CNB FINANCIAL CORPPA

CNB FINANCIAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSEDC ONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND DISCLOSURE RULES

Nature of Operations

CNB Financial Corporation (the "Corporation") is headquartered in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, and provides a full range of banking and related services through its wholly owned subsidiary, CNB Bank (the "Bank"). In addition, the Bank provides wealth and asset management services, including the administration of trusts and estates, retirement plans, and other employee benefit plans as well as a full range of wealth management services. The Bank serves individual and corporate customers and is subject to competition from other financial institutions and intermediaries with respect to these services. In addition to the Bank, the Corporation also operates a consumer discount loan and finance business through its wholly owned subsidiary, Holiday Financial Services Corporation ("Holiday"). The Corporation and its other subsidiaries are subject to examination by federal and state regulators. The Corporation’s market area is primarily concentrated in the Central and Northwest regions of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Central and Northeast regions of the State of Ohio, Western region of the State of New York and the Southwest region of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to rules and regulations of the SEC and in compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Because this report is based on an interim period, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted.

In the opinion of management of the registrant, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial condition and the results of operations for the periods presented. The financial performance reported for the Corporation for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

This information should be read in conjunction with the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the "2023 Form 10-K"). Certain amounts appearing in the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for prior periods may be reclassified to conform with the current presentation. If there are reclassifications, the reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders’ equity as previously reported. Dollar amounts in tables are stated in thousands, except for per share amounts.

Use of Estimates

To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the disclosures provided and future results could differ.

Operating Segments

While the Corporation's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") monitors the revenue streams of the various products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a Corporation-wide basis, and operating divisions are aggregated intoone as operating results for all segments are similar. Accordingly, all of the financial services operations are considered by management to be aggregated inone reportable operating segment.

Goodwill Assessment

The Corporation's policy is to test goodwill for impairment annually on November 30 or on an interim basis if an event triggering impairment may have occurred. Management evaluated current conditions and concluded there have been no significant changes in the economic environment or future projections since the annual goodwill impairment test performed as of November 30, 2023 and therefore, believes that there isno impairment as of March 31, 2024. Management will continue to evaluate the economic conditions at future reporting periods for applicable changes.

2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, "Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers." This ASU requires that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." ASU 2021-08 was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2023 and did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method." Under prior guidance, entities can apply the last-of-layer hedging method to hedge the exposure of a closed portfolio of prepayable financial assets to fair value changes due to changes in interest rates for a portion of the portfolio that is not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults, and other events affecting the timing and amount of cash flows. ASU 2022-01 expands the last-of-layer method, which permits only one hedge layer, to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio. To reflect that expansion, the last-of-layer method is renamed the portfolio layer method. ASU 2022-01 also (i) expands the scope of the portfolio layer method to include non-prepayable financial assets, (ii) specifies eligible hedging instruments in a single-layer hedge, (iii) provides additional guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments under the portfolio layer method and (iv) specifies how hedge basis adjustments should be considered when determining credit losses for the assets included in the closed portfolio. ASU 2022-01 was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2023 and did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." This ASU eliminates the separate recognition and measurement guidance for Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") by creditors. The elimination of the TDRs guidance may be adopted prospectively for loan modifications after adoption or on a modified retrospective basis, which would also apply to loans previously modified, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption for changes in the allowance for credit losses. ASU 2022-02 was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2023 and did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-03, "Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 Emerging Issues Task Force ("EITF") Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock." This ASU amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification for SEC updates pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120; SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting; and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. The updates were effective immediately. These updates did not have a material impact on the Corporation's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2024

In June 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-03, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions." In this ASU, a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered in measuring the security's fair value. The ASU also requires certain disclosures for equity securities that are subject to contractual restrictions. This guidance was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2024. These updates did not have a material impact on the Corporation's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-01, "Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements." This ASU requires the Corporation to amortize leasehold improvements associated with common control leases over the useful life to the common control group. This guidance is effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2024. These updates did not have a material impact on the Corporation's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-02, "Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method." In this ASU, these amendments allow the Corporation to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. This guidance is effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2024.

These updates did not have a material impact on the Corporation's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

In August 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-05, "Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement." ASU 2023-05 requires certain joint ventures to apply a new basis of accounting upon formation by recognizing and initially measuring most of their assets and liabilities at fair value. The objectives of the amendments are to provide decision-useful information to investors and other allocators of capital in a joint venture’s financial statements and also to reduce diversity in practice. ASU 2023-05 should be applied prospectively and is effective for all newly formed joint venture entities with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted, and joint ventures formed prior to the adoption date may elect to apply the new guidance retrospectively back to their original formation date. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-05 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-06, "Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative." The ASU amends the ASC to incorporate certain disclosure requirements from SEC Release No. 33-10532 - Disclosure Update and Simplification that was issued in 2018. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-06 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280)." This ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption of the ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is also permitted. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-07 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740)." The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-09 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718)." The ASU adds an illustrative example to demonstrate how an entity should apply the scope guidance in paragraph 718-10-15-3 to determine whether profits interest and similar awards ("profits interest awards") should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. The amendment in this ASU should be applied either (1) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements or (2) prospectively to profits interest and similar awards granted or modified on or after the date at which the entity first applies the amendments. If the amendments are applied retrospectively, an entity is required to provide the disclosures in paragraphs 250-10-50-1 through 50-3 in the period of adoption. If the amendment is applied prospectively, an entity is required to disclose the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is also permitted for interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it should adopt the amendment as of the beginning of the annual period that includes that interim period. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-01 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, "Codification Improvements—Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements." The ASU contains amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification that remove references to various Concepts Statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Concept Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas. The amendment in this ASU should be applied using one of the following transition methods: (1) prospectively to all new transactions recognized on or after the date that the entity first applies the amendments; or (2) retrospectively to the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in which the amendments were first applied. An entity should adjust the opening balance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components of equity or net assets in the statement of financial position) as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early application of the amendment is permitted for any fiscal year or interim period for which financial statements have not yet been issued, or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendment in an interim period, it must adopt the amendment as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Corporation is evaluating the effect that ASU 2024-02 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") Disclosure Rules

In March 2024, the SEC adopted its final rule under SEC Release no. 33-11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors. In April 2024, the SEC stayed the final climate rule pending the completion of judicial review of an Eighth Circuit challenge seeking to vacate the rule. This rule would require registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in registration statements and annual reports. The disclosure requirements would apply to the Corporation’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2026. The Corporation is currently evaluating the final rule to determine its impact on the Corporation’s disclosures.

3. SECURITIES

Debt securities available-for-sale ("AFS") at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Debt securities held-to-maturity ("HTM") at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

The Corporation elected to transfer 74 AFS securities with an aggregate fair value of $213.7 million to a classification of HTM during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. In accordance with FASB ASC 320-10-55-24, the transfer from AFS to HTM must be recorded at the fair value of the AFS securities at the time of transfer. The net unrealized holding loss of $5.6 million, net of tax, at the date of transfer was retained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), with the associated pre-tax amount retained in the carrying value of the HTM securities. Such amounts will be amortized to comprehensive income over the remaining life of the securities.

Information pertaining to security sales on AFS securities is as follows:

The tax provision related to these net realized gains waszero for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $5 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The table below illustrates the maturity distribution of debt securities at amortized cost and fair value as of March 31, 2024:

Mortgage securities and pooled SBA securities are not due at a single date; periodic payments are received based on the payment patterns of the underlying collateral.

On March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, securities carried at $492.4 million and $489.0 million, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as provided by law.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there wereno holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government sponsored entities, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity. The Corporation’s residential and multi-family mortgage securities are issued by government sponsored entities.

AFS debt securities with unrealized losses at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

March 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

HTM debt securities with unrealized losses at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

March 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, management performed an assessment for possible impairment related to credit losses of the Corporation’s debt securities, relying on information obtained from various sources, including publicly available financial data, ratings by external agencies, brokers and other sources. Based on the results of the assessment, management believes there isno credit related impairment of these debt securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

For the securities that comprise corporate notes and bonds and the securities that are issued by state and political subdivisions, management monitors publicly available financial information, such as filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in order to evaluate the securities for potential credit impairment. For financial institution issuers, management monitors information from quarterly "call" report filings that are used to generate Uniform Bank Performance Reports. All other securities that were in an unrealized loss position at the balance sheet date were reviewed by management, and issuer-specific documents were reviewed as appropriate given the following considerations; the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than cost, and whether management does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, management concluded the debt securities described in the previous paragraphs were not impaired for reasons due to credit quality for the following reasons:

•There is no indication of any significant deterioration of the creditworthiness of the institutions that issued the securities.

•All contractual interest payments on the securities have been received as scheduled, and no information has come to management’s attention through the processes previously described which would lead to a conclusion that future contractual payments will not be timely received.

•The unrealized losses were deemed to be temporary changes in value related to market movements in interest yields.

The Corporation does not intend to sell and it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of its amortized cost basis.

Equity securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

4. LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Total net loans receivable at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:

The Corporation’s outstanding loans receivable and related unfunded commitments are primarily concentrated within Central and Northwest Pennsylvania, Central and Northeast Ohio, Western New York and Southwest Virginia. The Bank attempts to limit concentrations within specific industries by utilizing dollar limitations to single industries or customers, and by entering into participation agreements with third parties. Collateral requirements are established based on management’s assessment of the customer. The Corporation maintains lending policies to control the quality of the loan portfolio. These policies delegate the authority to extend loans under specific guidelines and underwriting standards. These policies are prepared by the Corporation’s management and reviewed and approved annually by the Corporation’s Board of Directors.

Syndicated loans, net of deferred fees and costs, are included in the commercial and industrial classification and totaled $78.7 million and $108.7 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Transactions in the allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows:

(1)Excludes provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments. Note 9, "Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Contingencies," to the condensed consolidated financial statements provides more detail concerning the provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments of the Corporation.

Transactions in the allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

(1)Excludes provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments. Note 9, "Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Contingencies," to the condensed consolidated financial statements provides more detail concerning the provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments of the Corporation.

The Corporation's allowance for credit losses is influenced by loan volumes, risk rating migration, delinquency status and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses remained unchanged. The growth in the Corporation's loan portfolio in new market areas was offset by improvements in the Corporation's historical loss rates, as well as the impact of net charge-offs. Significant uncertainty persists regarding the domestic and global economy, tightening credit conditions, persistent inflation, and higher interest rates. Management will continue to proactively evaluate its estimate of expected credit losses as new information becomes available.

Provision for credit losses was $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Included in the provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was a benefit of $24 thousand related to the allowance for unfunded commitments compared to $59 thousand provision towards the allowance for unfunded commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2023, respectively.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans receivable on nonaccrual status and loans receivable past due over 89 days still accruing as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:

All payments received while on nonaccrual status are applied against the principal balance of the loan. The Corporation does not recognize interest income while a loan is on nonaccrual status.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans receivable that are individually evaluated and collateral-dependent by class of loans as of March 31, 2024:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans receivable that are individually evaluated and collateral-dependent by class of loans as of December 31, 2023:

The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in past-due loans receivable as of March 31, 2024 by class of loans:

The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in past-due loans receivable as of December 31, 2023 by class of loans:

Loan Modifications

The Corporation adopted ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures effective January 1, 2023. The amendments in ASU 2022-02 eliminated the recognition and measure of troubled debt restructurings and enhanced disclosures for loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

Occasionally, the Corporation modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing principal forgiveness, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or interest rate reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses.

In some cases, the Corporation provides multiple types of concessions on one loan. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. For the loans included in the "combination" columns below, multiple types of modifications have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period. The combination is at least two of the following: a term extension, principal forgiveness, an other-than-insignificant payment delay and/or an interest rate reduction.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at March 31, 2024 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three months ended March 31, 2024, by class and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at March 31, 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023, by class and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below:

The Corporation hadno unfunded available credit to customers whose loan receivables are included in the previous tables.

The Corporation closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts.

The following table presents the performance of such loans that have been modified during the twelve months ended March 31, 2024:

The following table presents the performance of such loans that have been modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans that had a payment default during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

There wereno loans that had a payment default during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

If the Corporation determines that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is written off and the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Corporation categorizes loans receivable into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Corporation analyzes loans individually to classify the loans as to credit risk.

The Corporation uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention: A loan classified as special mention has a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Corporation’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: A loan classified as substandard is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. The loan has a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. A substandard loan is characterized by the distinct possibility that the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following tables represent the Corporation's commercial credit risk profile by risk rating. Loans receivable not rated as special mention, substandard, or doubtful are considered to be pass rated loans.

The following tables detail the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by risk grade within each portfolio segment as of March 31, 2024. Current period originations may include modifications.

The following tables detail the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by risk grade within each portfolio segment as of December 31, 2023. Current period originations may include modifications.

The Corporation considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. For 1-4 family construction, home equity lines of credit, residential mortgages secured by first liens, residential mortgages secured by junior liens, automobile, credit cards, other revolving credit plans and other consumer segments, the Corporation evaluates credit quality based on the performance status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. Nonperforming loans include loans receivable on nonaccrual status and loans receivable past due over 89 days and still accruing interest.

The following tables detail the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by payment activity within each portfolio segment as of March 31, 2024. Current period originations may include modifications.

The following tables detail the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by payment activity within each portfolio segment as of December 31, 2023. The current period originations may include modifications, extensions and renewals.

Holiday’s loan portfolio, included in other consumer loans above, is summarized as follows at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

5. LEASES

Operating lease assets represent the Corporation's right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Corporation's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payments using a discount rate that represents the Corporation's incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date. Operating lease cost, which is comprised of amortization of the operating lease asset and the implicit interest accreted on the operating lease liability, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and is recorded in net occupancy expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

The Corporation leases certain full-service branch offices, land, and equipment. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Most leases includeone or more options to renew and the exercise of the lease renewal options are at the Corporation's sole discretion. The Corporation includes lease extension and termination options in the lease term if, after considering relevant economic factors, it is reasonably certain the Corporation will exercise the option. Certain lease agreements of the Corporation include rental payments adjusted periodically for changes in the consumer price index.

(1) Finance lease assets are recorded net of accumulated amortization of $1.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and $1.0 million as of December 31, 2023.

The components of the Corporation's net lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were as follows:

(1)Sublease income excludes rental income from owned properties.

The following table sets forth future minimum rental payments under noncancellable leases with initial terms in excess of one year as of March 31, 2024:

(1) Operating lease payments include payments related to options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised and exclude $8.6 million of legally binding minimum lease payments for leases signed, but not yet commenced.

Lease terms and discount rates related to the Corporation's lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Other information related to the Corporation's lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, was as follows:

6. DEPOSITS

The following table reflects time certificates of deposit accounts included in total deposits and their remaining maturities at March 31, 2024:

Certificates of deposits of $250 thousand or more totaled $104.2 million and $100.2 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Corporation had $206.8 million in brokered deposits as of March 31, 2024 compared to $208.3 million at December 31, 2023. In addition, the Corporation had $784.8 million and $739.3 million in reciprocal deposits at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

7. BORROWINGS

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Corporation had availableone $10.0 million unsecured line of credit with an unaffiliated institution. Borrowings under the line of credit bear interest at a variable rate equal to the Secured Overnight Finance Rate ("SOFR") plus 2.85%. There wereno borrowings under the line of credit at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

FHLB Borrowings

The Bank has the ability to borrow funds from the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"). The Bank maintains a $250.0 million line-of-credit (Open Repo Plus) with the FHLB which is a revolving term commitment available on an overnight basis. The term of this commitment may not exceed 364 days and it reprices daily at market rates. Under terms of a blanket collateral agreement with the FHLB, the line-of-credit and long term advances are secured by FHLB stock and the Bank pledges its single-family residential mortgage loan portfolio, certain commercial real estate loans, and certain agriculture real estate loans as security for any advances.

Total loans pledged to the FHLB at March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 were $1.8 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. The Bank could obtain advances of up to approximately $995.1 million from the FHLB at March 31, 2024 and $993.8 million at December 31, 2023.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, outstanding advances from the FHLB were as follows.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, municipal deposit letters of credit issued by the FHLB on behalf of the Bank naming applicable municipalities as beneficiaries were $158.0 million and $155.7 million, respectively. The letters of credit were utilized in place of securities pledged to the municipalities for their deposits maintained at the Bank.

Federal Reserve Borrowings

In June 2023, the Bank was approved by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (the "Federal Reserve") for its Borrower-in-Custody ("BIC") program. At March 31, 2024, the Bank had borrowing capacity through the Federal Reserve BIC program of $242.9 million. Borrowings under the BIC program are overnight advances with interest chargeable at the discount window ("primary credit") borrowing rate. At March 31, 2024, the Bank has pledged certain qualifying loans with an unpaid principal balance of $258.6 million and securities with a carrying value of $78.4 million as collateral.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank hadno borrowings from the Federal Reserve BIC program, discount window andno borrowings under the Federal Reserve’s Bank Term Facility Program ("BTFP"), which opened March 12, 2023.

Other Borrowings

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank hadno outstanding borrowings from unaffiliated institutions under overnight borrowing agreements.

Subordinated Debentures

In 2007, the Corporation issuedtwo $10.0 million floating rate trust preferred securities as part of a pooled offering of such securities. The interest rate on each offering was determined quarterly and floated based upon three-month LIBOR plus 1.55%. Effective September 15, 2023, the interest rate calculation method was revised. The interest rate is now determined quarterly, and floats based on the three-month SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.26161% plus 1.55%. This change reflects the transition from LIBOR to SOFR as the reference rate. The all-in rate was 7.14% at March 31, 2024 and 7.20% at December 31, 2023. The Corporation issued subordinated debentures to the trusts in exchange for the proceeds of the offerings, which debentures represent the sole assets of the trusts. The subordinated debentures must be redeemed no later than 2037. The Corporation may redeem the debentures, in whole or in part, at face value at any time. The Corporation has the option to defer interest payments from time to time for a period not to exceed five consecutive years. Although the trusts are variable interest entities, the Corporation is not the primary beneficiary. As a result, because the trusts are not consolidated with the Corporation, the Corporation does not report the securities issued by the trusts as liabilities. Instead, the Corporation reports as liabilities the subordinated debentures issued by the Corporation and held by the trusts, since the liabilities are not eliminated in consolidation. The trust preferred securities were designated to qualify as Tier 1 capital under the Federal Reserve’s capital guidelines.

Subordinated Notes

In June 2021, the Corporation sold $85.0 million aggregate principal amount of its fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes to eligible purchasers in a private offering in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and the provisions of Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder. The notes will mature in June 2031, and initially bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears, to, but excluding, June 15, 2026, and thereafter to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier redemption, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month average SOFR plus 2.58%. The net proceeds from the sale were approximately $83.5 million, after deducting offering expenses. These subordinated notes were designed to qualify as Tier 2 capital under the Federal Reserve’s capital guidelines and were given an investment grade rating of BBB- by Kroll Bond Rating Agency. The unamortized debt issuance costs were $0.7 million and $0.7 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

8. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Some of the Corporation's directors, executive officers, and their related interests had transactions with the Bank in the ordinary course of business. All loan and deposit transactions were made on substantially the same terms, such as interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions. In the opinion of management, these transactions do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability nor do they present other unfavorable features. It is anticipated that similar transactions will be entered into in the future.

Loans to principal officers, directors, and their affiliates during the three months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows:

Deposits from directors, executive officers, and their affiliates were $9.9 million and $11.4 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

9. OFF-BALANCE SHEET COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Corporation is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party of the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contract or notional amount of those instruments. The Corporation uses the same credit policies for underwriting all loans, including these commitments and conditional obligations.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Corporation did not own or trade other financial instruments with significant off-balance sheet risk including derivatives such as futures, forwards, option contracts and the like, although such instruments may be appropriate to use in the future to manage interest rate risk. See Note 12, "Derivative Instruments," for a description of interest rate derivatives entered into by the Corporation.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Corporation to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The contract or notional amount of these instruments reflects the maximum amount of future payments that the Corporation could be required to pay under the guarantees if there were a total default by the guaranteed parties, without consideration for possible recoveries under recourse provisions or from collateral held or pledged. In addition, many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon; therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

The Corporation's maximum obligation to extend credit for loan commitments (unfunded loans and unused lines of credit) and standby letters of credit outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Corporation evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Corporation upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral that is held varies but may include securities, accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and residential and income-producing commercial properties.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Loan Commitments

The Corporation maintains an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commercial lending commitments and letters of credit to provide for the risk of loss inherent in these arrangements. The allowance is computed using a methodology similar to that used to determine the allowance for credit losses for loans receivable, modified to take into account the probability of a draw-down on the commitment. The provision for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments is included in the provision for credit losses on the Corporation's condensed consolidated statements of income. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Note 4, "Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses," in the condensed consolidated financial statements provides more detail concerning the provision for credit losses related to the loan portfolio of the Corporation.

The following table presents activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

(1)Excludes provision for credit losses related to the loan portfolio.

Other Off-Balance Sheet Commitments

The Corporation makes investments in limited partnerships, including certain small business investment corporations and low income housing partnerships. Capital contributions for investments in small business companies ("SBIC") and other limited partnerships, reported in FHLB and other restricted stock holdings and investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $22.2 million and $21.7 million, respectively. Unfunded capital commitments in investments in SBIC's and other limited partnerships totaled $6.3 million and $6.8 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.

Qualified Affordable Housing Project Investments

The carrying value of investments in the low income housing partnerships, reported in FHLB and other restricted stock holdings and investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $3.6 million and $3.8 million, respectively. The related amortization for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $178 thousand and $186 thousand, respectively. Unfunded commitments, reported in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $529 thousand and $796 thousand, respectively.

Litigation

The Corporation is subject to claims and lawsuits that arise primarily in the ordinary course of business. It is the opinion of management the disposition or ultimate resolution of such claims and lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Corporation.

10. STOCK COMPENSATION

The Corporation has a stock incentive plan, which is administered by a committee of the Board of Directors and which permits the Corporation to provide various types of stock-based compensation to its key employees, directors, and/or consultants, including time-based and performance-based shares of restricted stock. The Corporation previously maintained the CNB Financial Corporation 2009 Stock Incentive Plan, which terminated in accordance with its terms on February 10, 2019, and currently maintains the CNB Financial Corporation 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2019 Stock Incentive Plan"), which was approved by the Corporation’s shareholders and became effective on April 16, 2019.

The 2019 Stock Incentive Plan provides for up to 507,671 shares of common stock to be awarded in the form of nonqualified options or restricted stock. For key employees, the vesting of time-based restricted stock is one-third, one-fourth, or one-fifth of the granted restricted shares per year, beginningone year after the grant date, with 100% vesting on the third, fourth or fifth anniversary of the grant date, respectively. Stock compensation received by non-employee directors vests immediately.

At March 31, 2024, there wasno unrecognized compensation cost related to stock-based compensation awarded under this plan and, except for the time-based and performance-based restricted stock awards disclosed below and in previous filings, no other stock-based compensation was granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Compensation expense for the restricted stock awards is recognized over the requisite service period based on the fair value of the shares at the date of grant on a straight-line basis. Non-vested restricted stock awards are recorded as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital in shareholders’ equity until earned. Compensation expense resulting from time-based, performance-based and director restricted stock awards was $883 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and $616 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2023, respectively. The total income tax benefit related to the recognized compensation cost of vested restricted stock awards was $185 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and $129 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2023, respectively.

A summary of changes in time-based unvested restricted stock awards for the three months ended March 31, 2024 follows:

The above table excludes 18,029 shares in restricted stock awards that were granted to the Corporation's Board of Directors at a weighted average fair value of $21.35 and immediately vested. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was $4.1 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested shares granted under the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan. The fair value of shares vested was $1.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024, and $970 thousand during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

In addition to the time-based restricted stock disclosed above, the Corporation’s Board of Directors grants performance-based restricted stock awards ("PBRSAs") to key employees. The number of PBRSAs will depend on certain performance conditions earned over athree year period and are also subject to service-based vesting. In 2024, awards with a maximum of 29,992 shares in aggregate were granted to key employees. In 2023, awards with a maximum of 23,124 shares in aggregate were granted to key employees. In 2022, awards with a maximum of 13,761 shares in aggregate were granted to key employees.

In 2023, the 2021 PBRSAs were fully earned and in 2024,9,667 shares were fully distributed. The fair value of the shares distributed in 2024 was $206 thousand.

11. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares determined for the basic computation plus the dilutive effect of potential common shares issuable under certain stock compensation plans. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there wereno outstanding stock options to include in the diluted earnings per common share calculations.

Unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per common share pursuant to the two-class method. The Corporation has determined that its outstanding non-vested time-based restricted stock awards are participating securities.

The computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share is shown below:

12. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

On September 7, 2018, the Corporation executed an interest rate swap agreement with a 5-year term and an effective date of September 15, 2018 in order to hedge cash flows associated with $10.0 million of a subordinated trust preferred security that was issued by the Corporation during 2007 and elected cash flow hedge accounting for the agreement. The Corporation’s objective in using this derivative is to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate risk. The interest rate swap involves the receipt of variable-rate amounts in exchange for fixed-rate payments from September 15, 2018 to September 15, 2023 without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. The swap expired on September 15, 2023 and was not renewed.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no derivatives were designated as fair value hedges or hedges of net investments in foreign operations. Additionally, the Corporation does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and currently does not have any derivatives that are not designated as hedges.

The following tables provide information about the amounts and locations of activity related to the interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges within the Corporation’s condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

(a)Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss on Derivative (Effective Portion), net of tax

(b)Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (Effective Portion)

(c)Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (Effective Portion)

(d)Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative (Ineffective Portion and Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)

(e)Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative (Ineffective Portion and Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)

Derivatives on Behalf of Customers

The Corporation entered into certain interest rate swap contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments. These derivative contracts relate to transactions in which the Corporation enters into an interest rate swap with a customer while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with another financial institution. In connection with each swap transaction, the Corporation agrees to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on a similar notional amount at a fixed interest rate. Concurrently, the Corporation agrees to pay another financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. The transaction allows the Corporation’s customers to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate. Because the Corporation acts as an intermediary for its customer, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts offset each other and do not impact the Corporation’s results of operations.

The Corporation pledged cash collateral to another financial institution with a balance $483 thousand as of March 31, 2024 and $173 thousand as of December 31, 2023. This balance is included in cash and cash equivalents due from banks on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation may require its customers to post cash or securities as collateral on its program of back-to-back swaps depending upon the specific facts and circumstances surrounding each loan and individual swap. In addition, certain language is included in the International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreement and loan documents where, in default situations, the Corporation is permitted to access collateral supporting the loan relationship to recover any losses suffered on the derivative asset or liability. The Corporation may be required to post additional collateral to swap counterparties in the future in proportion to potential increases in unrealized loss positions. Effective on September 30, 2023 the Corporation amended all of the back-to-back swap contracts to reference the 1-month SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment of 11.448 basis points "Fallback SOFR."

The following table provides information about the amounts and locations of activity related to the back-to-back interest rate swaps within the Corporation’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(a)Reported in accrued interest receivable and other assets within the condensed consolidated balance sheets

(b)Reported in accrued interest payable and other liabilities within the condensed consolidated balance sheets

Risk Participation Agreements

The Corporation’s existing credit derivatives result from participations in or out of interest rate swaps provided by or to external lenders as part of loan participation arrangements, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Corporation’s assets or liabilities. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Corporation provides to certain lenders which participate in loans.

The Corporation entered into Risk Participation Agreement ("RPA") swaps with other financial institutions related to loans in which the Corporation is a participant in. The RPA provides credit protection to the financial institution should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with the financial institution. The notional amount of this contingent agreement is $21.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and $14.0 million as of December 31, 2023.

The Corporation entered into RPA swaps with other financial institutions related to loans in which the Corporation is a participant out. The RPA provides credit protection to the Corporation should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with the financial institution. The notional amount of this contingent agreement is $25.5 million as of March 31, 2024 andzero as of December 31, 2023.

The fair value of the RPAs swaps was $19 thousand and $49 thousand as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is reported in accrued interest payable and other liabilities within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

13. FAIR VALUE

Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

The following three levels of inputs are used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Corporation used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Investment Securities: The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2), using matrix pricing. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique commonly used to price debt securities that are not actively traded, values debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3).

Loans Held for Sale: Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, which is evaluated on a loan-level basis. The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors (Level 2).

Derivatives: The fair values of derivatives are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date (Level 2). The Corporation's derivatives are traded in an over-the-counter market where quoted market prices are not always available. Therefore, the fair values of derivatives are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs. The inputs will vary based on the type of derivative, but could include interest rates, prices, and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, prepayment rates, and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions, and third-party pricing services.

Individually Evaluated Loans: The fair value of individually evaluated loans with specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses is generally based on recent real estate appraisals prepared by third-parties. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Management also adjusts appraised values based on the length of time that has passed since the appraisal date and other factors. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower's financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management's historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management's expertise and knowledge of the client and client's business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Individually evaluated loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted in accordance with the allowance policy.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are as follows at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

A loan is considered to be a collateral dependent loan when, based on current information and events, the Corporation expects repayment of the financial assets to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the Corporation has determined that the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty as of the measurement date. The allowance for credit losses is measured by estimating the fair value of the loan based on the present value of expected cash flows, the market price of the loan, or the underlying fair value of the loan’s collateral. For real estate loans, fair value of the loan’s collateral is determined by third-party appraisals, which are then adjusted for the estimated selling and closing costs related to liquidation of the collateral. For this asset class, the actual valuation methods (income, sales comparable, or cost) vary based on the status of the project or property. For example, land is generally based on the sales comparable method while construction is based on the income and/or sales comparable methods. The unobservable inputs may vary depending on the individual assets with no one of the three methods being the predominant approach. The Corporation reviews the third-party appraisal for appropriateness and may adjust the value downward to consider selling and closing costs. For non-real estate loans, fair value of the loan’s collateral may be determined using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business.

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at March 31, 2024:

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2023:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments at March 31, 2024:

The following table presents the carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2023:

While estimates of fair value are based on management’s judgment of the most appropriate factors as of the balance sheet dates, there is no assurance that the estimated fair values would have been realized if the assets had been disposed of or the liabilities settled at that date, since market values may differ depending on various circumstances. The estimated fair values would also not apply to subsequent dates. The fair value of other equity interests is based on the net asset values provided by the underlying investment partnership. ASU 2015-7 removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient and related disclosures. In addition, other assets and liabilities that are not financial instruments, such as premises and equipment, are not included in the disclosures.

Also, non-financial assets such as, among other things, the estimated earnings power of core deposits, the earnings potential of trust accounts, the trained workforce, and customer goodwill, which typically are not recognized on the balance sheet, may have value but are not included in the fair value disclosures.