ALBANY INTERNATIONAL CORP DE

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1. Accounting Policies

Basis of Consolidation and Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP") and include the accounts of Albany International Corp. and its subsidiaries (the Company, Albany, we, us, or our) after elimination of intercompany transactions. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified in order to conform to current year presentation. Global information system costs previously included in Corporate expenses are allocated to the segments. Management believes this presentation better reflects the performance of the segments and is how management will review segment performance on a going forward basis. See Note 3, Reportable Segments and Geographical Data, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our segments.

On August 31, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of Heimbach GmbH ("Heimbach"), a privately-held manufacturer of paper machine clothing and technical textiles, as further described in Note 24, Business Combination, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The financial results of the acquired company are included in the Machine Clothing reportable segment since the date of the acquisition.

The Company owns 90% of the common equity of Albany Safran Composites, LLC ("ASC") which is reported within the Albany Engineered Composites segment. The Company also owns 85% of Arcari, SRL ("Arcari"), a manufacturer of textile and plastic industrial technical products and conveyor belts, which is a subsidiary of Heimbach GmbH, the paper machine clothing manufacturer recently acquired by the Company and reported within the Machine Clothing segment. Additional information regarding noncontrolling interest is included in Note 10, Noncontrolling Interest, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are used in the accounting for, among others, revenue recognition, contract profitability, allowances for doubtful accounts, rebates and sales allowances, inventory allowances, financial instruments, including derivatives, pension and other postretirement benefits, goodwill and intangible assets, contingencies, income taxes, and other accruals. Our estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions, which are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may materially differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of any revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary.

Revenue Recognition

In our Machine Clothing ("MC") business segment, we recognize revenue at the point in time when we satisfy our performance obligations related to the manufacture and delivery of products. In our Albany Engineered Composites ("AEC") business segment, revenue from most long-term contracts is generally recognized over time using an input method as the measure of progress. The amount of revenue in excess of progress billings on long-term contracts is included in Contract assets, net, which represent rights to consideration that are conditional on something other than the passage of time, such as completion of remaining performance obligations.

For over time contracts, we are required to limit our estimate of contract values to the period of the legally enforceable contract. While certain contracts are expected to be profitable over the course of the program life when including expected renewals, our estimate of contract revenues and costs is limited to the estimated value of enforceable rights and obligations, excluding anticipated renewals. This contract period may result in a loss contract provision at contract inception. Expected losses on projects include losses on contract options that are probable of exercise, excluding

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profitable options that may follow. For contracts with anticipated losses, a provision for the entire amount of the estimated remaining loss is charged against income in the period in which the loss becomes known. Contract losses are determined considering all direct and indirect contract costs, exclusive of any selling, general or administrative cost allocations, which are treated as period expenses.

Products and services provided under long-term contracts represent a significant portion of Net revenues in the AEC segment. We have a contract with a major customer for which revenue is recognized under a cost-plus-fee agreement. We also have fixed price long-term contracts, for which we use the percentage of completion (incurred cost to total estimated cost) method. That method requires significant judgment and estimation, which could be considerably different if the underlying circumstances were to change. When adjustments in estimated contract revenues or costs are required, any changes from prior estimates are included in earnings in the period the change occurs.

Additional accounting policies related to revenue from contracts with customers are set forth in Note 2, Revenue Recognition, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

We limit the concentration of credit risk in receivables by closely monitoring credit and collection policies. We record allowances for sales returns as a deduction in the computation of Net revenues. Such provisions are recorded on the basis of written communication with customers and/or historical experience. Any value added taxes that are imposed on sales transactions are excluded from Net revenues.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold includes the cost of materials, provisions for obsolete inventories, labor and supplies, shipping and handling costs, depreciation of manufacturing facilities and equipment, purchasing, receiving, warehousing, and other expenses. Cost of goods sold also includes provisions for loss contracts and charges for the write-off of inventories that result from an exit activity.

Selling, General, and Administrative ("SG&A") Expenses

Selling, general, and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of wages, incentive compensation, benefits, travel, professional fees, revaluation of trade foreign currency balances, global information system costs, and other costs, and are expensed as incurred. Selling expense includes costs related to contract acquisition and provisions for expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost.

Technical and Research Expenses

Technical and research expenses are charged to operations as incurred and consist primarily of compensation, supplies, and professional fees incurred in connection with intellectual property.

The AEC segment participates in both company-sponsored, and customer-funded research and development. Some customer-funded research and development may be on a cost-sharing basis and considered to be a collaborative arrangement, in which case both parties are active participants and are exposed to the risks and rewards dependent on the success of the activity. In such cases, amounts charged to the collaborating entity are credited against research and development expense. For customer-funded research and development in which we anticipate funding to exceed expenses, we include amounts charged to the customer in Net revenues, while expenses are included in Cost of goods sold.

Restructuring Expense

We may incur expenses related to exiting a line of business or restructuring of our operations or organizational structure, which could include employee termination costs, costs to consolidate or close facilities, or costs to terminate contractual relationships. Restructuring expenses may also include impairment of Property, plant and equipment, as described below under “Property, Plant and Equipment.” Employee termination costs include severance pay and social costs for periods after employee service is completed. Termination costs related to an ongoing benefit arrangement are recognized when the amount becomes probable and estimable. Termination costs related to a one-

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time benefit arrangement are recognized at the communication date to employees. Costs related to contract termination, relocation of employees, outplacement and the consolidation or the closure of facilities, are recognized when incurred.

Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences and tax attributes by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable for future years to differences between existing assets and liabilities for financial reporting and income tax return purposes. The effect of tax rate changes on deferred taxes is recognized in the income tax provision in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established, as needed, to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. In the event it becomes more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset valuation allowances will not be needed, the valuation allowance will be adjusted.

In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have determined the amount of the tax benefit to be recognized by estimating the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. Where applicable, associated interest and penalties have also been recognized. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. We have not elected to reclassify stranded tax effects from Accumulated items of other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings.

Earnings Per Share

Basic net income or loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during each year. Diluted net income per share includes the effect of all potentially dilutive securities. If we report a net loss from continuing operations, the diluted loss per share is equal to the basic earnings per share calculation.

Translation of Financial Statements

Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. operations are translated at year-end rates of exchange, and the income statement accounts are translated at average monthly exchange rates. Gains or losses resulting from translating non-U.S. currency financial statements into U.S. dollars are recorded in other comprehensive income and accumulated in Shareholders’ equity in the caption “Translation adjustments.”

Selling, general, and administrative expenses include foreign currency gains and losses resulting from third party balances, such as receivables and payables, which are denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency. Gains or losses resulting from cash and short-term intercompany loans and balances denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency, and foreign currency options are generally included in Other expense, net. Gains and losses on long-term intercompany loans not intended to be repaid in the foreseeable future are recorded in other comprehensive income.

The following table summarizes foreign currency transaction gains and losses recognized in the income statement:

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable includes trade and other accounts receivables and Bank promissory notes. In connection with certain sales in Asia Pacific, the Company accepts a bank promissory note as customer payment. The notes may be presented for payment at maturity, which is less than one year.

In accordance with ASC 326, Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL"), the Company recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost, such as Accounts receivable, Contract assets and Noncurrent receivables. The allowance is determined using a CECL model that is based on an historical average three-year loss rate and is measured by financial asset type on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist, at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. The estimate reflects the risk of loss due to credit default, even when the risk is remote, and considers available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable expected future economic conditions.

The Company also has had Noncurrent receivables in the AEC segment that represent revenue earned which had extended payment terms.

See additional information set forth in Note 11, Accounts Receivable, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Contract assets includes unbilled amounts typically resulting from sales under contracts when the cost-to-cost method of revenue recognition is utilized, and revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are transferred to Accounts receivable, net, when the entitlement to payment becomes unconditional. Contract liabilities include advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. Contract liabilities are included in Accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

See additional information set forth in Note 12, Contract Assets and Liabilities, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Inventories

Costs included in inventories are raw materials, labor, supplies and allocable depreciation and overhead. Raw materials inventory is valued on an average cost basis. Other inventory cost elements are valued at cost, using the first-in, first-out method. The Company writes down the inventories for estimated obsolescence, and to lower of cost or net realizable value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Write-downs of inventories are charged to Cost of goods sold. If actual demand or market conditions are less favorable than those projected by the Company, additional inventory write-downs may be required. Once established, the original cost of the inventory less the related write-down represents the new cost basis of such inventories.

See additional information set forth in Note 2, Revenue Recognition, and Note 13, Inventories, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. A contract is, or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, we assess whether:

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•The contract involves the use of an identified asset. This may be specified explicitly or implicitly, and should be physically distinct or represent substantially all of the capacity of a physically distinct asset,

•The lessee has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset throughout the period of use, and

•The lessee has the right to direct the use of the asset, which is demonstrated when the lessee has decision-making rights that are most relevant to changing how and for what purpose the asset is used.

Judgment is required in the determination of whether a contract contains a lease, the appropriate classification, allocation of consideration, and the determination of the discount rate for the lease. Key estimates and judgments include how the Company determines (1) the discount rate it uses to discount the unpaid lease payments to present value, (2) lease term and (3) lease payments.

We have certain lease agreements with lease and non-lease components. For most of these leases, we account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component, in accordance with the practical expedient that is available for ongoing accounting. Additionally, for certain other leases, such as for vehicles, we apply a portfolio approach. Such new leases are classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. Expenses related to operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis, while those determined to be finance leases are recognized following a front-loaded expense profile, in which interest and amortization are presented separately in the income statement.

Operating lease right of use asset ("ROU") assets are included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, while finance lease ROU assets are included in Property, plant, and equipment, net. Lease liabilities for both operating and finance leases are included in Accrued liabilities and Other noncurrent liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

See additional information set forth in Note 20, Leases, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Debt

The Company relies on bank financing as an important source of liquidity for business activities. Outstanding debt is classified as current or long-term based on the maturity of the Company's financing arrangements. See additional information set forth in Note 17, Financial Instruments, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost, or if acquired as part of a business combination, at fair value. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets for financial reporting purposes. In some cases, accelerated methods are used for income tax purposes. Significant additions or improvements extending assets’ useful lives are capitalized; normal maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. The cost of fully depreciated assets remaining in use is included in the respective asset and accumulated depreciation accounts. When items are sold or retired, related gains or losses are included in Net income.

Computer software purchased for internal use, at cost, is amortized on a straight-line basis over five toeight years, depending on the nature of the asset, after being placed into service, and is included in Property, plant, and equipment. We capitalize internal and external costs incurred related to the software development stage. Capitalized salaries, travel, and consulting costs related to the software development totaled $1.2 million in 2024 and wasnot material in 2023.

We review the carrying value of property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset group may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition.

See additional information set forth in Note 14, Property, Plant and Equipment, Net, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Business Combinations

The total purchase consideration for an acquisition is measured at the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and noncontrolling interests in an acquisition are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. We recognize goodwill if the fair value of the total purchase consideration and any noncontrolling interest is in excess of the net fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. We include the results of operations of the acquired business in the consolidated financial statements beginning on the acquisition date.

Goodwill, Intangibles, and Other Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. Intangible assets from acquired businesses are recognized at fair value on the acquisition date and consist of customer relationships, customer contracts, technology, intellectual property and other intangible assets. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually.

We perform an impairment test of our goodwill at least annually in the second quarter or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may be impaired. Such events or changes in circumstances may include a significant deterioration in overall economic conditions, changes in the business climate of our industry, a decline in our market capitalization, operating performance indicators, competition, reorganizations of our business, or the disposal of all or a portion of a reporting unit.

Our goodwill has been allocated to and is tested for impairment at a level referred to as the reporting unit, which is our business segment level or a level below the business segment. The level at which we test goodwill for impairment requires us to determine whether the operations below the business segment constitute a self-sustaining business for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results.

We may use qualitative or quantitative approaches when testing goodwill for impairment. When we use the qualitative approach, we perform a qualitative evaluation of events and circumstances impacting the reporting unit to determine the likelihood of goodwill impairment. Based on that qualitative evaluation, if we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, no further evaluation is necessary. Otherwise, we perform a quantitative impairment test. To perform the quantitative impairment test, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, a goodwill impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.

Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including revenue growth rates, operating margins, discount rates, and future market conditions, among others. To determine fair value, we utilize two market-based approaches and an income approach. Under the market-based approaches, we utilize information regarding the Company, as well as publicly available industry information, to determine earnings multiples. Under the income approach, we determine fair value based on estimated future cash flows of each reporting unit, discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital, which reflects the overall level of inherent risk of a reporting unit and the rate of return an outside investor would expect to earn.

Impairment assessments inherently involve management judgments regarding a number of assumptions such as those described above. Due to the many variables inherent in the estimation of a reporting unit’s fair value and the relative size of our recorded goodwill, differences in assumptions could have a material effect on the estimated fair value of one or more of our reporting units and could result in a goodwill impairment charge in a future period. See additional information set forth in Note 15, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For some AEC contracts, we perform pre-production or nonrecurring engineering services. These costs are normally considered a fulfillment activity, rather than a performance obligation. Fulfillment activities that create resources that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future, and are expected to be recovered, are capitalized to

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Other assets, which is classified as a noncurrent asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The capitalized costs are amortized into Cost of goods sold over the period over which the asset is expected to contribute to future cash flows, which includes anticipated renewal periods.

Included in Other assets is $17.0 million in 2024 and $19.3 million in 2023 for defined benefit pension plans where plan assets exceed the projected benefit obligations. Other assets also include financial assets of $0.6 million in 2024 and $0.7 million in 2023. See additional information set forth in Note 18, Fair-Value Measurements, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Stock-Based Compensation

We have incentive compensation plans that authorize the issuance of stock-based awards for key employees, which are designed to reward short and long-term contributions and provide incentives for recipients to remain with the Company. We issue stock-based awards in the form of restricted stock units and performance stock units that generally vest betweenone andfive years from the grant date and can be settled in cash or shares. Expenses associated with these awards are recognized over each respective vesting period. Liability based awards are settled in cash, while equity-based awards are settled in stock. See additional information for stock-based compensation plans in Note 22, Stock-Based Compensation, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Derivatives

From time to time, we use derivatives to mitigate potentially large adverse effects from changes in currency exchange rates and interest rates. We monitor our exposure to these risks and evaluate, on an ongoing basis, the risk of potentially large adverse effects versus the costs associated with hedging such risks.

We may use interest rate swaps in the management of interest rate exposures and foreign currency derivatives to manage foreign currency exposure related to assets and liabilities (including net investments in subsidiaries located outside the U.S.) denominated in foreign currencies. When we enter into a derivative contract, we make a determination whether the transaction is deemed to be a hedge for accounting purposes. For those contracts deemed to be a hedge, we formally document the relationship between the derivative instrument and the risk being hedged. In this documentation, we specifically identify the asset, liability, forecasted transaction, cash flow, or net investment that has been designated as the hedged item, and evaluate whether the derivative instrument is expected to reduce the risks associated with the hedged item. To the extent these criteria are not met, we do not use hedge accounting for the derivative.

All derivative contracts are recorded at fair value, as a net asset or a net liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The changes in fair values of derivative contracts are recorded each period in earnings or accumulated other comprehensive income, depending on whether a derivative is effective as part of the hedged transaction. Gains and losses on derivative contracts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income are subsequently included in earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged item. For transactions that are designated as an effective hedge, we perform an evaluation of the effectiveness of the hedge on the date of inception and on an ongoing basis. The related gains and losses of derivative instruments, including those designated in hedge accounting relationships, are included as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

For derivatives that are designated and qualify as hedges of net investments in subsidiaries located outside the U.S., changes in the fair value of derivatives are reported in other comprehensive income as part of Translation adjustments.

The Company does not engage in derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. See Note 17, Financial Instruments, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Pension, Postretirement, and Other Benefit Plans

As described in Note 4, Pension, Postretirement, and Other Benefit Plans, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we have pension and postretirement benefit plans covering substantially all employees.

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The pension plans are generally trusteed or insured, and accrued amounts are funded as required in accordance with governing laws and regulations. The annual expense and liabilities recognized for defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans are developed from actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are key assumptions, including discount rates and expected return on plan assets, which are updated on an annual basis. We consider current market conditions, including changes in interest rates, in determining these assumptions. Discount rate assumptions are based on the population of plan participants and a mixture of high-quality fixed-income investments with durations that match expected future payments. The assumption for expected return on plan assets is based on historical and expected returns on various categories of plan assets.

Government Grants

The Company recognizes government grants only when there is reasonable assurance that we will comply with the conditions attached to them and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income on a systematic basis over the periods in which we recognize as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. A government grant that becomes receivable as compensation for expenses or losses already incurred or for the purpose of giving immediate financial support with no future related costs is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income of the period in which it becomes receivable.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

New Accounting Standards Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”), which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance is to be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The adoption of this standard had an impact on the segment disclosures presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, however, there was no impact to the results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. See Note 3, Reportable Segments and Geographic Data, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

New Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”), which modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (2) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (separated between domestic and foreign) and (3) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (separated by federal, state and foreign). ASU 2023-09 also requires entities to disclose their income tax payments to international, federal, state and local jurisdictions, among other changes. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. ASU 2023-09 should be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-01, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards" (ASU 2024-01), which clarifies how an entity determines whether profits interest or similar awards should be considered within the scope of ASC 718 as a share-based payment arrangement or under ASC 710 or other ASC topics in a manner similar to a cash bonus or profit-sharing arrangement. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods beginning within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. ASU 2024-01 should be applied either (1) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements or (2) prospectively to profits interest and similar awards granted or modified on or after the date at which the entity first applies the amendments. We are

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currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03, "Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses" (ASU 2024-03), which requires a public business entity to disclose specific information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to the financial statements for interim and annual reporting periods. The objective of the disclosure requirements is to provide disaggregated information of the public entity's expenses to help investors better understand the entity's performance; better assess the entity's prospects for future cash flows; and compare an entity's performance over time and with that of other entities. The disaggregation of relevant expense captions presented on the face of the income statement may include but is not limited to the following natural expenses: (1) purchases of inventory, (2) employee compensation, (3) depreciation, (4) intangible asset amortization, and (5) depreciation, depletion, and amortization. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other

In March 2024, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-11275, "The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors". This rule would require registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in registration statements and annual reports. In April 2024, the SEC voluntarily stayed the final rule as a result of legal challenges that are pending judicial review. The disclosure requirements would apply to the Company's fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025, pending resolution of the stay. The Company is currently evaluating the final rule to determine its impact on the Company's disclosures.

2. Revenue Recognition

We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of consideration is probable. Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with the customer, and excludes any amounts collected on behalf of third parties. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service, or a series of distinct goods or services, to the customer which occurs either at a point in time, or over time, depending on the performance obligation in the contract. A performance obligation is a promise in the contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account. “Control” refers to the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the product. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each material distinct performance obligation and is recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied.

In our MC segment, our primary performance obligation in most contracts is to provide solution-based, custom-designed fabrics and belts to the customer. We satisfy this performance obligation upon transferring control of the product to the customer at a specific point in time. Contracts with customers in the MC segment have various terms that can affect the point in time when revenue is recognized. Generally, the customer obtains control when the product has been received at the location specified by the customer, at which time the only remaining obligations under the contract may be fulfillment costs, in the form of shipping and handling, which are accrued when control of the product is transferred.

In the MC segment, contracts with certain customers may also obligate us to provide various product-related services at no additional cost to the customer. When this obligation is material in the context of the contract with the customer, we recognize a separate performance obligation and allocate revenue to those services on a relative estimated standalone selling price basis. The standalone selling price for these services is determined based upon an analysis of the services offered and an assessment of the price we might charge for such services as a separate offering. As we typically provide such services on a stand-ready basis, we recognize this revenue over time. Revenue allocated to such service performance obligations is the only MC revenue that is recognized over time.

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In our AEC segment, we primarily enter into contracts to manufacture and deliver highly engineered advanced composite products to our customers. A significant portion of AEC revenue is earned under a mix of short duration and long duration, firm-fixed-price orders that are placed under master agreements that contain general terms and conditions applicable to all orders placed under the master agreements. We assess each contract at its inception to determine whether it should be combined with other contracts. When making this determination we consider factors such as whether two or more contracts were negotiated and executed at or near the same time or were negotiated with an overall profit objective. If combined, we treat the combined contracts as a single contract for revenue recognition purposes. We evaluate the products or services promised in each contract at inception to determine whether the contract should be accounted for as having one or more performance obligations. For most AEC contracts, the nature of our promise (or our performance obligation) to the customer is to provide a significant service of integrating a complex set of tasks and components into a single project or capability, which will often result in the delivery of multiple highly interdependent and interrelated units.

At the inception of a contract, we determine the transaction price based on the consideration we expect to receive for the products or services being provided under the contract. For contracts where a portion of the price may vary, we estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount, which is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. We analyze the risk of a significant revenue reversal and if necessary, constrain the amount of variable consideration recognized in order to mitigate this risk.

We estimate the transaction price based on our current rights, and do not contemplate future modifications (including unexercised options) or follow-on contracts until they become legally enforceable. Many AEC contracts are subsequently modified to include changes in specifications, requirements or price, which may create new or change existing enforceable rights and obligations. Depending on the nature of the modification, we consider whether to account for the modification as an adjustment to the existing contract or as a separate contract. Generally, we are able to conclude that such modifications are not distinct from the existing contract, due to the significant integration of the obligations, and the interrelated nature of tasks, provided for in the modification and the existing contract. Therefore, such modifications are accounted for as if they were part of the existing contract, and we accumulate the values of such modifications in our estimates of contract value.

Revenue is recognized over time for substantially all of our contracts in AEC as most of our contracts have provisions that are deemed to transfer control to the customer over time. Revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress toward completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. We generally use the cost-to-cost measure of progress for our contracts because it best depicts the transfer of assets to the customer which occurs as we incur costs to produce the contract deliverables. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenue, including profit, is recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Accounting for long-term contracts requires significant judgment and estimation, which could be considerably different if the underlying circumstances were to change. When any adjustments of estimated contract revenue or costs are required, any changes from prior estimates are included in revenues or earnings in the period in which the change occurs. The sum of net adjustments to the estimated profitability of long-term contracts decreased AEC Operating income by $43.2 million and $4.1 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and increased AEC Operating income by $0.5 million in 2022. The unfavorable effects in 2024 related to higher labor, material and scrap costs. The negative change in estimated profitability in 2024 was primarily driven by a few large complex programs, including approximately $25.5 million for the various CH-53K programs, $11.4 million on our Gulfstream program, $3.9 million on our F-35 program, and $2.2 million on our GE Platforms program. The unfavorable effects in 2023 related to additional reserves taken on certain contracts and inflationary factors decreasing anticipated margins. The favorable effects in 2022 were largely due to changes in customer demand and to a lesser extent, efficiency improvements during the ramp-up of several programs.

In other AEC contracts, revenue is recognized at a point in time because the products are offered to multiple customers, or we do not have an enforceable right to payment until the product is shipped or delivered to the location specified by the customer in the contract.

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AEC’s largest source of revenue is derived from the LEAP contract (see Note 10, Noncontrolling Interest, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements) under a cost-plus-fee agreement. The fee may vary within a narrow range based on our success in achieving certain cost targets. Revenue is recognized over time as costs are incurred. Under this contract, there is judgment involved in determining applicable contract costs and expected margin, and therefore, in determining the amount of revenue to be recognized.

Payment terms granted to MC and AEC customers reflect general competitive practices. Terms vary with product, competitive conditions, and the country of operation.

The following table provides a summary of the composition of each business segment:

We disaggregate revenue earned from contracts with customers for each of our business segments and product groups based on the timing of revenue recognition, and groupings used for internal review purposes.

The following table presents disaggregated revenue for each product group by timing of revenue recognition:

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The following table disaggregates MC segment revenue by significant product groupings (paper machine clothing (PMC) and engineered fabrics), and, for PMC, the geographical region to which the paper machine clothing was sold:

We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less. Contracts in the MC segment are generally for periods of less than a year. Most contracts in the AEC segment are a mix of short duration and long duration firm-fixed-price orders, many representing performance obligations with an original maturity of less than one year. Remaining performance obligations on contracts that had an original duration of greater than one year totaled $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2024, $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2023, and $553 million as of December 31, 2022, and related primarily to firm contracts in the AEC segment. Of the remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2024, we expect to recognize as revenue approximately $151 million during 2025, $147 million during 2026, $143 million during 2027, and the remainder thereafter.

3. Reportable Segments and Geographic Data

The Company is organized based on the nature of its products and is composed oftwo reportable segments, Machine Clothing (“MC”), and Albany Engineered Composites ("AEC”), each overseen by a segment president. These segments are reflective of how the Company's Chief Executive Officer, who is its Chief Operating Decision Maker

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("CODM"), reviews operating results for the purpose of allocating resources and assessing performance. Our CODM evaluates each segment's performance based on metrics such as net revenues, gross profit, and other key financial data, to assess performance and allocate resources that align with company-wide goals. Annual incentive targets are established for the segment presidents based on these metrics, in addition to Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) and cash flows, which are reviewed in summary each month, and in more depth each quarter. The Company has not aggregated operating segments for purposes of identifying reportable segments. Effective December 31, 2024, the Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2023-07, which expanded the content and frequency of segment disclosures required under ASC 280.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 1, Accounting Policies, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Corporate expenses include wages and benefits for corporate headquarters personnel, costs related to information systems development and support, and professional fees related to legal, audit, and other activities. Corporate expenses are not allocated to the reportable segments, except certain global information system costs discussed below, because the decision-making for these functions lies outside of the segments.

Machine Clothing:

The MC segment supplies permeable and impermeable belts used in the manufacture of paper, paperboard, tissue and towel, pulp, nonwovens, fiber cement and several other industrial applications. We sell our MC products directly to customer end-users in countries across the globe. Our products, manufacturing processes, and distribution channels for MC are substantially the same in each region of the world in which we operate.

We design, manufacture, and market paper machine clothing (used in the manufacturing of paper, paperboard, tissue and towel) for each section of the paper machine and for every grade of paper. Paper machine clothing products are customized, consumable products of technologically sophisticated design that utilize polymeric materials in a complex structure.

On August 31, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of Heimbach, a privately-held manufacturer of paper machine clothing and technical textiles. The financial results of the acquired company are included in the Machine Clothing reportable segment.

Albany Engineered Composites:

The AEC segment provides highly engineered, advanced composite structures to customers in the commercial and defense aerospace industries. The segment includes Albany Safran Composites, LLC (“ASC”), in which our customer, SAFRAN Group ("Safran"), owns a 10% noncontrolling interest. AEC, through ASC, is the exclusive supplier to the LEAP program of advanced composite fan blades and fan cases under a long-term supply contract.

The LEAP engine is used on the Airbus A320neo, A321neo, Boeing 737 MAX, and COMAC 919 aircraft. AEC’s largest aerospace customer is SAFRAN and sales to SAFRAN (consisting primarily of fan blades and cases for CFM’s LEAP engine) accounted for approximately 14% of the Company’s consolidated Net revenues in 2024. In 2024, SAFRAN leased manufacturing space from AEC for the GE9X program. Rent paid by SAFRAN under this lease amounted to $1.0 million in 2024 and $1.0 million in 2023. AEC sales to SAFRAN were $178.1 million in 2024, $187.6 million in 2023, and $169.3 million in 2022. The total of Accounts receivable, Contract assets and Noncurrent receivable due from SAFRAN amounted to $78.5 million and $93.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other significant programs in AEC include the Sikorsky CH-53K, F-35, JASSM, and Boeing 787 programs. AEC also supplies vacuum waste tanks for Boeing commercial programs, and specialty components for the Rolls Royce lift fan on the F-35, as well as the fan case for the GE9X engine. In 2024, approximately 36% of AEC net revenues were related to U.S. government contracts or programs.

The following tables show data by reportable segment that is regularly provided to the CODM, reconciled to consolidated totals included in the financial statements:

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Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified in order to conform to current year presentation. Global information system costs previously included in Corporate expenses are allocated to the segments. Management believes this presentation better reflects the performance of the segments and is how management will review segment performance on a going forward basis. For the year ended December 31, 2024, Selling, general and administrative expenses include global information systems costs of $15.2 million, $15.7 million and $1.0 million for MC, AEC and Corporate, respectively. Global information systems costs were previously included in Corporate expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Selling, general and administrative expenses include global information systems costs of $10.9 million, $14.2 million and $2.1 million for MC, AEC and Corporate, respectively. Global information systems costs were previously included in Corporate expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, Selling, general and administrative expenses include global information systems costs of $10.0 million, $11.8 million and $1.0 million for MC, AEC and Corporate, respectively. Global information systems costs were previously included in Corporate expenses.

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Interest income, Interest expense, Pension settlement expense, Other income/expense, and Income taxes are not allocated to the business segments.

Results for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include Heimbach, which was acquired August 31, 2023. Heimbach contributed Net revenues of $141.6 million and $51.2 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Heimbach reduced MC's Operating income by $20.0 million and $6.3 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Depreciation expense for Heimbach on Property, plant, and equipment, net was $12.4 million and $4.0 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively; and amortization expense on Intangibles, net was $1.0 million and $0.3 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In the third quarter of 2022, we took actions to settle certain pension plan liabilities in the U.S., leading to charges totaling $49.1 million, which were included as Corporate expenses and other.

In the measurement of assets utilized by each reportable segment, we include Inventories, Accounts receivable, net, Contract assets, net, Noncurrent receivables, net, Property, plant and equipment, net, Intangibles, net and Goodwill.

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The following table presents assets and capital expenditures by reportable segment:

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The following table shows data by geographic area. Net revenues are based on the location of the operation recording the final sale to the customer. Net revenues recorded by our entity in Switzerland are derived from products sold throughout Europe and Asia, and are invoiced in various currencies.

4. Pension, Postretirement, and Other Benefit Plans

Voluntary Savings Plan

The Company maintains a voluntary savings plan covering all employees in the United States. The Plan, known as the Prosperity Plus Savings Plan, is a qualified plan under section 401(k) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. The Company matches, in the form of cash, between 50% and 100% of employee contributions up to a defined maximum. The investment of employee contributions to the plan is self-directed. The Company’s cost of the plan amounted to $7.8 million in 2024, $7.3 million in 2023, and $6.6 million in 2022.

The plan allows for discretionary matching contributions. The Company uses such discretion to provide profit sharing contributions to plan participants. Such contributions are based on Company performance and vary from year to year and contributions are generally made in the first quarter following the Company’s fiscal year-end. The Company’s profit-sharing plan covers all employees in the United States. After the close of each year, the Board of Directors reviews and approves the amount of the profit-sharing contribution. Company contributions to the plan are in the form of cash. The expense recorded for this plan was $2.4 million in 2024, $4.9 million in 2023, and $4.6 million in 2022.

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Pension and Postretirement Plans

The Company has defined benefit pension and postretirement plans covering certain U.S. and non-U.S. employees. The eligibility, benefit formulas, and contribution requirements for plans vary by location.

As of December 31, 2024, U.S. benefit obligations exist through the U.S. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”), a frozen unfunded pension plan, and the U.S. postretirement welfare plan ("PRW"), which provides various medical, dental, and life insurance benefits. The U.S. Pension Plus Plan, a qualified defined benefit pension plan was terminated in 2021 and settled during 2022, leading to charges totaling $49.1 million.

Outside the U.S., the Company sponsors defined benefit pension plans covering certain employees and certain postretirement life insurance benefits to retired employees in Canada.

Accounting guidance requires the recognition of the funded status of each defined benefit and other postretirement benefit plan. Each overfunded plan is recognized as an asset and each underfunded plan is recognized as a liability. Company pension plan data for U.S. and non-U.S. plans has been combined for both 2024 and 2023, except where indicated below.

The Company’s pension and postretirement benefit costs and benefit obligations are based on actuarial valuations that are affected by many assumptions, the most significant of which are the assumed discount rate, expected rate of return on pension plan assets, and mortality. Each of the assumptions is reviewed and updated annually, as appropriate. The assumed rates of return for pension plan assets are determined for each major asset category based on historical rates of return for assets in that category and expectations of future rates of return based, in part, on simulated future capital market performance. The assumed discount rate is based on yields from a portfolio of currently available high-quality fixed-income investments with durations matching the expected future payments, based on the demographics of the plan participants and the plan provisions.

Gains and losses arise from changes in the assumptions used to measure the benefit obligations, and experience different from what had been assumed, including asset returns different than what had been expected. The Company amortizes gains and losses in excess of a “corridor” over the average future service of the plan’s current participants. The corridor is defined as 10% of the greater of the plan’s projected benefit obligation or market-related value of plan assets. The market-related value of plan assets is also used to determine the expected return on plan assets component of net periodic cost.

To the extent the Company’s unrecognized net losses and unrecognized prior service costs, including the amount recognized through accumulated other comprehensive income, are not reduced by future favorable plan experience, they will be recognized as a component of the net periodic cost in future years.

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The following table sets forth the plan benefit obligations:

During 2024, pension benefit obligations decreased by $21.2 million, related to several factors including benefit payments made to participants of the plan, which resulted in a decrease of $9.4 million, and foreign currency changes, which resulted in a decrease of $8.6 million, as well as several other offsetting items. Other postretirement benefit obligations decreased by $2.0 million in 2024, primarily driven by payments made by the Company to participants of the plan.

During 2023, pension benefit obligations increased by $74.6 million, largely related to the acquisition of Heimbach GmbH, which resulted in an increase of $64.9 million, in addition to net actuarial losses, which resulted in an increase of $6.3 million. Other postretirement benefit obligations decreased by $7.0 million in 2023, primarily driven bynet actuarial gains and payments made by the Company to participants of the plan.

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The following sets forth information about plan assets:

The funded status of the plans was as follows:

The composition of the net pension plan funded status as of December 31, 2024 was as follows:

The underfunded balance in the U.S. relates to the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan.

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The composition of the net periodic benefit plan cost for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, was as follows:

Pretax (gains)/losses on plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, was as follows:

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Investment Strategy

Our investment strategy for pension assets differs for the various countries in which we have defined benefit pension plans. Some of our defined benefit plans do not require funded trusts and, in those arrangements, the Company funds the plans on a “pay as you go” basis. The largest of the funded defined benefit plans are in Canada and the United Kingdom.

For the countries in which the Company has funded pension trusts, the investment strategy may also be liability driven or, in other cases, to achieve a competitive, total investment return, achieving diversification between and within asset classes and managing other risks. Investment objectives for each asset class are determined based on specific risks and investment opportunities identified. Actual allocations to each asset class vary from target allocations due to periodic investment strategy changes, market value fluctuations, the length of time it takes to fully implement investment allocation positions, and the timing of benefit payments and contributions.

Fair-Value Measurements

The following tables present plan assets as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, using the fair-value hierarchy, which has three levels based on the reliability of inputs used, as described in Note 18, Fair-Value Measurements, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain investments that are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient are not required to be categorized in the fair value hierarchy table. The total fair value of these investments is included in the table below to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to amounts presented in the funded status table above. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no investments expected to be sold at a value materially different than NAV.

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The following tables present a reconciliation of Level 3 assets held during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

None of the Company's U.S. pension plans held assets during 2024 or 2023. The asset allocation for the Company’s non-U.S. pension plans for 2024 and 2023, and the target allocation, by asset category, are as follows:

(1)Other includes hedged equity and absolute return strategies, as well as private equity. The Company has procedures to closely monitor the performance of these investments and compares asset valuations to audited financial statements of the funds.

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The targeted plan asset allocation is based on an analysis of the actuarial liabilities, a review of viable asset classes, and an analysis of the expected rate of return, risk, and other investment characteristics of various investment asset classes.

At the end of 2024 and 2023, the projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation, and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with projected benefit obligation and an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets were as follows:

Information about expected cash flows for the pension and other benefit obligations are as follows:

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5. Restructuring

At MC, restructuring actions were taken throughout 2024 in order to cease operations at several facilities, including at the Company's MC forming fabric manufacturing facility in Chungju, South Korea, at the Company's Heimbach engineered fabric manufacturing facility in Rochdale, UK, and at the Company's Heimbach paper machine clothing facility in Olten, Switzerland. These actions drove $11.2 million of restructuring charges during 2024, of which $9.5 million in Restructuring expenses, net was due to workforce reductions, fixed asset impairments, and related costs and $1.7 million in Costs of goods sold was due to the write-off of inventory. We expect to incur additional restructuring expenses related to these actions into 2025.

At AEC, restructuring activities were related to reductions in the workforce at various AEC locations, which resulted in Restructuring expenses of $3.6 million in 2024.

Restructuring expenses incurred at MC and AEC during 2023 and 2022 were not significant.

The following table summarizes charges reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income under “Restructuring expenses, net” and "Cost of goods sold":

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5. Restructuring — (continued)

The table below presents the changes in restructuring liabilities for 2024 and 2023:

As of December 31, 2024, we expect that the total $5.0 million of Accrued liabilities for restructuring will be paid within one year.

6. Other (Income)/Expense, net

The components of Other expense/(income), net, are:

Other (income)/expense, net included foreign currency related transactions that resulted in gains of $3.9 million during 2024 and gains of $2.9 million during 2023. In addition, changes in the fair value of derivative instruments included losses of $3.5 million during 2024 and gains of $0.4 million in 2023, driven by currency rate movements, most notably the Brazilian Real and Mexican Peso. Net periodic pension and postretirement costs, other than service costs, was $2.5 million during 2024 and was a benefit of $0.1 million during 2023. Other (income)/expense, net, also included 2024 bank fees, amortization of debt issuance costs, and rental income. During 2022, the Company recorded a gain of $3.4 million on the sale of IP addresses that the Company had no future critical need to retain. There wereno similar gains of this nature during 2023 or 2024.

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7. Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes consisted of the following:

A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:

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In 2024, the Company recorded a net tax benefit of $5.0 million for the establishment of a deferred tax asset for reserves in a foreign jurisdiction in accordance with newly adopted local law. The Company does not believe it will be able to realize the benefit of these deferred tax assets, as such an offsetting valuation allowance was recorded. This valuation allowance is included in the change in valuation allowances line above.

In 2024, the Company also recorded new valuation allowances totaling $6.7 million and released a valuation allowance of $6.3 million in a non-U.S. jurisdiction due to positive evidence indicating that a full valuation allowance was no longer required. The remaining increase in valuation allowance is due to increases in deferred tax assets in entities that already had established valuation allowances.

In 2022, the Company recorded a net tax benefit of $5.2 million for the release of the residual tax effects that were stranded within other comprehensive income related to the U.S. pension settlement. The residual tax effects were created as a result of the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities originally established in other comprehensive income in accordance with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act lowering the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% as of December 31, 2017. No similar charges were incurred during 2023 or 2024.

The Company has operations which constitute a taxable presence in 22 countries outside of the United States. The Company is subject to audit in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. Our open tax years for major jurisdictions generally range from 2013-2024. We believe appropriate provisions for all outstanding tax issues have been made for all jurisdictions and all open years.

During the periods reported, income outside of the U.S. was heavily concentrated within Brazil (34% tax rate), China (25% tax rate), and Mexico (30% tax rate). The foreign rate differential of these jurisdictions was partially offset by Switzerland (15% tax rate). As a result, the foreign income tax rate differential was primarily attributable to these tax rate differences.

Cash payments for taxes amounted to $47.3 million in 2024, $54.5 million in 2023, and $50.0 million in 2022.

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Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of certain assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

Deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowances, are expected to be realized through the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income.

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As of December 31, 2024, the Company's net operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards were as follows:

The Company records the residual U.S. and foreign taxes on certain amounts of foreign earnings that have been targeted for repatriation to the U.S. These amounts are not considered to be indefinitely reinvested, and the Company accrued for the tax cost on these earnings to the extent they cannot be repatriated in a tax-free manner. The Company has targeted for repatriation $163.0 million of current year and prior year earnings of the Company’s foreign operations. If these earnings were distributed, the Company would be subject to foreign withholding taxes of $4.5 million and U.S. income taxes of $0.7 million which have already been recorded.

The accumulated undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign operations not targeted for repatriation to the U.S. were approximately $132.9 million, and are intended to remain indefinitely invested in foreign operations.

No additional income taxes have been provided on the indefinitely invested foreign earnings at December 31, 2024. If these earnings were distributed, the Company could be subject to income taxes and additional foreign withholding taxes. Determining the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any additional outside basis difference in these entities is not practical due to the complexities of the hypothetical calculation.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits. If recognized, the $3.1 million would impact the effective tax rate as of December 31, 2024 as follows:

Of the $3.1 million total unrecognized tax benefits balance as of December 31, 2024, $1.0 million is related to unrecognized tax benefits acquired in the Heimbach acquisition.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within its global operations as a component of income tax expense. The Company recognized $0.4 million, $0.5 million and $0.1 million interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits noted above, for the years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months, unrecognized tax benefits related to international tax matters may decrease by up to $2.4 million based on current estimates.

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8. Earnings Per Share

The amounts used in computing earnings per share and the weighted average number of shares of potentially dilutive securities are as follows:

Shares outstanding, net of treasury shares, were 31.1 million as of December 31, 2024,31.2 million as of December 31, 2023, and 31.1 million as of December 31, 2022.

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9. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI")

The table below presents changes in the components of AOCI from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024:

The components of our Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income that are reclassified to the Statement of Income relate to our pension and postretirement plans and interest rate swaps.

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9. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) — (continued)

The table below presents the expense/(income) amounts reclassified, and the line items of the Statement of Income that were affected for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

(a)Reported as Interest expense, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income, are payments related to the interest rate swap agreements and amortization of swap buyouts (see Note 17, Financial Instruments, and Note 18, Fair-Value Measurements, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

(b)Reported as Other (income)/expense, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income, the accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note 4, Pension, Postretirement, and Other Benefit Plans, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

10. Noncontrolling Interest

Effective October 31, 2013, SAFRAN S.A. ("SAFRAN") acquired a 10% equity interest in a new Albany subsidiary, Albany Safran Composites, LLC ("ASC"). Under the terms of the transaction agreements, ASC will be the exclusive supplier to SAFRAN of advanced 3D-woven composite parts in accordance with agreed upon scope parameters defined between both companies, for use in aircraft and rocket engines, thrust reversers and nacelles, and aircraft landing and braking systems (the “SAFRAN Applications”). AEC may develop and supply parts other than advanced 3D-woven composite parts for all aerospace applications, as well as advanced 3D-woven composite parts for any aerospace applications that are not SAFRAN Applications (such as airframe applications) and any non-aerospace applications.

The agreement provides SAFRAN an option to purchase Albany’s remaining 90% interest upon the occurrence of certain bankruptcy or performance default events, or if Albany’s Engineered Composites business is sold to a direct competitor of SAFRAN. The purchase price is based initially on the same valuation of ASC used to determine SAFRAN’s 10% equity interest, and increases over time as LEAP production increases.

In accordance with the operating agreement, Albany received a $28 million preferred holding in ASC which includes a preferred return based on the Company’s revolving credit agreement. The common shares of ASC are owned 90% by Albany and 10% by SAFRAN.

The Company also owns 85% of Arcari, SRL ("Arcari"), a manufacturer of textile and plastic industrial technical products and conveyor belts, which is a subsidiary of Heimbach GmbH, the paper machine clothing manufacturer

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10. Noncontrolling Interest — (continued)

acquired by the Company on August 31, 2023 and reported within the MC segment. As of December 31, 2024, the net income/(loss) attributable to Arcari's noncontrolling interest was less than $0.1 million and the noncontrolling interest balance was $0.4 million.

The table below presents a reconciliation of income attributable to the noncontrolling interest and noncontrolling equity in the Company’s subsidiaries:

11. Accounts Receivable

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Accounts receivable consisted of the following:

The Company had Noncurrent receivables in the AEC segment that represented revenue earned, which had extended payment terms. In 2023, the payment terms were amended and the Noncurrent receivables are now included in Trade and other accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Noncurrent receivables were as follows:

11. Accounts Receivable— (continued)

Allowances for expected credit losses are recorded at the same time the financial asset is recorded. The Company monitors financial assets for credit impairment events to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, and considers both quantitative and qualitative information. The risk of loss due to credit default increases when one or more events occur that can have a detrimental impact on estimated future cash flows of that financial asset. Evidence that a financial asset is subject to greater credit risk includes observable data about significant financial difficulty of the customer, a breach of contract, such as a default or past due event, or it becomes probable that the customer will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization, among other factors. It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event, but rather, the combined effect of several events that may cause an increase in risk of loss.

The probability of default is driven by the relative financial health of our customer base and that of the industries in which we operate, as well as the broader macro-economic environment. A changing economic environment or forecasted economic scenario can lead to a different probability of default and can suggest that credit risk has changed.

At each reporting period, the Company will recognize the amount of change in current expected credit losses as an allowance gain or loss in Selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Financial assets are written-off when the Company has no reasonable expectation of recovering the financial asset, either in its entirety, or a portion thereof. This is the case when the Company determines that the customer does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write-off.

The following tables present the (increases)/decreases in the allowance for credit losses for Accounts receivable:

The following tables present the (increases)/decreases in the allowance for credit losses for Noncurrent receivables:

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12. Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets and Contract liabilities (included in Accrued liabilities) are reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in a net position, on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Contract assets and contract liabilities are summarized as follows:

Contract assets decreased $15.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in unbilled revenue related to the satisfaction of performance obligations on larger programs in excess of the amounts billed, notably for the Sikorsky CH-53K and the F-35 programs. Other than the allowance for expected credit losses, there were no other provisions for losses related to our Contract assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following tables present the (increases)/ decreases in the allowance for credit losses for Contract assets:

Contract liabilities decreased $1.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to revenue recognition from satisfied performance obligations exceeding the amounts invoiced to customers for contracts that were in a contract liability position. Revenue recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 that was included in the Contract liability balance at the beginning of the year was $4.3 million and $15.2 million, respectively.

13. Inventories

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, inventories consisted of the following:

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14. Property, Plant and Equipment, net

The table below sets forth the components of property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Depreciation expense was $82.5 million in 2024, $70.4 million in 2023, and $62.5 million in 2022. Software amortization is recorded in Selling, general, and administrative expense and was $1.9 million in 2024, $1.9 million in 2023, and $1.7 million in 2022.

Capital expenditures, including purchased software, were $81.2 million in 2024, $84.4 million in 2023, and $96.3 million in 2022. Unamortized software cost was $5.4 million, $6.6 million, and $5.9 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to income as incurred and amounted to $25.4 million in 2024, $22.4 million in 2023, and $20.7 million in 2022.

15. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, however, these assets are tested for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level, using either a qualitative or quantitative approach. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of a reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value.

In the second quarter of 2024, management applied the quantitative assessment approach in performing its annual evaluation of goodwill and indefinite-lived trademark intangibles for the Company's Machine Clothing reporting unit and Engineered Composites reporting unit. As part of the quantitative assessment, management used the income and market approach to determine fair value by considering projected cash flows and market multiples for each reporting unit. Management performed the quantitative assessments and concluded that each reporting unit’s fair value continued to significantly exceed its carrying value. Accordingly, no impairment charges were recorded.

In the third and fourth quarters of 2024, the Company revised its estimates and assumptions used in certain program estimates at completion of its AEC reporting unit. As a result of the changes in estimates, we performed a qualitative assessment of the AEC reporting unit's goodwill for impairment and concluded that goodwill was not impaired. The excess of the fair value of the AEC reporting unit over its carrying value reduced by approximately 20% from previous quarters; and fair value continues to exceed the carrying value by more than 25%.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company wrote-off the remaining Finite-lived intangible assets balance at our Rochdale, UK location due to restructuring actions being taken to cease operations at the manufacturing facility. This decision resulted in a non-cash write-off of intangibles for $0.3 million, which is presented asother changes in the table below for intangible assets and goodwill in 2024.

On August 31, 2023, the Company acquired all the outstanding shares of Heimbach. The preliminary fair values of the identifiable intangible assets obtained totaled $14.9 million and consisted of the Heimbach trade name and developed technology. The fair value of the trade name was $6.0 million and is considered an indefinite-lived asset because of

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15. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets — (continued)

Heimbach's rich brand heritage and customer service to the paper machine clothing industry. The fair value of the developed technology was $8.9 million and includes intellectual property-related technologies as well as know-how developed by Heimbach; and is being amortized over its economic period of benefit, which is 9 years. See Note 24, Business Combination, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional information.

We amortize certain patents, trademarks and names, customer contracts, relationships and technology assets that have finite-lives. The changes in intangible assets and goodwill from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, were as follows:

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15. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets — (continued)

As of December 31, 2024, the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of Finite-lived intangible assets was $86.1 million and $53.7 million, respectively.

Amortization expense related to Finite-lived intangible assets was reported in the Consolidated Statement of Income as follows: $1.1 million in Cost of goods sold and $4.2 million in Selling, general and administrative expenses in 2024; $0.4 million in Cost of goods sold and $4.1 million in Selling, general and administrative expenses in 2023; and $0.8 million in Cost of goods sold and $4.0 million in Selling, general and administrative expenses in 2022.

Estimated amortization expense of intangibles for the years ending December 31, 2025 through 2029, is as follows:

16. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consist of the following:

17. Financial Instruments

Debt principally consists of a revolving credit agreement and foreign bank debt assumed in the acquisition of Heimbach. The following table represents our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

There are no principal payments on long-term debt until 2028, at which time the balance of $318.5 million is due. Cash payments of interest amounted to $14.7 million in 2024, $18.7 million in 2023 and $16.0 million in 2022.

Amended Credit Agreement

On August 16, 2023, we entered into a $800 million unsecured committed Five-Year Revolving Credit Facility Agreement, amended on June 28, 2024 (collectively, the “Amended Credit Agreement”), which matures in August of 2028.

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17. Financial Instruments — (continued)

The applicable interest rate for borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement is based on both Term SOFR and EURIBOR plus a spread, which is based on our leverage ratio (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) at the time of a borrowing as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, the applicable interest rate for borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement was based on one-month term SOFR and one-month EURIBOR, plus the spread, which was 1.500%.

As of December 31, 2024, there was$318 million of borrowings outstanding under the Amended Credit Agreement and we had borrowings available of $482 million, based on our maximum leverage ratio and our consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement).

Under the Amended Credit Agreement, we are required to maintain a leverage ratio (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) of not greater than 3.75 to 1.00, or 4.25 to 1.00 after a significant acquisition. We are also required to maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) of greater than 3.00 to 1.00. If our leverage ratio exceeds 3.50 to 1.00, we will be restricted in paying dividends to a maximum amount of $40 million in a calendar year.

As of December 31, 2024, our leverage ratio was 0.88 to 1.00 and our interest coverage ratio was 14.90 to 1.00. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants. We anticipate continued compliance in each of the next four quarters while continuing to monitor future compliance based on current and future economic conditions.

The borrowings are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement. Our ability to borrow additional amounts under the Amended Credit Agreement is conditional upon the absence of any defaults, as well as the absence of any material adverse change (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement). Indebtedness under the Amended Credit Agreement is ranked equally in right of payment to all unsecured senior debt.

In November, 2024, we entered intotwo interest rate swap agreements: A USD interest rate swap agreement and a EUR interest rate swap agreement. The USD interest rate swap agreement covers the period November 15, 2024 through November 15, 2026. This transaction has the effect of fixing the SOFR portion of the interest rate (before the credit spread) on $125 million of the US indebtedness drawn under the Amended Credit Facility. Under the terms of this transaction, the Company pays a fixed rate of 3.987% and our counterparty pays a floating rate based on the one-month SOFR rate at each monthly calculation date. The EUR interest rate swap agreement covers the period November 14, 2024 through November 15, 2026. This transaction has the effect of fixing the EURIBOR portion of the interest rate (before the credit spread) on EUR 45 million of the EUR indebtedness drawn under the Amended Credit Facility. Under the terms of this transaction, the Company pays a fixed rate of 2.277% and our counterparty pays a floating rate based on the one-month EURIBOR rate at each monthly calculation date.

On June 14, 2021, we entered into interest rate swap agreements for the period October 17, 2022 through October 27, 2024. These transactions had the effect of fixing the LIBOR portion of the effective interest rate (before addition of the spread) on $350 million of indebtedness, drawn under the Prior Agreement at the rate of 0.838% during the period. Under the terms of these transactions, we paid the fixed rate of 0.838% and the counterparties paid a floating rate based on the one-month LIBOR rate at each monthly calculation date. On June 29, 2023, the Company amended each Swap agreement, in accordance with the practical expedients included in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 848, Reference Rate Reform, to replace the LIBOR Benchmark with a Term SOFR Benchmark. As a result of the amendments, we paid a fixed blended rate of 0.768% (plus a credit spread adjustment as defined in the Swap Agreements) through October 27, 2024 on$350 million of borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement and the

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17. Financial Instruments — (continued)

counterparties paid a floating rate based on the one-month term SOFR at each monthly calculation date. These agreements terminated in October, 2024.

These interest rate swaps are accounted for as a hedge of future cash flows, as further described in Note 18, Fair-Value Measurements, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. No cash collateral was received or pledged in relation to the swap agreements.

Assumed Foreign Bank Debt

With the August 31, 2023 acquisition of Heimbach, the Company assumed bank debt in the amount of $32.7 million. At December 31, 2024, the balance of Heimbach's debt was less than $0.1 million.

18. Fair-Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

We had no Level 3 financial assets or liabilities at December 31, 2024, or at December 31, 2023, other than certain pension assets (see Note 4, Pension, Postretirement, and Other Benefit Plans, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

The following table presents the fair-value hierarchy for our Level 1 and Level 2 financial and non-financial assets and liabilities, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

(a)Original cost basis $0.5 million

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18. Fair-Value Measurements — (continued)

Cash equivalents include short-term securities that are considered to be highly liquid and easily tradable. These securities are valued using inputs observable in active markets for identical securities.

The interest rate swaps are accounted for as hedges of future cash flows. The fair value of our interest rate swaps are derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve, and is included in Other assets and/or Other noncurrent liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains and losses on the interest rate swaps flow through the caption Derivative valuation adjustment in the Shareholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In November, 2024, the Company entered into a USD and EUR interest rate swap agreements (see Note 17, Financial Instruments, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). As of December 31, 2024, these interest rate swaps were determined to be highly effective hedges of interest rate cash flow risk. Amounts accumulated in Other comprehensive income are reclassified as Interest expense/(income), net when the related interest payments (that is, the hedged forecasted transactions), affect earnings. Interest (income)/expense related to payments under the active swap agreements totaled $13.4 million in 2024, $(15.0) million in 2023 and $0.5 million in 2022.

We operate our business in many regions of the world, and currency rate movements can have a significant effect on operating results. From time to time, we enter into foreign currency option contracts and forward contracts that are valued using quoted prices in active markets obtained from independent pricing sources. These instruments are measured using market foreign exchange prices and are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Other assets and Accounts payable, as applicable. Changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded as gains or losses within Other (income)/expense, net.

When exercised, the foreign currency instruments are net settled with the same financial institution that bought or sold them. For all positions, whether options or forward contracts, there is risk from the possible inability of the financial institution to meet the terms of the contracts and the risk of unfavorable changes in interest and currency rates, which may reduce the value of the instruments. We seek to mitigate risk by evaluating the creditworthiness of counterparties and by monitoring the currency exchange and interest rate markets while reviewing the hedging risks and contracts to ensure compliance with our internal guidelines and policies.

(Gains)/losses related to changes in fair value of derivative instruments that were recognized in Other (income)/expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income were as follows:

19. Other Noncurrent Liabilities

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Other noncurrent liabilities consisted of the following:

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20. Leases

We are generally the lessee in our lease transactions. Lessees are required to recognize a lease liability and a right of use ("ROU") asset for leases with terms greater than 12 months, in accordance with the practical expedient that is available for ongoing accounting.

ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent an obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized on the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, using the rate implicit in the lease. If that rate is not readily determinable, the rate is based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Our ROU assets include the values associated with the additional periods when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option. We review the carrying value of ROU assets for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset group may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition.

We have entered into operating and finance leases for offices, manufacturing facilities, warehouses, vehicles, and certain equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 2 years to 15 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within 2 years.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

The initial recognition of each ROU asset and lease liability at lease commencement is a noncash transaction that is excluded from amounts reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

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20. Leases — (continued)

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

Additional information for leases existing at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

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21. Commitments and Contingencies

Asbestos Litigation

Albany International Corp. is a defendant in suits brought in various courts in the United States by plaintiffs who allege that they have suffered personal injury as a result of exposure to asbestos-containing paper machine clothing synthetic dryer fabrics marketed during the period from 1967 to 1976 and used in certain paper mills.

We were defending 3,646 claims as of December 31, 2024.

The following table sets forth the number of claims filed, the number of claims settled, dismissed or otherwise resolved, and the aggregate settlement amount during the periods presented:

We anticipate that additional claims will be filed against the Company and related companies in the future, but are unable to predict the number and timing of such future claims. Due to the fact that information sufficient to meaningfully estimate a range of possible loss of a particular claim is typically not available until late in the discovery process, we do not believe a meaningful estimate can be made regarding the range of possible loss with respect to pending or future claims and therefore we are unable to estimate a range of reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts already accrued for pending or future claims.

While we believe we have meritorious defenses to these claims, we have settled certain claims for amounts we consider reasonable given the facts and circumstances of each case. Our insurance carrier has defended each case and funded settlements under a standard reservation of rights. As of December 31, 2024 we had resolved, by means of settlement or dismissal,38,051 claims. The total cost of resolving all claims was $10.7 million. Of this amount, almost 100% was paid by our insurance carrier, who has confirmed that we have approximately $140 million of remaining coverage under primary and excess policies that should be available with respect to current and future asbestos claims.

We currently do not anticipate, based on currently available information, that the ultimate resolution of the aforementioned proceedings will have a material adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company. Although we cannot predict the number and timing of future claims, based on the foregoing factors, the trends in claims filed against us, and available insurance, we also do not currently anticipate that potential future claims will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

22. Stock-Based Compensation

We have cash-based and stock-based incentive compensation plans that can be awarded for key employees, which are designed to reward short and long-term contributions and used as retention incentives for key senior management. We grant stock-based awards in the form of restricted stock units that are generally settled with the issuance of Class A shares. We grant performance phantom stock units that are treated as liability-based awards and are generally settled in cash. The vesting periods generally range betweenone andfive years from the grant date. Expenses associated with these awards are recognized over each respective vesting period.

Performance and Retention Awards

The Albany International 2017 and 2023 Long-term Incentive Plans provide senior executive members of management with incentive compensation based on achieving certain performance or service measures. Awards can be settled in cash or shares of Class A Common Stock. If the settlement is in the form of Class A Common Stock, participants may elect to receive shares net of applicable income taxes.

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22. Stock-Based Compensation — (continued)

Annual Performance Period Awards

Annual cash-based incentives were granted to executives as annual performance period ("APP") awards. Cash payments of $3.1 million in 2024, $3.9 million in 2023 and $4.5 million in 2022 were made as a result of the performance in the preceding year. In addition, due to the vesting of certain compensation costs for executives that departed from the Company, additional cash payments were made of $0.6 million in 2024 and $0.9 million in 2023.

Multi-Year Performance Plan Awards

Long-term performance incentives were granted to executives as multi-year performance plan ("MPP") awards in each of 2022, 2023 and 2024. Each of these awards vests three years after the grant date, and the extent of payout is dependent upon the achievement of certain performance metrics during thethree-year performance period, as defined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Settlement of the awards are scheduled to occur no later than 90 days after the end of the performance period. If a participant terminates employment prior to the award becoming fully vested, the participant forfeits a portion of the MPP award. The grant date share price is determined when the awards are approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors each year and that price is used to measure the cost for the share-based portion of an award. MPP awards are generally settled in shares. Expense associated with these awards is recognized over the vesting period. In connection with these awards, we recognized expense of $1.6 million in 2024, $5.1 million in 2023 and $3.9 million in 2022. The net impact to earnings for the respective years was $1.4 million, $4.3 million, and $2.7 million. Based on current estimates of achievement of certain performance metrics, we anticipate recognizing $0.9 million of expense in 2025 and $0.4 million of expense in 2026.

Restricted Stock Unit Awards

Long-term restricted stock unit awards (“RSU”) were granted to executives and vest annually and settle in shares no later than 90 days after the vesting period ends. The grant date share price is the date when the award is approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors and is used to measure the cost of the award. We recognized $2.6 million of expense in 2024 associated with these RSU’s, for which the net impact to earnings was $2.3 million. Expense recognized for RSU’s was $4.2 million in 2023, which included $1.7 million as a result of executives that departed during the year, and $1.5 million in 2022. The net impact to earnings during these respective years was $3.5 million and $1.0 million. Based on RSU’s outstanding at December 31, 2024, we expect to record approximately $1.4 million of expense in 2025 and $0.9 million of expense in 2026.

Special Retention Incentives

During 2024 and 2023, RSU awards with performance conditions were issued as special retention incentives to certain executives. The expenses for these awards were $2.2 million in 2024 and $0.9 million in 2023, for which the net impact to earnings was $1.9 million in 2024 and $0.8 million in 2023. Based on awards outstanding at December 31, 2024, we expect to record approximately $1.2 million of expense in 2025.

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22. Stock-Based Compensation — (continued)

As of December 31, 2024, there were 1,524,080 shares of Company stock authorized for the payment of awards under these plans. Information with respect to these plans is presented below:

Performance Phantom Stock

Long-term cash retention incentives with a performance component were granted to members of management as Phantom Stock Plan ("PSP") awards. Awards under this plan vest over a 3 to 5 year period and are paid annually in cash based on current market prices of the Company’s stock. Under this program, employees may earn more or less than the target award based on the Company’s results in the year of the award. Expense recognized for this plan amounted to $5.4 million in 2024, $7.8 million in 2023, and $8.6 million in 2022. The net impact to earnings for the respective years was $3.7 million, $5.5 million, and $6.0 million. Based on awards outstanding at December 31, 2024, we expect to record approximately $6.9 million of compensation cost from 2025 to 2027. The weighted average period for recognition of that cost is approximately 1.5 years.

Non-employee Director stock compensation

The Company’s independent Directors are paid an annual retainer, of which a certain amount is required to be paid in shares. The total number of shares paid to each independent Director is determined by the share closing price on the day of the Annual Meeting at which the election of Directors occurs. This resulted in compensation expense of $1.2 million in 2024, $1.1 million in 2023, and $1.1 million in 2022 in the form of shares.

23. Shareholders’ Equity

We currently haveone class of Common Stock, Class A Common Stock, with a par value of $0.001. Each share is entitled toone vote on all matters submitted to shareholders, and will receive dividends as approved by the Board of Directors.

The Company's Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase shares of up to $200 million through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, and to determine the prices, times and amounts. The program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and it may be suspended or terminated at any time at the Company's discretion. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date. The timing and amount of any share repurchases will be based on the Company’s liquidity, general business and market conditions, debt covenant restrictions and other factors, including alternative investment

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23. Shareholders’ Equity — (continued)

opportunities and capital structure. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has repurchased in total 1,490,904 shares for a total cost of $124.0 million. Of this,182,901 shares were repurchased in 2024 for $14.5 million,1,022,717 shares were purchased in 2022 for $85.1 million, and 285,286 shares were purchased in 2021 for $24.4 million. We are currently authorized to repurchase shares up to $76.0 million.

Activity in Shareholders’ equity for 2022, 2023, and 2024 is presented below:

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23. Shareholders’ Equity — (continued)

(a)On October 25, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase shares of up to $200 million through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, and to determine the prices, times and amounts. In 2022, the Company repurchased 1,022,717 shares totaling $85.1 million and in 2024, the Company repurchased 182,901 shares totaling $14.5 million.

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24. Subsequent Events

On February 21, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase shares up to $250 million (excluding any fees, commissions, taxes or other expenses related to such purchases), which replaces the 2021 authorization. The purchases may be made through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and it may be suspended or terminated at any time at the Company's discretion. The share repurchase program does not have an expiration date. The timing and amount of any share repurchases will be based on the Company’s liquidity, general business and market conditions, debt covenant restrictions and other factors, including alternative investment opportunities and capital structure.