CNB FINANCIAL CORPPA

To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee

Clearfield, Pennsylvania

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CNB Financial Corporation (“Corporation”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Corporation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 6, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Corporation’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s financial statements based on our audits.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans – Qualitative Factors

Description of the Critical Audit Matter

As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the financial statements, the Corporation’s loan portfolio totaled $4.6 billion as of December 31, 2024, and the allowance for credit losses on loans (“ACL”) was $47.4 million. This represents an estimate of expected losses inherent within the Corporation’s loan portfolio.

The Corporation establishes an allowance representing the estimate of expected credit losses over the estimated life of the existing portfolio of loans. The Corporation measures expected credit losses based on a pooled loan basis when similar risk characteristics exist by primarily applying a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The DCF model discounts instrument-level contractual cash flows, adjusting for prepayments and curtailments, and incorporates loss expectations based on past events, current conditions, and forecasted macroeconomic indicators using reasonable and supportable forecasts. The quantitative estimated losses provided by the DCF model are supplemented by more qualitative factors that impact potential losses. Qualitative factors include changes in underwriting standards, changes in lending staff, changes in environmental conditions and other relevant factors. The allowance for credit loss may be materially affected by these qualitative factors, especially during periods of economic uncertainty, for items not reflected in the lifetime credit loss calculation, but which are deemed appropriate by management's current assessment of the risks related to the loan portfolio and/or external factors. The evaluation of qualitative factors is inherently imprecise and requires significant management judgment.

We identified the qualitative factor adjustments included in the allowance for credit losses on loans as a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for our determination included the high degree of judgment and subjectivity in auditing management’s estimation of qualitative factor adjustments, which requires significant judgment.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

The primary procedures performed to address the critical audit matter included:

•We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal controls over the ACL process, including controls over the qualitative elements of the ACL. This included controls over the review of the relevance and reliability of data used to determine the estimates and the review of the appropriateness of the key assumptions and judgments used in the determination of the qualitative factors.

•We evaluated the completeness and accuracy of data used in the development of qualitative factors and the reasonableness of management’s judgments and the relevance of data used in applying the qualitative factors.

•We evaluated the current and expected qualitative adjustments, including assessing the basis for the adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions.

We have served as the Corporation’s auditor since 2022.

/s/ Forvis Mazars, LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

March 6, 2025

To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee

Clearfield, Pennsylvania

Opinion on the Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited CNB Financial Corporation’s (“Corporation”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Corporation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and our report dated March 6, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Corporation’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Forvis Mazars, LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

March 6, 2025

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

Dollars in thousands, except share data

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Dollars in thousands, except per share data

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, 2023, AND 2022

Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (continued)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, 2023, AND 2022

Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Dollars in thousands

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)

Dollars in thousands

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unless otherwise indicated, dollar amounts in tables are stated in thousands, except for per share amounts.

Business and Organization

CNB Financial Corporation (the "Corporation") is headquartered in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, and provides a full range of banking and related services through its wholly owned subsidiary, CNB Bank (the "Bank"). In addition, the Bank provides wealth and asset management services, including the administration of trusts and estates, retirement plans, and other employee benefit plans as well as a full range of wealth management services. The Bank serves individual and corporate customers and is subject to competition from other financial institutions and intermediaries with respect to these services. In addition to the Bank, the Corporation also operates a consumer discount loan and finance business through its wholly owned subsidiary, Holiday Financial Services Corporation ("Holiday"). The Corporation and its other subsidiaries are subject to examination by federal and state regulators. The Corporation’s market area is primarily concentrated in the Central and Northwest regions of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Central and Northeast regions of the State of Ohio, Western region of the State of New York and the Southwest region of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Basis of Financial Presentation

The financial statements are consolidated to include the accounts of the Corporation, the Bank, CNB Securities Corporation, Holiday, CNB Risk Management, Inc. and CNB Insurance Agency. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

Subsequent Events

The Corporation has evaluated subsequent events for recognition and disclosure through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued.

Use of Estimates

To prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ. The allowance for credit losses on loans receivable and off-balance-sheet credit exposures, the fair values of financial instruments, goodwill and the status of contingencies are particularly subject to change.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the consolidated statement of cash flows, the Corporation defines cash and cash equivalents as cash and due from banks and interest bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve and other financial institutions. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions, interest bearing time deposits with other financial institutions and borrowings with original maturities of 90 days or less.

Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Financial Institutions

Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions are carried at cost.

Restrictions on Cash

Note 17, "Derivative Instruments," to the consolidated financial statements discloses the cash collateral balances required to be maintained in connection with the Corporation’s interest rate swaps.

Debt Securities

Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity ("HTM") and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") when they might be sold before maturity. AFS debt securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

Interest income includes amortization of purchase premium or discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Premiums on callable debt securities are amortized to their earliest call date. Gains and losses on sales are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

The Corporation has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of debt securities and report accrued interest separately in accrued interest receivable and other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become more than 90 days delinquent or if full collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain. Accrued interest for a security placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. There wasno accrued interest related to debt securities reversed against interest income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses (AFS Debt Securities)

For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Corporation first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Corporation evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management confirms that an AFS security is uncollectable or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Corporation determined that the unrealized loss positions in AFS debt securities were not the result of credit losses, and therefore, an allowance for credit losses was not recorded. See Note 2, "Securities," and Note 4, "Fair Value," for more information about AFS debt securities.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $2.1 million and $1.4 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and was reported in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Allowance for Credit Losses (HTM Debt Securities)

Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type.

Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $1.1 million and $1.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was reported in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Management classifies the HTM portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. government sponsored entities and residential & multi-family mortgages. All of the residential & multi-family mortgages held by the Corporation are issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses.

Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value, as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recorded as a valuation allowance and charged to earnings.

Mortgage loans held for sale are generally sold with servicing rights retained. The carrying value of the mortgage loan sold is reduced by the amount allocated to the servicing right. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related loan sold.

Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs. Accrued interest receivable totaled $21.6 million and $21.6 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and was reported in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments.

Interest income on mortgage, consumer and commercial loans is discontinued and placed on nonaccrual status at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well secured and in process of collection. Past-due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. Loans, including loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring, are placed on nonaccrual or recorded as charge-offs at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

All interest accrued but not received on loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is recorded when the payment is received in cash. For all portfolio segments, loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated ("PCD") Loans

The Corporation has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination.

PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan's purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Most of the Corporation’s business activity is with customers located within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the states of Ohio, New York and Virginia. Therefore, the Corporation’s exposure to credit risk is significantly affected by changes in the economies of Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York and Virginia. At December 31, 2024 no industry concentration existed which exceeded 10% of the total loan portfolio.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans

The allowance for credit losses on loans represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the estimated life of our existing portfolio of loans. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loan's amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans.

The expense for credit loss recorded through earnings is the amount necessary to maintain the allowance for credit losses on loans at the amount of expected credit losses inherent within the loan portfolio. Loans are recorded as charge-offs against the allowance when management confirms a loan balance is uncollectable. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, and other significant qualitative and quantitative factors. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, changes in environmental conditions, delinquency level, segment growth rates and changes in duration within new markets, or other relevant factors. For further information on the allowance for credit losses on loans, see Note 3, "Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses," for additional detail.

The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Corporation has segregated its portfolio segments based on federal call report codes which classify loans based on the primary collateral supporting the loan. The following are the Corporation's segmented portfolios:

1-4 Family Construction: The Bank originates construction loans to finance 1-4 family residential buildings. Construction loans include not only construction of new structures, but also additions or alterations to existing structures and the demolition of existing structures to make way for new structures. Construction loans are generally secured by real estate. The primary risk characteristics are specific to the uncertainty on whether the construction will be completed according to the specifications and schedules. Factors that may influence the completion of construction may be customer specific, or related to changes in general economic conditions.

Other construction loans and all land development and other land loans: The Bank originates construction loans to finance land development preparatory to erecting new structures or the on-site construction of industrial, commercial, or multi-family buildings. Construction loans include not only construction of new structures, but also additions or alterations to existing structures and the demolition of existing structures to make way for new structures. Construction loans are generally secured by real estate. The primary risk characteristics are specific to the uncertainty on whether the construction will be completed according to the specifications and schedules. Factors that may influence the completion of construction may be customer specific, such as the quality and depth of property management, or related to changes in general economic conditions.

Farmland (including farm residential and other improvements): The Bank originates loans secured by farmland and improvements thereon, secured by mortgages. Farmland includes all land known to be used or usable for agricultural purposes, such as crop and livestock production. Farmland also includes grazing or pasture land, whether tillable or not and whether wooded or not. The primary risk characteristics are specific to the uncertainty on production, market, financial, environmental and human resources.

Home equity lines of credit: The primary risk characteristics associated with home equity lines of credit typically involve changes to the borrower, including unemployment or other loss of income; unexpected significant expenses, such as major medical expenses, catastrophic events, divorce and death. Home equity lines of credit are typically originated with variable or floating interest rates, which could expose the borrower to higher payments in a rising interest rate environment. Real estate values could decrease and cause the value of the underlying property to fall below the loan amount, creating additional potential loss exposure for the Bank.

Residential Mortgages secured by first liens: The Bank originates one-to-four family residential mortgage loans primarily within Central and Northwest Pennsylvania, Central and Northeast Ohio, Western New York, and Southwest Virginia market. These loans are secured by first liens on a primary residence or investment property. The primary risk characteristics associated with residential mortgage loans typically involve major changes to the borrower, including unemployment or other loss of income; unexpected significant expenses, such as major medical expenses, catastrophic events, divorce or death. Residential mortgage loans that have adjustable rates could expose the borrower to higher payments in a rising interest rate environment.

Real estate values could decrease and cause the value of the underlying property to fall below the loan amount, creating additional potential loss exposure for the Bank.

Residential Mortgages secured by junior liens: The Bank originates loans secured by junior liens against one to four family properties primarily within Central and Northwest Pennsylvania, Central and Northeast Ohio, Western New York, and Southwest Virginia market. Loans secured by junior liens are primarily in the form of an amortizing home equity loan. These loans are subordinate to a first mortgage which may be from another lending institution. The primary risk characteristics associated with loans secured by junior liens typically involve major changes to the borrower, including unemployment or other loss of income, unexpected significant expenses, such as for major medical expenses, catastrophic events, divorce or death. Real estate values could decrease and cause the value of the property to fall below the loan amount, creating additional potential loss exposure for the Bank.

Multifamily (5 or more) residential properties: The Bank originates mortgage loans for multifamily properties primarily within Central and Northwest Pennsylvania, Central and Northeast Ohio, Western New York, and Southwest Virginia market. Multifamily loans are expected to be repaid from the cash flows of the underlying property so the collective amount of rents must be sufficient to cover all operating expenses, property management and maintenance, taxes and debt service. Increases in vacancy rates, interest rates or other changes in general economic conditions can have an impact on the borrower and its ability to repay the loan.

Owner-occupied, nonfarm nonresidential properties: The Bank originates mortgage loans to operating companies primarily within Central and Northwest Pennsylvania, Central and Northeast Ohio, Western New York, and Southwest Virginia market. Owner-occupied real estate properties primarily include retail buildings, medical buildings and industrial/warehouse space. Owner-occupied loans are typically repaid first by the cash flows generated by the borrower’s business operations. The primary risk characteristics are specific to the underlying business and its ability to generate sustainable profitability and positive cash flow. Factors that may influence a borrower's ability to repay their loan include demand for the business’ products or services, the quality and depth of management, the degree of competition, regulatory changes, and general economic conditions.

Non-owner occupied, nonfarm nonresidential properties: The Bank originates mortgage loans for commercial real estate that is managed as an investment property primarily within Central and Northwest Pennsylvania, Central and Northeast Ohio, Western New York, and Southwest Virginia market. Commercial real estate properties primarily include retail buildings/shopping centers, hotels, office/medical buildings and industrial/warehouse space. Increases in vacancy rates, interest rates or other changes in general economic conditions can have an impact on the borrower and its ability to repay the loan. Commercial real estate loans are generally considered to have a higher degree of credit risk as they may be dependent on the ongoing success and operating viability of a fewer number of tenants who are occupying the property and who may have a greater degree of exposure to economic conditions.

Agricultural production and other loans to farmers: The Bank originates loans secured or unsecured to farm owners and operators (including tenants) or to nonfarmers for the purpose of financing agricultural production, including the growing and storing of crops, the marketing or carrying of agricultural products by the growers thereof, and the breeding, raising, fattening, or marketing of livestock, and for purchases of farm machinery, equipment, and implements. The primary risk characteristics are specific to the uncertainty on production, market, financial, environmental and human resources.

Commercial and Industrial: The Bank originates lines of credit and term loans to operating companies for business purposes. The loans are generally secured by business assets such as accounts receivable, inventory, business vehicles and equipment as well as the stock of a company, if privately held. Commercial and Industrial loans are typically repaid first by the cash flows generated by the borrower’s business operations. The primary risk characteristics are specific to the underlying business and its ability to generate sustainable profitability and positive cash flow. Factors that may influence a borrower's ability to repay their loan include demand for the business’ products or services, the quality and depth of management, the degree of competition, regulatory changes, and general economic conditions. The ability of the Bank to foreclose and realize sufficient value from business assets securing these loans is often uncertain. To mitigate the risk characteristics of commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate may be included as a secondary source of collateral. The Bank will often require more frequent reporting requirements from the borrower in order to better monitor its business performance.

Credit cards: The Bank originates credit cards offered to individuals and businesses for household, family, other personal and business expenditures. Credit cards generally are floating rate loans and include both unsecured and secured lines. Credit card loans generally do not have stated maturities and are unconditionally cancellable. The primary risk characteristics associated with credit cards typically involve major changes to the borrower, including unemployment or other loss of income, unexpected significant expenses, such as for major medical expenses, catastrophic events, divorce or death.

Other revolving credit plans: The Bank originates lines of credit to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures. Consumer loans generally have higher interest rates and shorter terms than residential loans but tend to have higher credit risk due to the type of collateral securing the loan or in some cases the absence of collateral. The primary risk characteristics associated with other revolving loans typically involve major changes to the borrower, including unemployment or other loss of income, unexpected significant expenses, such as for major medical expenses, catastrophic events, divorce or death.

Automobile: The Bank originates consumer loans extended for the purpose of purchasing new and used passenger cars and other vehicles such as minivans, vans, sport-utility vehicles, pickup trucks, and similar light trucks for personal use. The primary risk characteristics associated with automobile loans typically involve major changes to the borrower, including unemployment or other loss of income, unexpected significant expenses, such as for major medical expenses, catastrophic events, divorce or death.

Other consumer: The Bank originates loans to individuals for household, family, and other personal expenditures. This also represents all other loans that cannot be categorized in any of the previous mentioned consumer loan segments. Consumer loans generally have higher interest rates and shorter terms than residential loans but tend to have higher credit risk due to the type of collateral securing the loan or in some cases the absence of collateral. The primary risk characteristics associated with other consumer loans typically involve major changes to the borrower, including unemployment or other loss of income, unexpected significant expenses, such as for major medical expenses, catastrophic events, divorce or death.

Obligations (other than securities and leases) of states and political subdivisions: The Bank originates various types of loans made directly to municipalities. These loans are repaid through general cash flows or through specific revenue streams, such as water and sewer fees. The primary risk characteristics associated with municipal loans are the municipality's ability to manage cash flow, balance the fiscal budget, fixed asset and infrastructure requirements. Additional risks include changes in demographics, as well as social and political conditions.

Other loans: The Bank originates other loans, such as loans to nonprofit organizations, including churches, hospitals, educational and charitable institutions, clubs, and similar associations. The primary risk characteristics associated with these types of loans are repayment, demographic, social, political and reputation risks.

Overdrafts: The Bank reports overdrawn customer deposit balances as loans.

Methods utilized by management to estimate expected credit losses include a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model that discounts instrument-level contractual cash flows, adjusted for prepayments and curtailments, incorporating loss expectations, and a weighted average remaining maturity ("WARM") model which contemplates expected losses at a pool-level, utilizing historic loss information.

Under both models, management estimates the allowance for credit losses on loans using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. After the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the loss rates revert to the mean loss rate over a period ofeight quarters.

Historical credit loss experience, including examination of loss experience at representative peer institutions when the Corporation’s loss history does not result in estimations that are meaningful to users of the Corporation’s Consolidated Financial Statements, provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, changes in environmental conditions, delinquency level, segment growth rates and changes in duration within new markets, or other relevant factors.

The DCF model uses inputs of current and forecasted macroeconomic indicators to predict future loss rates. The current macroeconomic indicator utilized by the Corporation is the Federal unemployment rate and the S&P/Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index for select collective residential related pools. In building the current expected credit loss methodology utilized in the DCF model, a correlation between this indicator and historic loss levels was developed, enabling a prediction of future loss rates related to future Federal unemployment rates and S&P/Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index.

The portfolio segments utilizing the DCF methodology comprised 91.3% and 85.9% of the amortized cost of loans as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and included:

•Farmland

•Home equity lines of credit

•Residential Mortgages secured by first liens

•Residential Mortgages secured by junior liens

•Multifamily (5 or more) residential properties

•Owner-occupied, nonfarm nonresidential properties

•Non-owner occupied, nonfarm nonresidential properties

•Agricultural production and other loans to farmers

•Commercial and Industrial

•Automobile

•Obligations (other than securities and leases) of states and political subdivisions

•Other loans

The WARM model uses combined historic loss rates for the Corporation and peer institutions, if necessary, gathered from call report filings. The selected period for which historic loss rates are used is dependent on management's evaluation of current conditions and expectations of future loss conditions.

The portfolio segments utilizing the WARM methodology comprised 8.7% and 14.1% of the amortized cost of loans as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and included:

•1-4 Family Construction

•Other construction loans and all land development and other land loans

•Credit cards

•Other revolving credit plans

•Other consumer

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation and typically represent collateral dependent loans but may also include other nonperforming loans or borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Corporation uses the practical expedient to measure individually evaluated loans as collateral dependent and/or when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Expected credit losses are based on the fair value at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. For collateral dependent loans, credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis in the loan and the fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of the collateral is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on the sale (rather than only on the operation) of the collateral.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

Management estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Corporation is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Corporation. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. Management estimates the amount of expected losses by calculating a commitment usage factor over the contractual period for exposures that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Bank and applying the loss factors used in the allowance for credit losses on loans methodology to the results of the usage calculation to estimate the liability for credit losses related to unfunded commitments for each loan segment. The estimate of credit losses on OBS credit exposures is $944 thousand and $759 thousand at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was reported in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

When mortgage loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in mortgage banking income. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts, when available, or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, such as the cost to service, the discount rate, the custodial earnings rate, an inflation rate, ancillary income, prepayment speeds and default rates and losses. The Corporation compares the valuation model inputs and results to published industry data in order to validate the model results and assumptions. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires servicing rights to be amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.

Servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to carrying amount. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights into groupings based on predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type and investor type. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount. If the Corporation later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. Changes in valuation allowances are reported with mortgage banking income on the income statement. The fair values of servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.

Servicing fee income, which is reported on the income statement as mortgage banking income, is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned. The amortization of mortgage servicing rights is netted against loan servicing fee income. Late fees and ancillary fees related to loan servicing are not material.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Corporation, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Corporation does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets.

Foreclosed Assets

Foreclosed assets are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.

Premises and Equipment

Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of premises and equipment is computed principally by the straight line method. In general, useful lives range from 3 to 39 years with lives for furniture, fixtures and equipment ranging from 3 to 10 years and lives of buildings and building improvements ranging from 15 to 39 years. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed using the straight-line method over useful lives of the leasehold improvements or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged to expense as incurred.

Leases

The Corporation leases real estate property for branches and certain equipment. The Corporation determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and if the lease is an operating lease or a finance lease.

Operating lease right-of-use assets represent the Corporation's right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Corporation's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The period over which the right-of-use asset is amortized is generally the lesser of the expected remaining term or the remaining useful life of the leased asset. The lease liability is decreased as periodic lease payments are made. The Corporation performs impairment assessments for right-of-use assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable.

The calculated amounts of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the minimum remaining lease payments. The Corporation's lease agreements often includeone or more options to renew at the Corporation's discretion. If, at lease inception, the Corporation considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Corporation includes the extended term in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Generally, the Corporation cannot practically determine the interest rate implicit in the lease so the Corporation's incremental borrowing rate is used as the discount rate for the lease. The Corporation uses Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of Pittsburgh advance interest rates, which have been deemed as the Corporation's incremental borrowing rate, at lease inception based upon the term of the lease. The Corporation's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Lease expense, variable lease expense and short-term lease expense are included in occupancy expense in the Corporation's consolidated statements of income. For facility-related leases, the Corporation elected, by lease class, to not separate lease and non-lease components. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease expense primarily represents payments such as common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and utilities and are recognized as expense in the period when those payments are incurred. Short-term lease expense relates to leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. The Corporation has elected to not record a right-of-use asset or lease liability for short-term leases.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

As a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh, the Corporation is required to purchase and hold stock in the FHLB to satisfy membership and borrowing requirements. This stock is restricted in that it can only be sold to the FHLB or to another member institution, and all sales of FHLB stock must be at par. As a result of these restrictions, FHLB stock is unlike other investment securities insofar as there is no trading market for FHLB stock and the transfer price is determined by FHLB membership rules and not by market participants.

FHLB stock is held as a long-term investment, is valued at its cost basis and is analyzed for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. The Corporation evaluates impairment quarterly. The decision of whether impairment exists is a matter of judgment that reflects our view of the FHLB’s long-term performance, which includes factors such as the following:

•its operating performance;

•the severity and duration of declines in the fair value of its net assets related to its capital stock amount;

•its commitment to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to its operating performance;

•the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the FHLB, and accordingly, on the members of FHLB; and

•its liquidity and funding position.

Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.

Qualified Affordable Housing Project Investments

The Corporation has investments in various real estate limited partnerships that acquire, develop, own and operate low and moderate-income housing. These investments are made directly in Low Income Housing Tax Credit ("LIHTC") partnerships formed by third parties. As a limited partner in these operating partnerships, the Corporation receives tax credits and tax deductions for losses incurred by the underlying properties. The Corporation accounts for its ownership interest in LIHTC partnerships in accordance with Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-02, "Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method." The standard allows the Corporation to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. There were no impairment losses during the year resulting from the forfeiture or ineligibility of tax credits related to qualified affordable housing project investments.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The Corporation has purchased life insurance policies on certain key employees. Bank-owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill resulting from business combinations prior to January 1, 2009 represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill resulting from business combinations after January 1, 2009 is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Corporation has no intangible assets with an indefinite useful life.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Corporation elected to change the timing of its annual goodwill impairment test from December 31 to November 30. The selection of November 30 as the annual testing date for the impairment of goodwill is intended to move the testing to a time period outside of the Corporation's annual financial reporting process to allow the Corporation additional time to complete the analysis. The Corporation believes that this change is preferable under the circumstances, and that this change does not accelerate, delay or avoid an impairment charge. The Corporation has also determined that a change in the annual testing date did not result in adjustments to the consolidated financial statements when applied retrospectively. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is an intangible asset with an indefinite life on the Corporation’s balance sheet.

Other intangible assets consist of core deposit intangible assets arising from the acquisition of Bank of Akron in 2020 and naming rights associated with the formation of Ridge View Bank, a division of the Bank in 2023. The core deposit intangible assets from these acquisitions are amortized using an accelerated method over their estimated useful lives, which range from four years toten years, respectively. The naming rights have an indefinite useful life.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Derivatives

Derivative financial instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities at fair value. The Corporation has interest rate swap agreements which are used as part of its asset liability management to help manage interest rate risk. The Corporation does not use derivatives for trading purposes.

At the inception of a derivative contract, the Corporation designates the derivative as one of three types based on the Corporation's intentions and belief as to likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment ("fair value hedge"), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability ("cash flow hedge"), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation ("stand-alone derivative"). For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in current earnings as fair values change. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported currently in earnings, as non-interest income.

Accrued settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense, based on the item being hedged. Accrued settlements on derivatives not designated or that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in non-interest income. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the cash flow statement the same as the cash flows of the items being hedged.

The Corporation formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions, at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Corporation also formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are used are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items. The Corporation discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, a hedged firm commitment is no longer firm, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as non-interest income. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

The Corporation is exposed to losses if a counterparty fails to make its payments under a contract in which the Corporation is in the net receiving position. The Corporation anticipates that the counterparties will be able to fully satisfy their obligations under the agreements. All the contracts to which the Corporation is a party settle monthly or quarterly. In addition, the Corporation obtains collateral above certain thresholds of the fair value of its hedges for each counterparty based upon their credit standing and the Corporation has netting agreements with the dealers with which it does business.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation cost is recognized for restricted stock awards issued to employees, based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. The market price of the Corporation’s common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards.

Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Certain of the restricted stock awards are performance based and costs are recognized based upon certain performance conditions. The Corporation's accounting policy is to recognize forfeitures as they occur.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is "more likely than not" that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the "more likely than not" test, no tax benefit is recorded.

The Corporation recognizes interest and/or penalties, if any, related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

Retirement Plans

Post retirement obligation expense is the net of service and interest cost, return on plan assets and amortization of gains and losses not immediately recognized. The Corporation’s expense associated with its 401(k) plan is determined under the provisions of the plan document and includes both matching and profit sharing components. Deferred compensation and supplemental retirement plan expenses allocate the benefits over years of service.

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares determined for the basic computation plus the dilutive effect of potential common shares issuable under certain stock compensation plans. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. The Corporation has determined that its outstanding non-vested time-based restricted stock awards are participating securities.

Comprehensive Income

The Corporation presents comprehensive income as part of the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. Other comprehensive income and loss consists of unrealized holding gains and losses on the AFS debt securities portfolio, amortization of AFS debt securities transferred to HTM, changes in the unrecognized actuarial gain and transition obligation related to the Corporation’s post retirement benefits plans, and changes in the fair value of the Corporation’s interest rate swaps, net of tax.

Loss Contingencies

Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there now are such matters that will have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Treasury Stock

The purchase of the Corporation’s common stock is recorded at cost. Purchases of the stock are made in the open market based on market prices. At the date of subsequent reissue, the treasury stock account is reduced by the cost of such stock on a first-in-first-out basis.

Dividend Restriction

Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the bank to the holding company or by the holding company to shareholders.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in a separate note. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Revenue Recognition

The Corporation recognizes revenues when earned based upon (i) contractual terms as transactions occur, or (ii) as related services are provided and collectability is reasonably assured. The largest source of revenue for the Corporation is interest income, which is primarily recognized on an accrual basis according to a written contract, such as loan and lease agreements or investment securities contracts. The Corporation earns non-interest income through a variety of financial and transactional services such as security gains, loan servicing, gains on the sale of loans, commitment fees, fees from financial guarantees, certain credit card fees, gains (losses) on sale of other real estate owned not financed by the Corporation, is not within the scope of ASU 2014-9.

The types of non-interest income within the scope of the standard that are material to the consolidated financial statements are services charges on deposit accounts, wealth and asset management fee income, card processing and interchange income, and other income and are discussed in greater detail below:

Service charges on deposit accounts: The Corporation earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance, and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM use fees, stop payment charges, statement rendering, and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed, as that is the point in time the Corporation fulfills the customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Corporation satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Services charges on deposits are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

Wealth and asset management fees: The Corporation earns wealth and asset management fees from its contracts with trust and brokerage customers to manage assets for investment, and/or to transact on their accounts. These fees are primarily earned over time as the Corporation provides the contracted monthly or quarterly services and are generally assessed based on a tiered scale of the market value of assets under management at month end. Fees for these services are billed to customers on a monthly or quarterly basis and are recorded as revenue at the end of the period for which the wealth and asset management services have been performed. Other performance obligations, such as the delivery of account statements to customers, are generally considered immaterial to the overall transaction price.

Card processing and interchange income: The Corporation earns interchange fees from check card and credit card transactions conducted through the Visa payment network. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder.

Other income: The Corporation's other income includes sources such as bank owned life insurance, changes in fair value and realized gains on sales of equity securities, certain service fees, gains (losses) on sales of fixed assets, and gains (losses) on sale of other real estate owned. The service fees are recognized in the same manner as the service charges mentioned above. While gains (losses) on the sale of other real estate owned are within the scope of ASU 2014-9 if financed by the Corporation, the Corporation does not finance the sale of transactions. The revenue on the sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer and the other real estate owned asset is derecognized.

The Corporation does not exercise significant judgements in the recognition of income, as typically income is not recognized until the performance obligation has been satisfied. The Corporation has not recognized any assets from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract with customers for revenue streams that fall within the guidance of Topic 606.

Revision of Previously Issued Financial Statements

The Corporation has revised amounts reported in previously issued financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 presented in this Annual Report on Form 10–K. The revisions relate to the classification of completed construction loans not being reported in the appropriate permanent loan segment classification. The revisions resulted in changes to Note 3, "Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses," and specifically the segment classification in the disclosure. These revisions do not impact the Corporation's net income.

The Corporation evaluated the aggregate effects of these revisions to its previously issued financial statements in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletins No. 99 and No. 108 and, based upon quantitative and qualitative factors, determined that the revisions were not material to the previously issued financial statements and disclosures included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table presents the revisions to total loans disclosure at December 31, 2023 to reflect the adjustment for the applicable portfolio segments:

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2022

In December 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-06 - Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). ASU 2022-06 extends the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance provided by ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01, which are discussed above. ASU 2022-06, which was effective upon issuance, defers the sunset date of this prior guidance from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024 after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief guidance in Topic 848. ASU 2022-06 did not have a material impact on the Corporation's financial statements and related disclosures.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, "Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers." This ASU requires that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." ASU 2021-08 was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2023 and did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method." Under prior guidance, entities can apply the last-of-layer hedging method to hedge the exposure of a closed portfolio of prepayable financial assets to fair value changes due to changes in interest rates for a portion of the portfolio that is not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults, and other events affecting the timing and amount of cash flows. ASU 2022-01 expands the last-of-layer method, which permits only one hedge layer, to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio. To reflect that expansion, the last-of-layer method is renamed the portfolio layer method. ASU 2022-01 also (i) expands the scope of the portfolio layer method to include non-prepayable financial assets, (ii) specifies eligible hedging instruments in a single-layer hedge, (iii) provides additional guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments under the portfolio layer method and (iv) specifies how hedge basis adjustments should be considered when determining credit losses for the assets included in the closed portfolio. ASU 2022-01 was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2023 and did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." This ASU eliminates the separate recognition and measurement guidance for Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") by creditors. The elimination of the TDRs guidance may be adopted prospectively for loan modifications after adoption or on a modified retrospective basis, which would also apply to loans previously modified, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption for changes in the allowance for credit losses. ASU 2022-02 was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2023 and did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-03, "Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 Emerging Issues Task Force ("EITF") Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock." This ASU amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification for SEC updates pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120; SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting; and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. The updates were effective immediately. These updates did not have a material impact on the Corporation's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2024

In June 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-03, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions." In this ASU, a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered in measuring the security's fair value. The ASU also requires certain disclosures for equity securities that are subject to contractual restrictions. This guidance was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2024. The update did not have a material impact on the Corporation's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-01, "Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements." This ASU requires the Corporation to amortize leasehold improvements associated with common control leases over the useful life to the common control group. This guidance is effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2024. The update did not have a material impact on the Corporation's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-02, "Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method." In this ASU, these amendments allow the Corporation to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. This guidance is effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2024. The update did not have a material impact on the Corporation's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280)." This ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU was effective for the Corporation on December 15, 2024. Adoption of the ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The update did not have a material impact on the Corporation's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Effects of Newly Issued But Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards

In August 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-05, "Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement." ASU 2023-05 requires certain joint ventures to apply a new basis of accounting upon formation by recognizing and initially measuring most of their assets and liabilities at fair value. The objectives of the amendments are to provide decision-useful information to investors and other allocators of capital in a joint venture’s financial statements and also to reduce diversity in practice. ASU 2023-05 should be applied prospectively and is effective for all newly formed joint venture entities with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted, and joint ventures formed prior to the adoption date may elect to apply the new guidance retrospectively back to their original formation date. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-05 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-06, "Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative." The ASU amends the ASC to incorporate certain disclosure requirements from SEC Release No. 33-10532, "Disclosure Update and Simplification" that was issued in 2018. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-06 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740)." The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-09 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718)." The ASU adds an illustrative example to demonstrate how an entity should apply the scope guidance in paragraph 718-10-15-3 to determine whether profits interest and similar awards ("profits interest awards") should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. The amendment in this ASU should be applied either (1) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements or (2) prospectively to profits interest and similar awards granted or modified on or after the date at which the entity first applies the amendments. If the amendments are applied retrospectively, an entity is required to provide the disclosures in paragraphs 250-10-50-1 through 50-3 in the period of adoption. If the amendment is applied prospectively, an entity is required to disclose the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is also permitted for interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it should adopt the amendment as of the beginning of the annual period that includes that interim period. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-01 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, "Codification Improvements—Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements." The ASU contains amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification that remove references to various Concepts Statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Concept Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas. The amendment in this ASU should be applied using one of the following transition methods: (1) prospectively to all new transactions recognized on or after the date that the entity first applies the amendments; or (2) retrospectively to the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in which the amendments were first applied. An entity should adjust the opening balance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components of equity or net assets in the statement of financial position) as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early application of the amendment is permitted for any fiscal year or interim period for which financial statements have not yet been issued, or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendment in an interim period, it must adopt the amendment as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures." The ASU requires disclosure about the types of costs and expenses included in certain expense captions presented on the income statement. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim report periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early application of the amendment is permitted. The ASU should be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or (2) retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-03 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, "Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20)." The ASU will improve the relevance and consistency in application of the induced conversion guidance. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim report periods and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted for all entities that have adopted the amendments in Update 2020-06. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-04 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, "Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)." The amendment in this ASU amends the effective date of ASU 2024-03 to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption of ASU 2024-03 is permitted. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-04 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

2. Securities

AFS debt securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

HTM debt securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

The Corporation elected to transfer 74 AFS debt securities with an aggregate fair value of $213.7 million to a classification of HTM during the year ended December 31, 2022. In accordance with FASB ASC 320-10-55-24, the transfer from AFS to HTM must be recorded at the fair value of the AFS debt securities at the time of transfer. The net unrealized holding loss of $5.6 million, net of tax, at the date of transfer was retained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), with the associated pre-tax amount retained in the carrying value of the HTM debt securities. Such amounts will be amortized to comprehensive income over the remaining life of the securities.

Information pertaining to AFS security sales is as follows:

The tax provision related to these net realized gains at December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $16 thousand, $11 thousand, and $137 thousand, respectively.

The following is a schedule of the contractual maturity of AFS and HTM debt securities, excluding equity securities, at December 31, 2024:

Mortgage securities and pooled SBA securities are not due at a single date; periodic payments are received based on the payment patterns of the underlying collateral.

On December 31, 2024 and 2023, securities carried at $443.9 million and $489.0 million, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as provided by law.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there wereno holdings of securities by any one issuer, other than U.S. Government sponsored entities, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity.

AFS debt securities with unrealized losses at December 31, 2024 and 2023, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

HTM debt securities with unrealized losses at December 31, 2024 and 2023, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

The Corporation evaluates securities for possible credit allowance on a quarterly basis, or more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, management performed an assessment for allowance for credit losses on the Corporation’s AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position and as of December 31, 2024 management performed an assessment for allowance for credit losses on the Corporation's HTM debt securities.

First an assessment was performed to determine if the Corporation intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost. Management determined it does not intend to sell and will not be required to sell any of the securities before recovery of its amortized cost. Next, management performed an evaluation relying on information obtained from various sources, including publicly available financial data, ratings by external agencies, brokers and other sources. For the securities that comprise corporate notes and bonds and the securities that are issued by state and political subdivisions, management monitors publicly available financial information, such as filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in order to evaluate the securities credit quality and ability to repay its debt obligations. For financial institution issuers, management monitors information from quarterly "call" report filings that are used to generate Uniform Bank Performance Reports. All other securities that were in an unrealized loss position at the balance sheet date were reviewed by management, and issuer-specific documents were reviewed as appropriate given the following considerations; the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred. Based on the results of the assessment, management believes the decline in fair value is not the result of credit losses. As a result no credit allowance is required as of December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 management concluded that the securities described in the previous paragraph did not decline in fair value due to credit factors for the following reasons:

•There is no indication of any significant deterioration of the creditworthiness of the institutions that issued the securities.

•All contractual interest payments on the securities have been received as scheduled, and no information has come to management’s attention through the processes previously described which would lead to a conclusion that future contractual payments will not be timely received.

In addition, the rise in interest rates is the primary driver of the decline in fair value below amortized cost as of December 31, 2024.

Equity securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

During the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the proceeds from sold equity securities were zero in 2024, $296 thousand in 2023 andzero in 2022, resulting in net realized gains ofzero in 2024, $22 thousand in 2023, andzero in 2022.

3. Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Total net loans receivable at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized as follows:

(1) As previously disclosed in the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," immaterial revisions were made to the total loans disclosure at December 31, 2023, to reflect adjustments for the applicable portfolio segments, which revisions are reflected in the above table.

The Corporation’s outstanding loans receivable and related unfunded commitments are primarily concentrated within Central and Northwest Pennsylvania, Central and Northeast Ohio, Western New York and Southwest Virginia. The Bank attempts to limit concentrations within specific industries by utilizing dollar limitations to single industries or customers, and by entering into participation agreements with third parties. Collateral requirements are established based on management’s assessment of the customer. The Corporation maintains lending policies to control the quality of the loan portfolio. These policies delegate the authority to extend loans under specific guidelines and underwriting standards. These policies are prepared by the Corporation’s management and reviewed and approved annually by the Corporation’s Board of Directors.

Syndicated loans, net of deferred fees and costs, are included in the commercial and industrial classification and totaled $79.9 million and $108.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Transactions in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows:

(1) As previously disclosed in the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," immaterial revisions were made to the beginning allowance column disclosure as of December 31, 2023, to reflect the revisions for the applicable portfolio segments.

(2) Excludes provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments. Note 18, "Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Contingencies," in the consolidated financial statements provides more detail concerning the provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments of the Corporation.

Transactions in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows:

(1) Excludes provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments. Note 18, "Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Contingencies," in the consolidated financial statements provides more detail concerning the provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments of the Corporation.

(2) As previously disclosed in the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," immaterial revisions were made to the provision (benefit) for credit losses on loans receivable column and ending allowance column disclosures as of December 31, 2023, to reflect the revisions for the applicable portfolio segments.

Transactions in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(1) Excludes provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments. Note 18, "Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Contingencies," in the consolidated financial statements provides more detail concerning the provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments of the Corporation.

The Corporation's allowance for credit losses is influenced by loan volumes, risk rating migration, delinquency status and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses increased primarily due to the growth in the Corporation's loan portfolio in new market areas, partially offset by improvements in the Corporation's historical loss rates, annual updates to the Corporation's loss drivers and assumptions, as well as the impact of net charge-offs. Significant uncertainty persists regarding the domestic and global economy due to persistent inflation in certain segments of the U.S. economy, elevated interest rates, fluctuating levels of consumer confidence, and geopolitical conflicts. Management will continue to proactively evaluate its estimate of expected credit losses as new information becomes available.

Provision for credit losses was $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $6.0 million and $8.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Included in the provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $185 thousand related to the allowance for unfunded commitments compared to $156 thousand and $603 thousand provision towards the allowance for unfunded commitments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due over 89 days still accruing as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

All payments received while on nonaccrual status are applied against the principal balance of the loan. The Corporation does not recognize interest income while loans are on nonaccrual status.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans receivable that are individually evaluated and collateral-dependent by class of loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in past-due loans as of December 31, 2024 by class of loans:

The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in past-due loans as of December 31, 2023 by class of loans.

(1) As previously disclosed in the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," immaterial revisions were made to the loans receivable not past due and total columns disclosure as of December 31, 2023, to reflect the revisions for the applicable portfolio segments.

Loan Modifications

The Corporation adopted ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures effective January 1, 2023. The amendments in ASU 2022-02 eliminated the recognition and measure of troubled debt restructurings and enhanced disclosures for loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

Occasionally, the Corporation modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing principal forgiveness, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or interest rate reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses.

In some cases, the Corporation provides multiple types of concessions on one loan. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. For the loans included in the "combination" columns below, multiple types of modifications have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period. The combination is at least two of the following: a term extension, principal forgiveness, an other-than-insignificant payment delay and/or an interest rate reduction.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at December 31, 2024 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended December 31, 2024, by class and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at December 31, 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended December 31, 2023, by class and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below:

The Corporation haszero in unfunded available credit to customers whose loan receivables are included in the previous tables.

The Corporation closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts.

The following table presents the performance of such loans that have been modified during the year ended December 31, 2024:

The following table presents the performance of such loans that have been modified during the year ended December 31, 2023:

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the year ended December 31, 2024:

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the year ended December 31, 2023:

There wereno loans that had a payment default during the year ended December 31, 2024 and were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans that had a payment default during the year ended December 31, 2023 and were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

If the Corporation determines that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is written off and the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Corporation categorizes loans receivable into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Corporation analyzes loans individually to classify the loans as to credit risk.

The Corporation uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention: A loan classified as special mention has a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Corporation’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: A loan classified as substandard is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. The loan has a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. A substandard loan is characterized by the distinct possibility that the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following tables represent the Corporation's commercial credit risk profile by risk rating. Loans receivable not rated as special mention, substandard, or doubtful are considered to be pass rated loans.

(1) As previously disclosed in the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," immaterial revisions were made to the pass, special mention, total non-pass and total columns disclosure as of December 31, 2023, to reflect the revisions for the applicable portfolio segments.

The following tables detail the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by risk grade within each portfolio segment as of December 31, 2024. Current period originations may include modifications.

The following tables detail the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by risk grade within each portfolio segment as of December 31, 2023. Current period originations may include modifications. As previously disclosed in the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," immaterial revisions were made to the vintage loan disclosure at December 31, 2023, to reflect the revisions for the applicable portfolio segments.

The Corporation considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. For 1-4 family construction, home equity lines of credit, residential mortgages secured by first liens, residential mortgages secured by junior liens, automobile, credit cards, other revolving credit plans and other consumer segments, the Corporation evaluates credit quality based on the performance status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. Nonperforming loans include loans receivable on nonaccrual status and loans receivable past due over 89 days and still accruing interest.

(1) As previously disclosed in the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," immaterial revisions were made to the performing and total columns at December 31, 2023, to reflect the revisions for the applicable portfolio segments.

The following tables detail the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by payment activity within each portfolio segment as of December 31, 2024. The current period originations may include modifications, extensions and renewals.

The following tables detail the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by payment activity within each portfolio segment as of December 31, 2023. Current period originations may include modifications. As previously disclosed in the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," immaterial revisions were made to the vintage loan disclosure at December 31, 2023, to reflect the revisions for the applicable portfolio segments.

Holiday’s loan portfolio, included in other consumer loans above, is summarized as follows at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

4. Fair Value

Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

The following three levels of inputs are used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Corporation used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Investment Securities: The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2), using matrix pricing. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique commonly used to price debt securities that are not actively traded, values debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3).

Loans Held for Sale: Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, which is evaluated on a loan-level basis. The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors (Level 2).

Derivatives: The fair values of derivatives are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date (Level 2). The Corporation's derivatives are traded in an over-the-counter market where quoted market prices are not always available. Therefore, the fair values of derivatives are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs. The inputs will vary based on the type of derivative, but could include interest rates, prices, and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, prepayment rates, and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions, and third-party pricing services.

Individually Evaluated Loans: The fair value of individually evaluated loans with specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses is generally based on recent real estate appraisals prepared by third-parties. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Management also adjusts appraised values based on the length of time that has passed since the appraisal date and other factors. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower's financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management's historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management's expertise and knowledge of the client and client's business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Individually evaluated loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted in accordance with the allowance policy.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

(1)In 2023, the Corporation transitioned to a new pricing provider, leading to the reclassification of United States Treasury investments as Level 1 pricing instruments.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are as follows at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

A loan is considered to be a collateral dependent loan when, based on current information and events, the Corporation expects repayment of the financial assets to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the Corporation has determined that the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty as of the measurement date. The allowance for credit losses is measured by estimating the fair value of the loan based on the present value of expected cash flows, the market price of the loan, or the underlying fair value of the loan’s collateral. For real estate loans, fair value of the loan’s collateral is determined by third-party appraisals, which are then adjusted for the estimated selling and closing costs related to liquidation of the collateral. For this asset class, the actual valuation methods (income, sales comparable, or cost) vary based on the status of the project or property. For example, land is generally based on the sales comparable method while construction is based on the income and/or sales comparable methods. The unobservable inputs may vary depending on the individual assets with no one of the three methods being the predominant approach. The Corporation reviews the third-party appraisal for appropriateness and may adjust the value downward to consider selling and closing costs. For non-real estate loans, fair value of the loan’s collateral may be determined using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2024:

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2023:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2024:

The following table presents the carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2023:

(1)In 2023, the Corporation transitioned to a new pricing provider, leading to the reclassification of United States Treasury investments as Level 1 pricing instruments.

While estimates of fair value are based on management’s judgment of the most appropriate factors as of the balance sheet dates, there is no assurance that the estimated fair values would have been realized if the assets had been disposed of or the liabilities settled at that date, since market values may differ depending on various circumstances. The estimated fair values would also not apply to subsequent dates. The fair value of other equity interests is based on the net asset values provided by the underlying investment partnership. ASU 2015-7 removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient and related disclosures. In addition, other assets and liabilities that are not financial instruments, such as premises and equipment, are not included in the disclosures.

Also, non-financial assets such as, among other things, the estimated earnings power of core deposits, the earnings potential of trust accounts, the trained workforce, and customer goodwill, which typically are not recognized on the balance sheet, may have value but are not included in the fair value disclosures.

5. Secondary Market Mortgage Activities

Total loans serviced for others were $264.1 million and $258.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following summarizes secondary market mortgage activities for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

The following summarizes activity for capitalized mortgage servicing rights for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts, when available, or alternatively based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights was not materially different than amortized cost at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No valuation allowance was deemed necessary at December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. The fair value of interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments to sell loans were not material at December 31, 2024 or 2023.

6. Premises and Equipment

The following summarizes premises and equipment at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Depreciation on premises and equipment amounted to $5.8 million in 2024, $5.7 million in 2023 and $5.3 million in 2022.

7. Leases

Operating lease assets represent the Corporation's right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Corporation's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payments using a discount rate that represents the Corporation's incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date. Operating lease cost, which is comprised of amortization of the operating lease asset and the implicit interest accreted on the operating lease liability, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and is recorded in net occupancy expense in the consolidated statements of income.

The Corporation leases certain full-service branch offices, land and equipment. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Most leases includeone or more options to renew and the exercise of the lease renewal options are at the Corporation's sole discretion. The Corporation includes lease extension and termination options in the lease term if, after considering relevant economic factors, it is reasonably certain the Corporation will exercise the option. Certain lease agreements of the Corporation include rental payments adjusted periodically for changes in the consumer price index.

(1) Finance lease assets are recorded net of accumulated amortization of $1.1 million and $1.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The components of the Corporation's net lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

(1) Sublease income excludes rental income from owned properties.

The following table sets forth future minimum rental payments under noncancelable leases with terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2024:

(1) Operating lease payments include payments related to options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised and exclude $5.6 million of legally binding minimum lease payments for leases signed, but not yet commenced.

Other information related to the Corporation's lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

Other information related to the Corporation's lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

Impairment exists when the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. The Corporation completed its annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2024 and concluded that no impairment charges were required as of that date. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Corporation elected to change the timing of its annual goodwill impairment test from December 31 to November 30. The selection of November 30 as the annual testing date for the impairment of goodwill is intended to move the testing to a time period outside of the Corporation's annual financial reporting process to allow the Corporation additional time to complete the analysis. The Corporation believes that this change is preferable under the circumstances, and that this change does not accelerate, delay or avoid an impairment charge. The Corporation has also determined that a change in the annual testing date did not result in adjustments to the consolidated financial statements when applied retrospectively.

At November 30, 2024, the Corporation elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value exceeded its carrying value, resulting inno impairment.

Intangible Assets

In connection with its acquisition of Bank of Akron in 2020, the Corporation recorded a core deposit intangible asset of $613 thousand. During the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Corporation recorded amortization expense of $73 thousand, $84 thousand, and $96 thousand, respectively. The net carrying value at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $206 thousand and $280 thousand, respectively. No other intangible assets were required to be recorded in connection with the acquisition of Bank of Akron.

Estimated amortization expense of core deposit intangible assets for each of the next five years is as follows:

In connection with the formation of Ridge View Bank, a division of the Bank, the Corporation recorded an intangible asset related to naming rights in 2023. The naming rights have an indefinite useful life. The Corporation does not amortize intangible assets with indefinite lives but assesses them for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment.

As of December 31, 2024, the carrying amount of naming rights intangible assets was $125 thousand andno impairment indicators were identified during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Management evaluates events or changes in circumstances that may impact the indefinite useful life assessment of the naming rights intangible asset. If impairment indicators are identified, the Corporation will perform a qualitative or quantitative impairment test, as applicable.

9. Deposits

The following table reflects time certificates of deposit accounts included in total deposits and their remaining maturities at December 31, 2024:

Certificates of deposit of $250 thousand or more totaled $131.1 million and $100.2 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Corporation had $185.0 million in brokered deposits as of December 31, 2024 compared to $208.3 million at December 31, 2023. In addition, the Corporation had $924.6 million and $739.3 million in reciprocal deposits at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

10. Borrowings

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Corporation had availableone $10 million unsecured line of credit with an unaffiliated institution. Borrowings under the line of credit bear interest at a variable rate equal to the Secured Overnight Finance Rate ("SOFR") plus 2.85%. There wereno borrowings on the line of credit at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

FHLB Borrowings

The Bank has the ability to borrow funds from the FHLB. The Bank maintains a $250.0 million line-of-credit (Open Repo Plus) with the FHLB which is a revolving term commitment available on an overnight basis. The term of this commitment may not exceed 364 days and it reprices daily at market rates. Under terms of a blanket collateral agreement with the FHLB, the line-of-credit and long term advances are secured by FHLB stock and the Bank pledges its single-family residential mortgage loan portfolio, certain commercial real estate loans, and certain agriculture real estate loans as security for any advances.

Total loans pledged to the FHLB at December 31, 2024, and 2023, were $2.1 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. The Bank could obtain advances of up to approximately $1.2 billion from the FHLB at December 31, 2024, and $993.8 million at December 31, 2023.

At December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, outstanding advances from the FHLB were as follows:

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, municipal deposit letters of credit issued by the FHLB on behalf of the Bank naming applicable municipalities as beneficiaries were $157.7 million and $155.7 million, respectively. The letters of credit were utilized in place of securities pledged to the municipalities for their deposits maintained at the Bank.

Federal Reserve Borrowings

In June 2023, the Bank was approved by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (the "Federal Reserve") for its Borrower-in-Custody ("BIC") program. At December 31, 2024, the Bank had borrowing capacity through the Federal Reserve BIC program of $211.0 million. Borrowings under the BIC program are overnight advances with interest chargeable at the discount window ("primary credit") borrowing rate. At December 31, 2024, the Bank has pledged certain qualifying loans with an unpaid principal balance of $209.0 million and securities with a carrying value of $77.9 million as collateral.

Other Borrowings

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Bank hadno outstanding borrowings from unaffiliated institutions under overnight borrowing agreements.

Subordinated Debentures

In 2007, the Corporation issuedtwo $10.0 million floating rate trust preferred securities as part of a pooled offering of such securities. The interest rate on each offering was determined quarterly and floated based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.55%. Effective September 15, 2023, the interest rate calculation method was revised. The interest rate is now determined quarterly, and floats based on the three-month SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.26161% plus 1.55%. This change reflects the transition from LIBOR to SOFR as the reference rate. The all-in rate was 6.17% at December 31, 2024 and 7.20% at December 31, 2023. The Corporation issued subordinated debentures to the trusts in exchange for the proceeds of the offerings, which debentures represent the sole assets of the trusts. The subordinated debentures must be redeemed no later than 2037. The Corporation may redeem the debentures, in whole or in part, at face value at any time. The Corporation has the option to defer interest payments from time to time for a period not to exceed five consecutive years. Although the trusts are variable interest entities, the Corporation is not the primary beneficiary. As a result, because the trusts are not consolidated with the Corporation, the Corporation does not report the securities issued by the trusts as liabilities. Instead, the Corporation reports as liabilities the subordinated debentures issued by the Corporation and held by the trusts, since the liabilities are not eliminated in consolidation. The trust preferred securities were designated to qualify as Tier 1 capital under the Federal Reserve’s capital guidelines.

Subordinated Notes

In June 2021, the Corporation sold $85.0 million aggregate principal amount of its fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes to eligible purchasers in a private offering in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the provisions of Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder. The notes will mature in June 2031, and initially bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears, to, but excluding, June 15, 2026, and thereafter to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier redemption, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month average SOFR plus 2.58%. The net proceeds from the sale were approximately $83.5 million, after deducting offering expenses. These subordinated notes were designed to qualify as Tier 2 capital under the Federal Reserve’s capital guidelines and were given an investment grade rating of BBB- by Kroll Bond Rating Agency. The unamortized debt issuance costs were $0.4 million and $0.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

11. Employee Benefit Plans

The Corporation sponsors a contributory defined contribution Section 401(k) plan. The plan permits eligible employees to make pre-tax and Roth contributions up to 70% of salary. Employees 21 years of age or over with a minimum of 90 days of service are eligible for matching contributions by the Corporation at 100% of elective contributions not to exceed 5% of plan salary. The Corporation’s matching contribution and related expenses were $2.4 million, $1.8 million, and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. A profit sharing discretionary non-contributory pension plan component is in place for employees 21 years of age or over with a minimum ofone-year with 1,000 hours of service and allows employer contributions in an amount equal to a percentage of eligible compensation plus 5.7% of the compensation in excess of $169 thousand, subject to a $345 thousand salary limit. The Corporation recognized profit sharing expense of $1.4 million, $3.6 million, and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively.

The Corporation has adopted a non-qualified supplemental executive retirement plan ("SERP") for certain executives to compensate those executive participants in the Corporation’s retirement plan whose benefits are limited by compensation limitations under current tax law. Additionally, on December 31, 2021, the Corporation adopted a Defined Contribution Plan for several employees (the "DCP"), pursuant to which the Corporation will make certain annual contributions to the DCP on the employee's behalf, which will be paid to the employee following their termination of employment from the Corporation or, if earlier, upon the employee becoming disabled. The DCP became effective as of January 2, 2022. The SERP and DCP are considered an unfunded plan for tax and ERISA purposes and all obligations arising under the SERP and DCP are payable from the general assets of the Corporation.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, obligations of $10.5 million and $10.0 million, respectively, were included in other liabilities for the SERP and DCP. Expenses related to the SERP and DCP were $866 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, $565 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Corporation has established a Survivor Benefit Plan for the benefit of outside directors. The purpose of the plan is to provide life insurance benefits to beneficiaries of the Corporation’s directors who at the time of their death are participants in the plan. The plan is considered an unfunded plan for tax and ERISA purposes and all obligations arising under the plan are payable from the general assets of the Corporation. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, obligations of $1.3 million and $1.3 million, respectively, were included in other liabilities for this plan. Expenses (benefits) related to this plan were $(17) thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, $(213) thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $81 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022.

12. Deferred Compensation Plans

Deferred compensation plans cover all directors and certain officers. Under the plans, the Corporation pays each participant, or their beneficiary, the value of the participant’s account over a maximum period of 10 years, beginning with the individual’s termination of service. A liability is accrued for the obligation under these plans.

A summary of changes in the deferred compensation plan liability follows:

13. Income Taxes

The following is a summary of income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

The reconciliation of income tax attributable to pre-tax income at the federal statutory tax rates to income tax expense is as follows:

The following table sets forth deferred taxes as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Corporation hadno unrecognized tax benefits. The Corporation does not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase in the next twelve months.

At December 31, 2024, the Corporation had state net operating loss carryforwards of $14.8 million related to the acquisition of Bank of Akron, which will expire at various dates from 2034 to 2039. The Corporation's ability to utilize carryforwards is limited to $363 thousand per year. Due to this limitation, management has determined it is more likely than not that approximately $9.5 million of net operating loss carryforwards will expire unutilized.

The Corporation recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters as part of income tax expense. At December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, there wereno amounts accrued for interest and/or penalties andno amounts recorded as expense for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

The Corporation and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax, as well as filing various state returns. The Corporation is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by the taxing authorities for years prior to 2021. Tax years 2021 through 2024 are open to examination.

14. Related Party Transactions

Loans to principal officers, directors, and their affiliates during 2024 were as follows:

Deposits from principal officers, directors, and their affiliates were $12.1 million and $11.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

15. Stock-Based Compensation

The Corporation has a stock incentive plan, which is administered by a committee of the Board of Directors and which permits the Corporation to provide various types of stock-based compensation to its key employees, directors, and/or consultants, including time-based and performance-based shares of restricted stock. The Corporation previously maintained the CNB Financial Corporation 2009 Stock Incentive Plan, which terminated in accordance with its terms on February 10, 2019, and currently maintains the CNB Financial Corporation 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2019 Stock Incentive Plan"), which was approved by the Corporation’s shareholders and became effective on April 16, 2019. The Corporation does not have a policy or practice on the timing of awards of options in relation to the disclosure of material nonpublic information because the Corporation does not issue nor does it have any outstanding options. The Executive Compensation and Personnel Committee generally grants equity awards annually at a regularly scheduled meeting in connection with its annual compensation review process in the first quarter of the fiscal year. On occasion, the Executive Compensation and Personnel Committee may grant equity awards outside of its annual grant cycle for new hires, promotions, recognition, retention, or other purposes. The Executive Compensation and Personnel Committee does not have a practice or policy of granting equity awards in anticipation of the release of material nonpublic information and, in any event, we do not time the release of material non-public information in coordination with grants of equity awards for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation.

The 2019 Stock Incentive Plan provides for up to 507,671 shares of common stock to be awarded in the form of nonqualified options or restricted stock. For key employees, the vesting of time-based restricted stock is one-third, one-fourth, or one-fifth of the granted restricted shares per year, beginningone year after the grant date, with 100% vesting on the third, fourth or fifth anniversary of the grant date, respectively. Prior to 2018, for non-employee directors, the vesting schedule was one-third of the granted restricted shares per year, beginningone year after the grant date, with 100% vested on the third anniversary of the grant date. Beginning in 2018, stock compensation received by non-employee directors vests immediately. All stock-based compensation grants during the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 and outstanding at December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were time-based and performance-based restricted stock.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Executive Compensation and Personnel Committee of the Corporation's Board of Directors granted a total of 130,857,105,185, and 57,823 shares, respectively, of time-based restricted common stock to certain key employees and all independent directors of the Corporation.

Compensation expense for the restricted stock awards is recognized over the requisite service period based on the fair value of the shares at the date of grant on a straight-line basis. Non-vested restricted stock awards are recorded as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital in shareholders’ equity until earned. Compensation expense resulting from time-based, performance-based and director restricted stock awards was $2.2 million, $1.7 million, and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The total income tax benefit related to the recognized compensation cost of vested restricted stock awards was $467 thousand, $354 thousand, and $262 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

A summary of changes in time-based unvested restricted stock awards follows:

The above table excludes 18,029 shares in restricted stock awards that were granted to the Corporation’s Board of Directors at a weighted average fair value of $21.35 and immediately vested. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $2.7 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested shares granted under the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan. The fair value of shares vesting during the year end December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $1.4 million, $1.0 million, and $1.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there were zero outstanding unvested restricted stock awards granted to the Corporation's Board of Directors.

In addition to the time-based restricted stock disclosed above, the Corporation’s Board of Directors grants performance-based restricted stock awards ("PBRSAs") to key employees. The number of PBRSAs will depend on certain performance conditions earned over athree year period and are also subject to service-based vesting. Awards with a maximum of 44,988 shares,35,129 shares, and 13,761 shares in aggregate were granted to key employees in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there were a maximum 85,785 shares outstanding related to PBRSAs.

Total compensation expense related to the PBRSAs and included in the above compensation expense total was $431 thousand, $235 thousand and $91 thousand for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Estimated remaining unearned compensation related to PBRSAs at December 31, 2024 was $562 thousand.

In 2023, the 2021 PBRSAs were fully earned and in 2024,9,667 shares were fully distributed. The fair value of the 9,667 shares distributed in 2024 was $206 thousand. In 2022, the 2020 PBRSAs were fully earned and in 2023,4,118 shares were fully distributed. The fair value of the 4,118 shares distributed in 2023 was $99 thousand.

The number of authorized stock-based awards still available for grant as of December 31, 2024 was 26,728.

16. Regulatory Capital Matters

Banks and financial holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, for the Bank, prompt corrective action ("PCA") regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can result in regulatory enforcement actions. The net unrealized gain or loss on AFS debt securities is excluded from computing regulatory capital. Management believes as of December 31, 2024 the Corporation and the Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

The PCA regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms alone do not represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion; brokered deposits may not be accepted, renewed or rolled over; and capital restoration plans are required. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the PCA. There areno events or conditions since this notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s capital category.

Actual and required capital amounts and ratios are presented below as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The capital adequacy ratio includes the capital conservation buffer.

(1) The minimum amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 include the full phase in of the capital conservation buffer of 2.5 percent required by the Basel III framework.

Certain restrictions exist regarding the ability of the Bank to transfer funds to the Corporation in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. During 2024, $704.5 million of accumulated net earnings of the Bank included in consolidated shareholders’ equity, plus any 2025 net profits retained to the date of the dividend declared, is available for distribution to the Corporation as dividends without prior regulatory approval, subject to regulatory capital requirements described above.

17. Derivative Instruments

On September 7, 2018, the Corporation executed an interest rate swap agreement with a 5-year term and an effective date of September 15, 2018 in order to hedge cash flows associated with $10.0 million of a subordinated note that was issued by the Corporation during 2007 and elected cash flow hedge accounting for the agreement. The Corporation’s objective in using this derivative is to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate risk. The interest rate swap involves the receipt of variable-rate amounts in exchange for fixed-rate payments from September 15, 2018 to September 15, 2023 without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. The swap that expired on September 15, 2023 was not renewed.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, no derivatives were designated as fair value hedges or hedges of net investments in foreign operations. Additionally, the Corporation does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and currently does not have any derivatives that are not designated as hedges.

The following tables provide information about the amounts and locations of activity related to the interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges within the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheet and statement of income as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

(a)Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss on Derivative (Effective Portion), net of tax

(b)Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (Effective Portion)

(c)Amount of Loss Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (Effective Portion)

(d)Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative (Ineffective Portion and Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)

(e)Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative (Ineffective Portion and Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)

Derivatives on Behalf of Customers

The Corporation entered into certain interest rate swap contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments. These derivative contracts relate to transactions in which the Corporation enters into an interest rate swap with a customer while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with another financial institution. In connection with each swap transaction, the Corporation agrees to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on a similar notional amount at a fixed interest rate. Concurrently, the Corporation agrees to pay another financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. The transaction allows the Corporation’s customers to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate. Because the Corporation acts as an intermediary for its customer, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts offset each other and do not impact the Corporation’s results of operations.

The Corporation pledged cash collateral to another financial institution with a balance $173 thousand as of December 31, 2024 and $173 thousand as of December 31, 2023. This balance is included in cash and due from banks on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation may require its customers to post cash or securities as collateral on its program of back-to-back swaps depending upon the specific facts and circumstances surrounding each loan and individual swap. In addition, certain language is included in the International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreement and loan documents where, in default situations, the Corporation is permitted to access collateral supporting the loan relationship to recover any losses suffered on the derivative asset or liability. The Corporation may be required to post additional collateral to swap counterparties in the future in proportion to potential increases in unrealized loss positions. Effective on September 30, 2023, the Corporation amended all of the back-to-back swap contracts to reference the 1-month SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment of 11.448 basis points "Fallback SOFR."

The following table provides information about the amounts and locations of activity related to the back-to-back interest rate swaps within the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

(a)Reported in accrued interest receivable and other assets within the consolidated balance sheets

(b)Reported in accrued interest payable and other liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets

Risk Participation Agreements

The Corporation’s existing credit derivatives result from participation in or out of interest rate swaps provided by or to external lenders as part of loan participation arrangements, and therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Corporation’s assets or liabilities. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Corporation provides to certain lenders which participate in loans.

The Corporation entered into Risk Participation Agreement ("RPA") swaps with other financial institutions related to loans in which the Corporation is a participant in. The RPA provides credit protection to the financial institution should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with the financial institution. The notional amount of this contingent agreement is $21.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and $21.7 million as of December 31, 2023.

The Corporation entered into RPA swaps with other financial institutions related to loans in which the Corporation is a participant out. The RPA provides credit protection to the Corporation should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with the financial institution. The notional amount of this contingent agreement is $25.5 million as of December 31, 2024 andzero as of December 31, 2023.

The fair value of the RPA swaps was $11 thousand and $49 thousand as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is reported in accrued interest payable and other liabilities within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

18. Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Contingencies

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Corporation is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party of the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contract or notional amount of those instruments. The Corporation uses the same credit policies for underwriting all loans, including these commitments and conditional obligations.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Corporation did not own or trade other financial instruments with significant off-balance sheet risk including derivatives such as futures, forwards, option contracts and the like, although such instruments may be appropriate to use in the future to manage interest rate risk. See Note 12, "Derivative Instruments," for a description of interest rate derivatives entered into by the Corporation.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Corporation to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The contract or notional amount of these instruments reflects the maximum amount of future payments that the Corporation could be required to pay under the guarantees if there were a total default by the guaranteed parties, without consideration for possible recoveries under recourse provisions or from collateral held or pledged. In addition, many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon; therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

The Corporation's maximum obligation to extend credit for loan commitments (unfunded loans and unused lines of credit) and standby letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Corporation evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Corporation upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral that is held varies but may include securities, accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and residential and income-producing commercial properties.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Loan Commitments

The Corporation maintains an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commercial lending commitments and letters of credit to provide for the risk of loss inherent in these arrangements. The allowance is computed using a methodology similar to that used to determine the allowance for credit losses for loans receivable, modified to take into account the probability of a draw-down on the commitment. The provision for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments is included in the provision for credit losses on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Note 3, "Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses," in the consolidated financial statements provides more detail concerning the provision for credit losses related to the loan portfolio of the Corporation.

The following table presents activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitmentsfor the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively:

(1)Excludes provision for credit losses related to the loan portfolio.

Investments in Small Business Investment Corporation and Community Development Entities

The Corporation makes investments in limited partnerships, including certain small business investment corporations ("SBICs") and community development entities ("CDEs"). Capital contributions for investments in SBICs and CDEs, reported in FHLB and other restricted stock holdings and investment on the consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were $23.5 million and $21.7 million, respectively. Unfunded capital commitments in investments in SBIC's and other limited partnerships totaled $8.0 million and $6.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.

Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Project Investments

The carrying value of investments in the low-income housing partnerships, reported in FHLB and other restricted stock holdings and investments on the consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $7.3 million and $3.8 million, respectively. The related amortization for the years ended December 31, 2024 2023, and 2022 were $711 thousand, $747 thousand, and $803 thousand, respectively. Unfunded commitments, reported in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were $3.7 million and $796 thousand, respectively.

Investments in Federal and State Rehabilitation/Historic Tax Credit

From time to time, the Corporation invests in certain limited partnerships that were formed to provide certain federal and state rehabilitation/historic tax credits. The carrying value of these investments, reported in FHLB and other restricted stock holdings and investments on the consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $4.1 million andzero, respectively. The investments donot have any related amortization for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Unfunded commitments, reported in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were $3.2 million andzero, respectively.

Litigation

The Corporation is subject to claims and lawsuits that arise primarily in the ordinary course of business. It is the opinion of management the disposition or ultimate resolution of such claims and lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Corporation.

19. Parent Company Only Financial Information

20. Earnings Per Share

The computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share is shown below. There wereno anti-dilutive stock options for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

21. Other Comprehensive Income

Other comprehensive income components and related tax effects were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022: