is posted by the party (i.e., the Company or the financial institution counterparty) with net liability positions in accordance with contract thresholds. The Company had a net asset position with its financial institution counterparties totaling$114.5 million and$38.8 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. See Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the interest rate swap agreements.

Foreign Exchange Contracts

The Company utilizes foreign exchange contracts to offset risks related to transactions executed on behalf of customers. The foreign exchange contracts are free-standing derivatives which are carried at fair value with changes included in other noninterest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Conversion Rate Swap Agreements

As certain sales of Visa Class B restricted shares were completed, the Company entered into a conversion rate swap agreement with the buyer that requires payment to the buyer in the event Visa further reduces the conversion rate of Class B into Class A unrestricted common shares. In the event of Visa increasing the conversion rate, the buyer would be required to make payment to the Company. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the conversion rate swap agreements were valued atzero (i.e., no contingent liability recorded) as further reductions to the conversion rate were deemed neither probable nor reasonably estimable by management. See Note 3 Investment Securities for more information

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

Fair Value Hedges

The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of fixed-rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Company entered into pay-fixed and receive-floating interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value of its available-for-sale investment securities and fixed rate residential mortgage loans. These interest rate swaps are designated as fair value hedges using the portfolio layer method. The Company receives variable-rate interest payments in exchange for making fixed-rate payments over the lives of the contracts without exchanging the notional amounts. The fair value hedges are recorded as components of other assets and other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. The gain or loss on these derivatives, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged items attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Note 18. Affordable Housing Projects Tax Credit Partnerships

The Company makes equity investments in various limited partnerships or limited liability companies that sponsor affordable housing projects utilizing the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (“LIHTC”) pursuant to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. The purpose of these investments is to achieve a satisfactory return on capital, to facilitate the sale of affordable housing product offerings, and to assist in achieving goals associated with the Community Reinvestment Act. The primary activities of these entities include the identification, development, and operation of multi-family housing that is leased to qualifying residential tenants. Generally, these types of investments are funded through a combination of debt and equity.

The Company is a limited partner or non-managing member in each LIHTC limited partnership or limited liability company, respectively. Each of these entities is managed by an unrelated third-party general partner or managing member who exercises significant control over the affairs of the entity. The general partner or managing member has all the rights, powers and authority granted or permitted to be granted to a general partner of a limited partnership or managing member of a limited liability company. Duties entrusted to the general partner or managing member include, but are not limited to: investment in operating companies, company expenditures, investment of excess funds, borrowing funds, employment of agents, disposition of fund property, prepayment and refinancing of liabilities, votes and consents, contract authority, disbursement of funds, accounting methods, tax elections, bank accounts, insurance, litigation, cash reserve, and use of working capital reserve funds. Except for limited rights granted to the limited partner(s) or non-managing member(s) relating to the approval of certain transactions, the limited partner(s) and non-managing members may not participate in the operation, management, or control of the entity’s business, transact any business in the entity’s name or have any power to sign documents for or otherwise bind the entity. In addition, the general partner or managing member may only be removed by the limited partner(s) or managing member(s) in the event of a failure to comply with the terms of the agreement or negligence in performing its duties.

The general partner or managing member of each entity has both the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of each entity and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entities. Therefore, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of any LIHTC entity. The Company uses the effective yield method to account for its pre-2015 investments in these entities. Beginning January 1, 2015, any new investments that meet the requirements of the proportional amortization method are recognized using the proportional amortization method. The Company’s net affordable housing tax credit investments and related unfunded commitments were $208.9 million and $174.5 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, and are included in other assets in the consolidated statements of condition.

Unfunded Commitments

As of December 31, 2023, the expected payments for unfunded affordable housing commitments were as follows:

The following table presents tax credits and other tax benefits recognized and amortization expense related to affordable housing for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

There wereno impairment losses related to LIHTC investments for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

Note 19. Balance Sheet Offsetting

The Company enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Company may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Company to repurchase the assets. As a result, these repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing arrangements (i.e., secured borrowings) and not as sales and subsequent repurchases of securities. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability in the Company’s consolidated statements of condition, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remain in the respective investment securities asset accounts. As a result, there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities. In addition, as the Company does not enter into reverse Repurchase Agreements, there is no such offsetting to be done with the repurchase agreements.

The right of setoff for a repurchase agreement resembles a secured borrowing, whereby the collateral pledged by the Company would be used to settle the fair value of the repurchase agreement should the Company be in default (e.g., fail to make an interest payment to the counterparty). For private institution repurchase agreements, if the private institution counterparty were to default (e.g., declare bankruptcy), the Company could cancel the repurchase agreement (i.e., cease payment of principal and interest) and attempt collection on the amount of collateral value in excess of the repurchase agreement fair value. The collateral is held by a third party financial institution in the counterparty’s custodial account. The counterparty has the right to sell or repledge the investment securities. For government entity repurchase agreements, the collateral is held by the Company in a segregated custodial account under a tri-party agreement. The Company is required by the counterparty to maintain adequate collateral levels. In the event the collateral fair value falls below stipulated levels, the Company will pledge additional securities. The Company closely monitors collateral levels to ensure adequate levels are maintained, while mitigating the potential risk of over-collateralization in the event of counterparty default.

The following table presents the assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement, or repurchase agreements, as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022. Swap agreements the Company has with commercial banking customers are not subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement, and therefore, are excluded from this table. As previously mentioned, centrally cleared swap agreements between the Company and institutional counterparties are also excluded from this table.

The application of collateral cannot reduce the net amount below zero. Therefore, excess collateral is not reflected in this table. For interest rate swap agreements, the fair value of investment securities pledged was$39.2 million and$34.8 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. For repurchase agreements with private institutions, the fair value of investment securities pledged was$167.3 million and$755.9 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. For repurchase agreements with government entities, the fair value of investment securities pledged was$0.7 million and$0.8 million as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Note 20. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company’s credit commitments as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

Unfunded Commitments to Extend Credit

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of the terms or conditions established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since commitments may expire without being drawn, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

Standby and Commercial Letters of Credit

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit generally become payable upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party, while commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and a third party. The contractual amount of these letters of credit represents the maximum potential future payments guaranteed by the Company. The Company has recourse against the customer for any amount it is required to pay to a third party under a standby letter of credit, and generally holds cash or deposits as collateral on those standby letters of credit for which collateral is deemed necessary. Assets valued at $63.7 million secured certain specifically identified standby letters of credit as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the standby and commercial letters of credit had remaining terms ranging from 1 to 13 months.

Contingencies

The Company is subject to various pending and threatened legal proceedings arising out of the normal course of business or operations. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with outstanding legal proceedings utilizing the most recent information available. On a case-by-case basis, reserves are established for those legal claims for which it is probable that a loss will be incurred and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Based on information currently available, management believes that the eventual outcome of these claims against the Company will not be materially in excess of such amounts reserved by the Company. However, in the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these matters may result in a loss that materially exceeds the reserves established by the Company.

Note 21. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair Value Hierarchy

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies and key inputs used to measure assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information onfair value measurements.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Investment Securities Available-for-Sale

Level 1 investment securities are comprised of debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, as quoted prices were available, unadjusted, for identical securities in active markets. Level 2 investment securities were primarily comprised of debt securities issued by the Small Business Administration, states and municipalities, corporations, as well as mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. Fair values were estimated primarily by obtaining quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or through the use of pricing models. In cases where there may be limited or less transparent information provided by the Company’s third party pricing service, fair value may be estimated by the use of secondary pricing services or through the use of non-binding third party broker quotes.

Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale was determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets, and therefore, is classified as a Level 2 measurement.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company estimates the fair value of mortgage servicing rights by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The Company stratifies its mortgage servicing portfolio on the basis of loan type. The assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model are those that the Company believes market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. Significant assumptions in the valuation of mortgage servicing rights include estimated loan repayment rates, the discount rate, servicing costs, and the timing of cash flows, among other factors. Mortgage servicing rights are classified as Level 3 measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, as well as significant management judgment and estimation.

Other Assets

Other assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are primarily comprised of investments related to deferred compensation arrangements. Quoted prices for these investments, primarily in mutual funds, are available in active markets. Thus, the Company’s investments related to deferred compensation arrangements are classified as Level 1 measurements in the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are comprised of IRLCs, forward commitments, interest rate swap agreements, foreign exchange contracts, and Visa Class B to Class A shares conversion rate swap agreements. The fair values of IRLCs are calculated based on the value of the underlying loan held for sale, which in turn is based on quoted prices for similar loans in the secondary market. However, this value is adjusted by a factor which considers the likelihood that the loan in a locked position will ultimately close. This factor, the closing ratio, is derived from the Bank’s internal data and is adjusted using significant management judgment. As such, IRLCs are classified as Level 3 measurements. Forward commitments are classified as Level 2 measurements as they are primarily based on quoted prices from the secondary market based on the settlement date of the contracts, interpolated or extrapolated, if necessary, to estimate a fair value as of the end of the reporting period. The fair values of interest rate swap agreements are calculated using a discounted cash flow approach and utilize Level 2 observable inputs such as a market yield curve, effective date, maturity date, notional amount, and stated interest rate. The valuation methodology for interest rate swaps with financial institution counterparties (and the related customer interest rate swaps) is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. Historically, these instruments were classified as a Level 3 measurement due to a credit factor adjustment that was utilized to estimate the fair value. However, the Company concluded that the impact of the credit factor adjustment, while still unobservable, is not significant to the fair value measurement of these instruments. As a result, the fair values of interest rate swaps are classified as a Level 2 measurement as of December 31, 2023. The fair values of foreign exchange contracts are calculated using the Bank’s multi-currency accounting system which utilizes contract specific information such as currency, maturity date, contractual amount, and strike price, along with market data information such as the spot rates of specific currency and yield curves. Foreign exchange contracts are classified as Level 2 measurements because while they are valued using the Bank’s multi-currency accounting system, significant management judgment or estimation is not required. The fair value of the Visa Class B restricted shares to Class A unrestricted common shares conversion rate swap agreements represent the amount owed by the Company to the buyer of the Visa Class B shares as a result of a reduction of the conversion ratio subsequent to the sales date. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the conversion rate swap agreements were valued at zero as reductions to the conversion ratio were neither probable nor reasonably estimable by management. See Note 17 Derivative Financial Instruments for more information.

The Company is exposed to credit risk if borrowers or counterparties fail to perform. The Company seeks to minimize credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, and collateral requirements. The Company generally enters into transactions with borrowers of high credit quality and counterparties that carry high quality credit ratings. Credit risk associated with borrowers or counterparties as well as the Company’s non-performance risk is factored into the determination of the fair value of derivative financial instruments.

The table below presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

The fair value of each class of derivatives is shown in Note 17 Derivative Financial Instruments.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

Realized and unrealized gains and losses related to mortgage servicing rights are reported as a component of mortgage banking income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Realized and unrealized gains and losses related to interest rate lock commitments are reported as a component of mortgage banking income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Realized and unrealized gains and losses related to interest rate swap agreements are reported as a component of other noninterest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

In 2023, the Company concluded that the impact of the credit factor adjustment, while still unobservable, is not significant to the fair value measurement of these instruments. As a result, the fair values of interest rate swaps are classified as a Level 2 measurement as of December 31, 2023.

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

Unobservable inputs for mortgage servicing rights and interest rate lock commitments were weighted by loan amount. Unobservable inputs for interest rate swap agreements were weighted by fair value.

In 2023, we concluded that the impact of the credit factor adjustment, while still unobservable, was not significant to the fair value measurement of these instruments as of December 31, 2023. As a result, the fair values of interest rate swaps were classified as a Level 2 measurement in 2023.

Significant increases (decreases) in any of these inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Although the constant prepayment rate and the discount rate are not directly interrelated, they generally move in opposite directions of each other.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company may be required periodically to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-fair value accounting or impairment write-downs of individual assets. The following table represents the assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023.

As previously mentioned, all of the Company's mortgage servicing rights are classified as Level 3 measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, as well as significant management judgment and estimation.

Fair Value Option

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

Changes in the estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans held for sale are reported as a component of mortgage banking income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. For the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the net gains or losses from the change in fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale were not material.

Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following presents the carrying amount, fair value, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. For short-term financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For non-marketable equity securities such as Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines and Federal Reserve Bank stock, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these securities can only be redeemed or sold at their par value and only to the respective issuing government-supported institution or to another member institution. For financial liabilities such as noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, and savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity.

Excludes finance lease obligations.

Note 22. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The following presents noninterest income, segregated by revenue streams in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606, for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

Note 23. Leases

A lease is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02“Leases” (Topic 842) and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. For the Company, Topic 842 primarily affected the accounting treatment for operating lease agreements in which the Company is the lessee.

Substantially all of the leases in which the Company is the lessee are comprised of real estate property for branches, ATM locations, and office space with terms extending through 2052. Substantially all of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases, and therefore, were previously not recognized on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition. With the adoption of Topic 842, operating lease agreements are required to be recognized on the consolidated statements of condition as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and corresponding lease liabilities. The Company has one existing finance lease (previously referred to as a capital lease) for a portion of the Company’s principal offices with a lease term through 2052. As this lease was previously required to be recorded on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition, Topic 842 did not materially impact the accounting for this lease.

The following table represents the consolidated statements of condition classification of the Company’s ROU assets and lease liabilities. The Company elected not to include short-term leases (i.e., leases with initial terms of twelve months or less), or equipment leases (deemed immaterial) on the consolidated statements of condition.

The calculated amount of the ROU assets and lease liabilities in the table above are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to present value the minimum lease payments. The Company’s lease agreements often include one or more options to renew at the Company’s discretion. If at lease inception, the Company considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Company will include the extended term in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability. Regarding the discount rate, Topic 842 requires the use of the rate implicit in the lease whenever this rate is readily determinable. As this rate is rarely determinable, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term. For operating leases existing prior to January 1, 2019, the rate for the remaining lease term as of January 1, 2019, was used. For the Company’s only finance lease, the Company utilized its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception.

The following table represents lease costs and other lease information. As the Company elected, for all classes of underlying assets, not to separate lease and non-lease components and instead to account for them as a single lease component, the variable lease cost primarily represents variable payments such as common area maintenance and utilities. Variable lease cost also includes payments for ATM location leases in which payments are based on a percentage of ATM transactions (i.e., ATM surcharge fees), rather than a fixed amount.

Included in other debt interest expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. All other lease costs in this table are included in net occupancy expense.

Future minimum payments for finance leases and operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

The Company, as lessor, leases and subleases certain properties to third party lessees. Rental income for these operating leases were $10.1 million, $9.5 million, and $9.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Future minimum rental income under operating leases, including subleases, as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

Note 24. Bank of Hawai‘i Corporation Financial Statements

Condensed financial statements of the Parent were as follows:

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Condensed Statements of Condition

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows