AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES INC

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Basis of Presentation

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries) is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Company develops, redevelops, acquires, owns and operates multifamily communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion regions of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado.

At June 30, 2025, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 315 apartment communities containing 97,212 apartment homes in 11 states and the District of Columbia, of which 20 communities were under construction. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 28 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 8,854 apartment homes.

The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the "Form 10-K"). The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.

Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, certain joint venture partnerships, subsidiary partnerships structured as DownREITs, and any variable interest entities that qualify for consolidation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company classifies the carrying value of the DownREIT Units as noncontrolling interests, as the units may be redeemed by unitholders on or after April 30, 2026 for cash or common stock at the Company's election. Net income is allocated to the DownREIT Units pro-rata based on the weighted-average proportion of DownREIT Units to the weighted-average combined total of outstanding common stock, participating securities, and DownREIT Units for the period.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents includes all cash and liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date acquired. Restricted cash includes principal reserve funds that are restricted for the repayment of specified secured financing, amounts the Company has designated for planned 1031 exchange activity and resident security deposits. The majority of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are held at major commercial banks.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common stockholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per common share. Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per common share on a diluted basis. Diluted earnings per common share was computed using the treasury stock method for performance awards, options, participating securities and forward contracts, and using the if-converted method for DownREIT Units. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 19,266, forward contracts to sell shares of common stock in the amounts of 4,047,113, and unvested performance awards in the amounts of 42,790 as of June 30, 2025 were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because they were anti-dilutive for the period. Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 38,231 were outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because they were anti-dilutive for the period.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying hedges, both at inception and on an ongoing basis. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net. For the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company records the cumulative changes in the Hedging Derivatives' fair value in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding hedged item. Receipts or payments associated with the gains and losses on the Company’s cash flow hedges of future fixed rate debt issuances are presented as a component of cash flows from financing activities in the period the hedges are terminated and the payments for the Company’s cash flow hedges of interest on variable rate debt are presented as a component of cash flows from operating activities. Payments for derivatives that are not designated in hedging relationships are presented as a component of cash flows from operating activities. See Note 11, “Fair Value,” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.

Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate

The Company accounts for real estate acquisitions as either an asset acquisition or a business combination. Under either model, the Company identifies and determines the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. The Company utilizes various sources to determine fair value, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the purchase price is allocated based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be asset acquisitions.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' financial statements and notes to the financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.

Leases

The Company is party to leases as both a lessor and a lessee, primarily as follows:

•lessor of residential and commercial space within its apartment communities; and

•lessee under (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and certain commercial and parking facilities and (ii) office leases for its corporate headquarters and regional offices.

Lessee Considerations

The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, including specified portions of larger assets, for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Company’s leases include both fixed and variable lease payments that are based on an index or rate such as the consumer price index (CPI) or percentage rents based on total sales. Variable lease payments are generally not included in the lease liability, but recognized as variable lease expense in the period in which they are incurred.

For leases that have options to extend the term or terminate the lease early, the Company only factored the impact of such options into the lease term if the option was considered reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company determines the discount rate associated with its ground and office leases on a lease-by-lease basis using the Company’s actual borrowing rates as well as indicative market pricing for longer term rates and taking into consideration the remaining term of the lease agreements. For leases that are 12 months or less, the Company elected the practical expedient to not recognize the lease asset and liability.

Lessor Considerations

The Company's residential and commercial leases at its apartment communities are operating leases. For leases that include rent concessions and/or fixed and determinable rent increases, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable term of the lease, which, for residential leases, is generally one year. Some of the Company’s commercial leases have renewal options which the Company will only include in the lease term if, at the commencement of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise this option.

For the Company’s leases, which are comprised of a lease component and common area maintenance as a non-lease component, the Company determined that (i) the leases are operating leases, (ii) the lease component is the predominant component and (iii) all components of its operating leases share the same timing and pattern of transfer.

Revenue and Gain Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue for the transfer of goods and services to customers for consideration that the Company expects to receive. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and commercial rental and other lease income, which are accounted for as discussed above, under "Leases". The Company's revenue streams that are not accounted for as residential and commercial rental and other lease income include (i) management, development and other fees, (ii) non-lease related revenue and (iii) gains or losses on the sale of real estate.

The following table details the Company’s revenue disaggregated by reportable operating segment, further discussed in Note 8, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Segment information for total revenue excludes real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2025, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities" (dollars in thousands):

(1)Represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(2)Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, and revenue streams not related to leasing activities including, but not limited to, application fees, renters insurance fees and vendor revenue sharing.

(3)Represents residential and commercial rental and other lease income, as discussed above, under "Leases".

Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there were no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of June 30, 2025.

Uncollectible Lease Revenue Reserves

The Company recorded an aggregate offset to income for uncollectible lease revenue, net of amounts received from government rent relief programs, for its residential and commercial portfolios of $11,806,000 and $12,300,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $23,880,000 and $23,782,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires (i) a tabular rate reconciliation of the reported income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations into specific categories, (ii) separate disclosure for any reconciling items within certain categories above a quantitative threshold, (iii) disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state and material jurisdictions and (iv) disclosure of income tax expense from continuing operations disaggregated by federal and state. The new standard will be effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2025. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect the standard to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, which requires the disaggregation for certain expenses presented on the face of an entity’s income statement in the entity's disclosures. Additionally, it requires the disclosure of selling expenses and descriptions of amounts not separately disaggregated. The new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2027, and interim reporting periods beginning January 1, 2028. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect the standard to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

2. Interest Capitalized

The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company's development or redevelopment activities totaled $11,904,000 and $11,207,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $22,383,000 and $22,798,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

3. Debt

The Company's debt, which consists of unsecured notes, the variable rate term loan (the "Term Loan"), mortgage notes payable, the Credit Facility and the Commercial Paper Program, each as defined below, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is summarized below. The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities"). The weighted average interest rates in the following table for secured and unsecured notes include costs of financing including debt issuance costs as well as credit enhancement and trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges and mark-to-market adjustments.

(1)Includes the $450,000,000 Term Loan that has been swapped to an effective fixed rate of 4.46% using interest rate hedges.

(2)Excludes deferred financing costs and debt discount associated with the Credit Facility which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In April 2025, the Company entered into the Seventh Amended and Restated Revolving Loan Agreement with a syndicate of banks (the "Credit Facility"), amending the prior credit facility, dated September 27, 2022. The amended and restated Credit Facility (i) increased the borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility from $2,250,000,000 to $2,500,000,000, and (ii) extended the term from September 2026 to April 2030. The interest rate that would be applicable to borrowings under the Credit Facility was 5.16% at June 30, 2025 and was composed of (i) the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the Credit Facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.), plus (ii) the current borrowing spread to SOFR of 0.705% per annum, assuming a daily SOFR borrowing rate. The borrowing spread to SOFR can vary from SOFR plus 0.65% to SOFR plus 1.40% based upon the rating of the Company's unsecured senior notes. There is also an annual facility commitment fee of 0.12% of the borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility, which can vary from 0.10% to 0.30% based upon the rating of the Company's unsecured senior notes. The Credit Facility contains a sustainability-linked pricing component which provides for interest rate margin and commitment fee reductions or increases related to certain environmental sustainability targets, specifically greenhouse gas emission reductions, with the adjustment determined annually. An annual determination under the sustainability-linked pricing component occurred in July 2024, maintaining reductions of approximately 0.02% to the interest rate margin and 0.005% to the commitment fee due to the Company's achievement of sustainability targets. On August 1, 2025, the Company amended the Credit Facility to extend the applicability of its sustainability-linked pricing component. See Note 12, "Subsequent Events," for further discussion of debt activity subsequent to June 30, 2025.

The Company has an unsecured commercial paper note program (the “Commercial Paper Program”). During April 2025, the Company increased the capacity of the Commercial Paper Program from $500,000,000 to $1,000,000,000. Under the terms of the Commercial Paper Program, the Company may issue, unsecured commercial paper notes with maturities of less than one year. The program is backstopped by the Company's commitment to maintain available borrowing capacity under its unsecured credit facility in an amount equal to actual borrowings under the program.

The availability on the Company's Credit Facility as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was as follows (dollars in thousands):

(1)In addition, the Company had $55,237 and $45,910 outstanding in additional letters of credit unrelated to the Credit Facility as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following debt activity occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025:

•In April 2025, the Company entered into a $450,000,000 Term Loan which matures in April 2029. The Term Loan bears interest at varying levels based on (i) the SOFR applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the facility, which rate is recalculated at the end of each such period if the Term Loan remains outstanding and (ii) a stated spread over SOFR that can vary from SOFR plus 0.70% to SOFR plus 1.60% per annum based upon the rating of the Company’s unsecured and unsubordinated long-term indebtedness. The current borrowing spread to SOFR under the Term Loan is 0.78% per annum. There is also a sustainability spread adjustment that can range from (0.02)% to 0.02% in the aggregate. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company drew down the $450,000,000 available under the Term Loan. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company entered into $450,000,000 notional amount of interest rate swaps to hedge the impact of variability in interest rates on the Term Loan. Of the $450,000,000 notional amount of interest rate swaps, $150,000,000 notional were entered into during the three months ended June 30, 2025. Including the impact of these swaps and transaction costs, assuming the Term Loan will be fully drawn until maturity and the Company's current borrowing spread to SOFR, the effective interest rate on borrowings under the Term Loan was 4.46% as of June 30, 2025.

•In June 2025, the Company repaid $525,000,000 of its 3.45% unsecured notes at par upon maturity.

See Note 12, "Subsequent Events," for further discussion of debt activity subsequent to June 30, 2025.

In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from March 2027 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities (with a net carrying value of $1,227,306,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, as of June 30, 2025).

Scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at June 30, 2025 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

The Company was in compliance at June 30, 2025 with customary covenants under the Credit Facility, the Term Loan and the indentures under which the unsecured notes were issued.

4. Equity

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company:

i. issued 8,759 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;

ii. issued 1,691 shares of common stock through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan;

iii. issued 182,559 shares of common stock in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock;

iv. issued 9,126 shares of common stock through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan;

v. withheld 72,998 shares of common stock to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and

vi. canceled 1,423 shares of restricted common stock upon forfeiture.

Deferred compensation granted under the Company's Second Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Plan") does not impact the Company's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements until recognized as compensation cost.

The Company has a continuous equity program (the "CEP") under which the Company may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. During 2024, the Company entered into forward contracts under the CEP to sell 367,113 shares of common stock for approximate proceeds, net of fees, of $80,687,000, based on the gross weighted average price of $223.27 per share, with settlement of the forward contracts expected to occur on one or more dates not later than December 31, 2025. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for dividends and a daily interest factor. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company hadno sales under the CEP. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $623,997,000 remaining authorized for issuance under the program, after consideration of the forward contracts.

In addition to the CEP, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 3,680,000 shares of its common stock at a discount to the closing price of $226.52 per share, net of fees, offered in connection with forward contracts entered into with certain financial institutions acting as forward purchasers (the "September 2024 Equity Offering"). Assuming full physical settlement of the forward contracts, the Company will receive approximate proceeds, net of fees, of $808,606,000, based on the initial forward price. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for dividends and a daily interest factor. See Note 12, "Subsequent Events," for further discussion of equity activity subsequent to June 30, 2025.

The Company has a stock repurchase program under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000 (the "Stock Repurchase Program"). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company hadno repurchases of shares under this program. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had $314,237,000 remaining authorized for purchase under this program.

5. Investments

Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities

The following real estate acquisitions occurred in the Austin and Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan areas during the six months ended June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

On April 30 2025, the Company acquired thesix apartment communities in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area included in the list above, containing 1,844 apartment homes. The consideration was comprised of a cash payment of $193,000,000 and the issuance of 1,060,000 DownREIT Units, which were valued based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the acquisition date. The DownREIT Units are entitled to receive distributions at the same rate as dividends on a share of the Company’s common stock (pro rated for the time outstanding during the first quarter of issuance). Beginning on April 30, 2026, holders of DownREIT Units may present some or all of their units for redemption, being entitled to receive a cash amount per unit that is related to the then fair market value of the Company’s common stock, except that in lieu of such cash redemption the Company may elect to redeem units in exchange for an equal number of shares of the Company’s common stock.

The Company accounted for its purchases as asset acquisitions and recorded the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including identifiable intangibles, at their relative fair values based on the purchase price and acquisition costs incurred. The Company uses third-party pricing or internal models for the value of the land, a valuation model for the value of the building, and an internal model to determine the fair value of the remaining real estate assets and in-place leases. Given the heterogeneous nature of multifamily real estate, the fair values for the land, building, real estate assets and in-place leases incorporated significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 prices within the fair value hierarchy.

Structured Investment Program

The Company operates a Structured Investment Program (the "SIP"), an investment platform through which the Company provides mezzanine loans or preferred equity to third-party multifamily developers. As of June 30, 2025, the Company hadeight commitments to fund up to $211,585,000 in the aggregate. The Company's investment commitments have a weighted average rate of return of 11.6% and a weighted average initial maturity date of January 2027. At June 30, 2025, the Company had funded $202,179,000 of these commitments. The Company recognized interest income of $6,689,000 and $3,940,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $12,820,000 and $7,116,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, from the SIP. Interest income and any change in the expected credit loss are included as a component of Structured Investment Program interest income on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company evaluates each SIP commitment to determine the classification as a loan or an investment in a real estate development project. As of June 30, 2025, all of the SIP commitments are classified as loans. The Company includes amounts outstanding under the SIP as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company evaluates the credit risk for each commitment on an ongoing basis, estimating the reserve for credit losses using relevant available information from internal and external sources. Market-based historical credit loss data provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, with adjustments, if necessary, for differences in current commitment-specific risk characteristics, such as the amount of equity capital provided by a borrower, amount of senior debt secured by the project, nature of the real estate being developed or other factors.

Unconsolidated Investments

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had investments infive unconsolidated entities with real estate holdings, with ownership interests ranging from 20% to 50%, coupled with other unconsolidated investments including third-party property technology and sustainability focused companies and investment management funds.

In June 2025, the Arts District joint venture, which owns an apartment community in which the Company has an ownership interest of 25%, secured a variable rate loan of up to $173,000,000. The outstanding borrowing is subject to an interest rate cap, which will limit the interest rate to 8.2%, based on the current borrowing spread. The loan matures in July 2028 and hastwo one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions. The joint venture used the proceeds to repay its outstanding $158,735,000, variable rate construction loan which was scheduled to mature in August 2025. The Company has provided the lender a partial payment guarantee for 25% of the loan's maximum borrowing capacity, on behalf of the venture. Any amounts payable under the 25% loan guarantee by the Company are obligations of the joint venture partners in proportion to their ownership interest, and in the event the Company is obligated to perform under its loan guarantee, its joint venture partner is obligated to reimburse the Company for 75% of amounts paid. As of June 30, 2025, the loan had an outstanding balance of $161,000,000.

The Company accounts for its unconsolidated investments under the equity method of accounting, net asset value or under the measurement alternative with the carrying amount of the investment adjusted to fair value when there is an observable transaction for the same or similar investment of the same issuer indicating a change in fair value. The significant accounting policies of the unconsolidated investments are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects. Certain of these investments are subject to various buy‑sell provisions or other rights which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements. The Company and its partners in these entities may initiate these provisions to either sell the Company's interest or acquire the interest from the Company's partner.

Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs

The Company capitalizes costs associated with its development activities to the basis of land held when future development is probable, or if the Company has either not yet acquired the land or if the project is subject to a leasehold interest, the costs are capitalized as deferred development costs ("Development Rights"). Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. If the Company determines a Development Right is no longer probable, the Company recognizes any necessary expense to write down its basis in the Development Right. The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for development as well as for investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. The Company incurred a charge of $2,493,000 and $1,417,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $7,237,000 and $5,662,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, for expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, which include development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined were no longer probable of being developed. The amounts for 2025 and 2024 include a write-off of $3,668,000 and $1,600,000, respectively, forone development opportunity in each year that the Company determined is no longer probable. These costs are included in expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. These costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.

Long-Lived Assets Casualty Loss

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized $858,000 for the property damage to one of the Company's communities, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized $2,935,000, for the property damage to certain of the Company's communities, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The charge for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 relates to damage from a water pipe break at a community in Massachusetts. The charge for the six months ended June 30, 2024 relates to flooding and resulting water damage at communities in California from extensive rainfall and a fire at a community in New Jersey.

6. Real Estate Disposition Activities

The following real estate sales occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

(1) Gain on disposition was reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

At June 30, 2025, the Company hadfour real estate assets that qualified as held for sale.

7. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Contingencies

The Company recognizes a loss associated with contingent legal matters when the loss is probable and estimable.

In 2022 and early 2023, the Company was named as a defendant in cases brought by private litigants alleging antitrust violations by RealPage, Inc. and owners and/or operators of multifamily housing which utilize revenue management systems provided by RealPage, Inc. The Company engaged with the plaintiffs' counsel to explain why it believed that these cases were without merit as they pertained to the Company. Following these discussions, the plaintiffs filed a notice of voluntary dismissal in July 2023, which resulted in the Company being dismissed without prejudice from these cases. Subsequently, on November 1, 2023, the District of Columbia filed a lawsuit in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia against RealPage, Inc. and a number of owners and/or operators of multifamily housing in the District of Columbia, including the Company, alleging that the defendants violated the District of Columbia Antitrust Act by unlawfully agreeing to use RealPage, Inc. revenue management systems and sharing sensitive data (the “D.C. Antitrust Litigation”). On May 29, 2024, the Superior Court granted the Company’s original motion to dismiss this case as it pertains to the Company. On January 9, 2025, the District of Columbia filed an amended complaint in the D.C. Antitrust Litigation, which included the Company as a defendant, and the Company subsequently filed a motion to dismiss the litigation as it pertains to the Company. On April 7, 2025, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia denied the Company's motion to dismiss. See Note 12, "Subsequent Events," for further discussion of the D.C. Antitrust Litigation.

On January 15, 2025, the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Maryland filed a lawsuit similar to the D.C. Antitrust Litigation in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, Maryland in which RealPage, Inc. and a number of owners and/or operators of multifamily properties in Maryland, including the Company, have been named and alleged to have violated state antitrust law (the “Maryland Antitrust Litigation”). On February 28, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss.

On April 23, 2025, the Attorney General of the State of New Jersey and the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs filed a lawsuit similar to the D.C. Antitrust Litigation and the Maryland Antitrust Litigation in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The lawsuit alleges that RealPage, Inc. and a number of owners and/or operators of multifamily properties in New Jersey, including the Company, violated federal and state antitrust laws and the state consumer fraud law (the “New Jersey Antitrust Litigation”) by unlawfully agreeing to use RealPage, Inc. revenue management systems and other related actions. See Note 12, "Subsequent Events," for further discussion of the New Jersey Antitrust Litigation.

While the Company intends to vigorously defend against the D.C. Antitrust Litigation, the Maryland Antitrust Litigation and the New Jersey Antitrust Litigation, given the early stages of these lawsuits, the Company is unable to predict the outcome or estimate the amount of loss, if any, that may result from the lawsuits.

The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Lease Obligations

The Company owns seven apartment communities, two commercial properties andone development right located on land subject to ground leases expiring between July 2046 and May 2123. The Company has purchase options for all ground leases expiring prior to 2062. The ground leases forsix of theseven apartment communities, thetwo commercial properties andone development right are operating leases, with rental expense recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Theone development right ground lease contains an early termination right if construction of the initial improvements does not occur before June 2026. In addition, the Company is party to 13 leases for its corporate and regional offices with varying terms through 2031, all of which are operating leases.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had total operating lease assets of $123,053,000 and $126,572,000, respectively, and lease obligations of $149,403,000 and $153,333,000, respectively, reported as components ofright of use lease assets andlease liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company incurred costs of $3,836,000 and $4,206,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $7,771,000 and $8,377,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to operating leases.

The Company hasone apartment community located on land subject to a ground lease andfour leases for portions of parking garages adjacent to apartment communities that are finance leases. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had total finance lease assets of $27,862,000 and $28,082,000, respectively, and total finance lease obligations of $19,916,000 and $19,949,000, respectively, reported as components ofright of use lease assets andlease liabilities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

8. Segment Reporting

The Company's reportable operating segments include Same Store, Other Stabilized and Development/Redevelopment. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change. In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.

The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") for assessing each segment's performance. The Company's CODM is comprised of several members of its executive management team, including its Chief Executive Officer and President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Executive Vice President- Portfolio and Asset Management. The CODM uses net operating income ("NOI") as the primary financial measure for Same Store communities and Other Stabilized communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from unconsolidated investments, Structured Investment Program interest income, depreciation expense, income tax expense (benefit), casualty and impairment loss, gain on sale of communities, other real estate activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. The CODM evaluates the Company's financial performance on a consolidated residential and commercial basis. The commercial results attributable to the non-apartment components of the Company's mixed-use communities and other nonresidential operations represent 1.4% and 1.8% of total NOI for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 1.7% and 1.7% of total NOI for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income and consistent with how the Company's CODM evaluates total NOI.

A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.

The following table details the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at January 1, 2025. Segment information for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2025, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."

(1)Does not include non-allocated revenue. Non-allocated revenue represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment. Non-allocated revenue is $1,594 and $1,830 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $3,336 and $3,625 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Does not include non-allocated gross real estate and land held for development. Non-allocated gross real estate is $117,894 and $117,171 as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Land held for development gross real estate is $101,066 and $174,997 as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

9. Stock-Based Compensation Plans

As part of its long-term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock under the Plan. Details of the outstanding awards and activity under the Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2025 are presented below.

Stock Options:

(1)All options are from recipient elections to receive a portion of earned restricted stock awards in the form of stock options.

Performance Awards:

(1)The shares of common stock that may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics for the Company's common stock for 43,277 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 35,404 performance awards.

(2)Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on performance achievement.

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. The assumptions used are as follows:

(1)Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2025 for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on an average grant date value of $221.58.

Restricted Stock:

Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $14,188,000 and $13,546,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $6,630,000 and $6,292,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. At June 30, 2025, there was a total unrecognized compensation cost of $44,605,000 for unvested restricted stock, stock options and performance awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. The Company reverses any previously recognized compensation cost for forfeitures as they occur.

10. Related Party Arrangements

Unconsolidated Entities

The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities and provides other real estate related services to third parties, for which it receives asset management, property management, construction, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $1,594,000 and $1,830,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $3,336,000 and $3,625,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. In addition, the Company had outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management roles of $4,119,000 and $1,680,000 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Director Compensation

The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock units in the amount of $604,000 and $603,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $1,192,000 and $1,199,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock units to non-employee directors was $1,834,000 and $786,000 on June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

11. Fair Value

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

Derivative Financial Instruments

Hedging Derivatives are carried at fair value in the Company's financial statements. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor's Ratings Group or equivalent, and monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. The Company determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility. The Hedging Derivatives credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, which the Company concluded are not significant. As a result, the Company determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

(1)For debt hedged by interest rate caps, represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt prior to any impact of the associated interest rate caps.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $150,000,000 and $450,000,000, respectively, to reduce the impact of variability in interest rates on the Term Loan entered into in April 2025, which the Company expects to remain outstanding over the life of the Term Loan.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, in connection with the issuance of the Company's $400,000,000 unsecured notes in July 2025 maturing in August 2035, the Company terminated $200,000,000 of interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the issuance of the unsecured notes, receiving payments of $4,099,000 in July 2025 which will be recognized over the life of the unsecured notes as a reduction in the effective interest rate. Of the $200,000,000 forward interest rate swap agreements terminated, $100,000,000 were entered into during the six months ended June 30, 2025. The Company has deferred these gains in accumulated other comprehensive income on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, and is recognizing the impact as a component of interest expense, net, over the term of the respective hedged debt.

The Company had certain derivatives not designated as hedges during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, for which fair value changes during each of the respective periods were not material.

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $1,676,000 of net hedging gains from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings within the next 12 months as an offset to the hedged item during this period.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalent and restricted cash balances are held with various financial institutions within accounts designed to preserve principal. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash, cash equivalent and restricted cash balances is remote. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Financial Instruments

Rents and other receivables and prepaid expenses, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values. The Company determined that its notes receivables approximate fair value, because interest rates, yields and other terms are consistent with interest rates, yields and other terms currently available for similar instruments and are considered to be a Level 2 price within the fair value hierarchy.

Equity Securities

The Company has direct equity investments in third-party property technology and sustainability focused companies. These investments are accounted for using the measurement alternative and are valued at the market price of observable transactions. During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized unrealized losses of $1,203,000 and unrealized gains of $1,177,000, respectively, and unrealized losses of $2,445,000 and unrealized gains of $9,562,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to these investments, which was reported as a component of income from unconsolidated investments on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company has recorded cumulative fair value adjustments of $34,687,000 for unrealized gains related to equity securities.

Indebtedness

The Company values its fixed rate unsecured notes using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its mortgage notes payable, the Term Loan and any outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company's nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its mortgage notes payable, Term Loan and any outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

12. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.

In July and August 2025 through the date this Form 10-Q was filed, the Company had the following activity:

•The Company issued $400,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for proceeds net of discount and underwriting fees of approximately $394,888,000, before considering the impact of other offering costs. The notes mature in August 2035 and were issued at a 5.00% interest rate. The effective interest rate of the notes is 5.05%, considering the net proceeds and including the impact of offering costs and hedging activity.

•On July 11, 2025, the Company filed a motion for judgement on the pleadings to dismiss the D.C. Antitrust Litigation as it pertains to the Company. See Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies," for further discussion of the D.C. Antitrust Litigation.

•On July 29, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the New Jersey Antitrust Litigation as it pertains to the Company. See Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies," for further discussion of the New Jersey Antitrust Litigation.

•On August 1, 2025, the Company amended the Credit Facility to extend the applicability of its sustainability-linked pricing component, which provides for interest rate margin and commitment fee reductions or increases related to certain environmental sustainability targets. The reductions or increases can range from (0.02)% to 0.02% to the interest rate margin and (0.005)% to 0.005% to the commitment fee. All other terms of the Credit Facility, including its maturity date of April 2030, remain unchanged. See Note 3, "Debt," for further discussion of the Credit Facility.

•On August 1, 2025, the Company amended the Term Loan to (i) to exercise its full accordion option to increase the amount of its Term Loan by $100,000,000 to $550,000,000 and (ii) extend the applicability of its sustainability-linked pricing component, which provides for interest rate margin reductions or increases related to certain environmental sustainability targets that can range from (0.02)% to 0.02% in the aggregate. The additional borrowing was hedged with interest rate swaps entered into in July 2025. Including the total borrowing of $550,000,000 and the impact of all swaps and transaction costs, assuming the Term Loan will be fully drawn until maturity and the Company's current borrowing spread to SOFR, the effective interest rate on borrowings under the Term Loan is 4.44%. All other terms of the Term Loan, including its maturity date of April 2029, remain unchanged. See Note 3, "Debt," for further discussion of the Term Loan.

•On August 6, 2025, the Company amended each of the forward contracts related to the September 2024 Equity Offering to extend the settlement of the forward contracts to a date no later than December 31, 2026. See Note 4, "Equity," for further discussion of the September 2024 Equity Offering.