BANK OF HAWAII CORP

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Bank of Hawaii Corporation (the “Parent”) is a Delaware corporation and a bank holding company headquartered in Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Bank of Hawaii Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), provide a broad range of financial products and services to customers in Hawai‘i, Guam and other Pacific Islands. The majority of the Company’s operations consist of customary commercial and consumer banking services including, but not limited to, lending, leasing, deposit services, trust and investment activities, brokerage services, and trade financing. The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Parent and its subsidiaries. The Parent’s principal operating subsidiary is Bank of Hawai‘i (the “Bank”).

The Consolidated Financial Statements in this report have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, but, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Operating results for the interim periods disclosed herein are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full fiscal year or any future period.

The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and accompanying notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Significant changes to accounting policies from those disclosed in our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K are presented below.

Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Subsequent Event

On October 1, 2025, the Company sold the economic interests of its merchant services portfolio. As a result of this transaction, the Company will recognize a one-time gain of approximately $18 million during the quarter ending December 31, 2025.

Note 2. Investment Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of the Company’s investment securities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were as follows:

The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable (“AIR”) from the amortized cost basis of debt securities disclosed throughout this footnote. For AFS debt securities, AIR totaled $11.3 million and $9.0 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. For held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities, AIR totaled $8.3 million and $8.6 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table presents an analysis of the contractual maturities of the Company’s investment securities as of September 30, 2025. Debt securities issued by government agencies (such as Small Business Administration securities), collateralized mortgage obligations, and mortgage-backed securities are disclosed separately in the following table as these investment securities may prepay prior to their scheduled contractual maturity dates.

Investment securities with carrying values of $7.5 billion and $7.2 billion as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, were pledged to secure deposits of governmental entities, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, support the Company's borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank, and secure derivative transactions.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized net realized losses on sales of investments of $1.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized net realized losses on sales of investments of $4.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively. The losses on sales of investment securities were due to fees paid to the counterparties of the Company's prior Visa Class B share sale transactions, which are expensed as incurred.

The following table summarizes the Company’s AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses was not deemed necessary, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

The Company does not believe the AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position represent a credit loss impairment. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's unrealized losses from AFS debt securities were generated from 355 positions and 386 positions, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total gross unrealized losses were attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. Mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S.

government and have a long history of zero credit loss. Debt securities issued by corporations and non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities are of high credit quality and the issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments. As of September 30, 2025, the Company did not have any plans to sell the investment securities that were in an unrealized loss position and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the investment securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. In October 2025, the Company initiated the process of repositioning a portion of its AFS securities. As a result, the Company expects to realize a loss on the sale of certain securities during the quarter ending December 31, 2025 that is expected to range from $16 million to $17 million.

Substantially all of the Company’s HTM debt securities are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government and have a long history of zero credit loss. Therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses for these securities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Interest income from taxable and non-taxable investment securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Note 3. Loans and Leases and the Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans and Leases

The Company’s loan and lease portfolio was comprised of the following as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The majority of the Company’s lending activity is with customers located within the State of Hawai‘i. A substantial portion of the Company’s real estate loans are secured by real estate located within the State of Hawai‘i.

The Company elected to exclude AIR from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases disclosed throughout this footnote. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, AIR for loans totaled $48.3 million and $48.4 million, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses (the “Allowance”)

The following presents by portfolio segment, the activity in the Allowance for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company uses several credit quality indicators to manage credit risk in an ongoing manner. The Company uses an internal credit risk rating system that categorizes loans and leases into pass, special mention, or classified categories. Credit risk ratings are applied individually to those classes of loans and leases that have significant or unique credit characteristics that benefit from a case-by-case evaluation. These are typically loans and leases to businesses or individuals in the classes which comprise the commercial portfolio segment. Groups of loans and leases that are underwritten and structured using standardized criteria and characteristics are typically monitored and risk-rated collectively. These are typically loans and leases to individuals in the classes which comprise the consumer portfolio segment.

The following are the definitions of the Company’s credit quality indicators:

For Pass rated credits in the commercial portfolio, most risk ratings are certified at a minimum annually. For Special Mention or Classified credits in the commercial portfolio, risk ratings are reviewed for appropriateness on an ongoing basis, monthly, or at a minimum, quarterly. The following presents by credit quality indicator, loan class, and year of origination, the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans and leases as of September 30, 2025.

1. Loans reported as Special Mention and Classified in the 2025 column represent amendment of loans that originated in an earlier period.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, $18.4 million of revolving loans were converted to term loans.

The following presents by credit quality indicator, loan class, and year of origination, the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2024.

1. Loans reported as Special Mention and Classified in the 2024 column represent amendment of loans that originated in an earlier period.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $12.7 million of revolving loans were converted to term loans.

Aging Analysis

Loans and leases are considered to be past due once becoming 30 days delinquent. For the consumer portfolio, this generally representstwo missed monthly payments. The following presents by class, an aging analysis of the Company’s loan and lease portfolio as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Non-Accrual Loans and Leases

The following presents the non-accrual loans and leases as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Payments received while on non-accrual status are normally applied against the principal balance of the loan or lease. Payments may be recognized as income if the full collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include interest rate reductions, principal or interest forgiveness, forbearances, term extensions, and other actions intended to minimize economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral. The following illustrates the most common loan modifications by loan classes offered by the Company:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

1. Includes forbearance plans.

The following table presents the financial effect of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

1 Includes forbearance plans.

The following table presents the loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

1. Includes forbearance plans.

The following table presents the aging analysis of loans that have been modified in the last 12 months made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Foreclosure Proceedings

Consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property (residential mortgage and home equity) that are in the process of foreclosure totaled $10.6 million and $9.6 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Note 4. Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company’s portfolio of residential mortgage loans serviced for third parties was $2.4 billion as of September 30, 2025 and $2.5 billion as of December 31, 2024. Substantially all of these loans were originated by the Company and sold to third parties on a non-recourse basis with servicing rights retained. These retained servicing rights are recorded as a servicing asset and are initially recorded at fair value (see Note 12 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities for more information). Changes to the balance of mortgage servicing rights are recorded in noninterest income under Mortgage Banking in the Company’s unaudited consolidated statements of income.

The Company’s mortgage servicing activities include collecting principal, interest, and escrow payments from borrowers; making tax and insurance payments on behalf of borrowers; monitoring delinquencies and executing foreclosure proceedings; and accounting for and remitting principal and interest payments to investors. Servicing income, including late and ancillary fees, was $1.3 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $3.9 million and $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Servicing income is recorded in noninterest income under Mortgage Banking in the Company’s unaudited consolidated statements of income. The Company’s residential mortgage investor loan servicing portfolio is primarily comprised of fixed rate loans concentrated in Hawai‘i.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the change in the carrying value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights accounted for under the fair value measurement method was as follows:

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the change in the carrying value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights accounted for under the amortization method was as follows:

The key data and assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were as follows:

1 Represents annualized loan prepayment rate assumption.

2 Derived from multiple interest rate scenarios that incorporate a spread to a market yield curve and market volatilities.

A sensitivity analysis of the Company’s fair value of mortgage servicing rights to changes in certain key assumptions as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, is presented in the following table.

This analysis generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of a change in one key assumption to the change in the fair value of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights usually is not linear. Also, the effect of changing one key assumption without changing other assumptions is not realistic.

Note 5. Affordable Housing Projects Tax Credit Partnerships

The Company makes equity investments in various limited partnerships or limited liability companies that sponsor affordable housing projects utilizing the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (“LIHTC”) pursuant to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. The purpose of these investments is to achieve a satisfactory return on capital, to facilitate the sale of affordable housing product offerings, and to assist in achieving goals associated with the Community Reinvestment Act. The primary activities of these entities include the identification, development, and operation of multi-family housing that is leased to qualifying residential tenants. Generally, these types of investments are funded through a combination of debt and equity.

The Company is a limited partner or non-managing member in each LIHTC limited partnership or limited liability company, respectively. Each of these entities is managed by an unrelated third-party general partner or managing member who exercises significant control over the affairs of the entity. The general partner or managing member has all the rights, powers and authority granted or permitted to be granted to a general partner of a limited partnership or managing member of a limited liability company. Duties entrusted to the general partner or managing member include, but are not limited to: investment in operating companies, company expenditures, investment of excess funds, borrowing funds, employment of agents, disposition of fund property, prepayment and refinancing of liabilities, votes and consents, contract authority, disbursement of funds, accounting methods, tax elections, bank accounts, insurance, litigation, cash reserve, and use of working capital reserve funds. Except for limited rights granted to the limited partner(s) or non-managing member(s) relating to the approval of certain transactions, the limited partner(s) and non-managing member(s) may not participate in the operation, management, or control of the entity’s business, transact any business in the entity’s name or have any power to sign documents for or otherwise bind the entity. In addition, the general partner or managing member may only be removed by the limited partner(s) or managing member(s) in the event of a failure to comply with the terms of the agreement or negligence in performing its duties.

The general partner or managing member of each entity has both the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of each entity and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entities. Therefore, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of any LIHTC entity. The Company uses the effective yield method to account for its pre-2015 investments in these entities. Beginning January 1, 2015, any new investments that meet the requirements of the proportional amortization method are recognized using the proportional amortization method. The Company’s net affordable housing tax credit investments including the related unfunded commitments were $216.3 million and $233.2 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are included in Other Assets in the unaudited consolidated statements of condition.

Unfunded Commitments

As of September 30, 2025, the expected payments for unfunded affordable housing commitments were as follows:

The following table presents tax credits and other tax benefits recognized and amortization expense related to affordable housing for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

There wereno impairment losses related to LIHTC investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Note 6. Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The following table presents the remaining contractual maturities of the Company’s repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, by collateral pledged.

The following table presents the assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement, or repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company has swap agreements with commercial banking customers that are not subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement and therefore are excluded from this table. Interest rate swaps that are designated as fair value hedges between the Company and institutional counterparties are also excluded from this table. See Note 10. Derivative Financial Instruments for more information on swap agreements.

1 The application of collateral cannot reduce the net amount below zero. Therefore, excess collateral is not reflected in this table. For repurchase agreements with private institutions, the fair value of investment securities pledged was $55.2 million and $109.5 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Note 7. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

The amortization of unrealized holding losses on HTM securities relates to the Company’s reclassification of AFS investment securities to the HTM category and will be amortized over the remaining life of the investment securities as an adjustment of yield.

The following table presents the changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

1 Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to net income.

Note 8. Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings per common share is computed using the two-class method. The following is a reconciliation of the weighted average number of common shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share and antidilutive restricted stock outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

Note 9. Business Segments

The Company’s business segments are defined as Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, and Treasury and Other. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The CODM uses income from operations to evaluate the performance of the overall business and to allocate resources to each of the segments.

The Company's internal management accounting process, which is not necessarily comparable with the process used by any other financial institution, uses various techniques to assign balance sheet and income statement amounts to the business segments, including allocations of income, expense, the provision for credit losses, and capital. This process is dynamic and requires certain allocations based on judgment and other subjective factors. Unlike financial accounting, there is no comprehensive authoritative guidance for management accounting that is equivalent to GAAP. Previously reported results have been reclassified to conform to the current reporting structure.

The net interest income of the business segments reflects the results of a funds transfer pricing process that matches assets and liabilities with similar interest rate sensitivity and maturity characteristics and reflects the allocation of net interest income related to the Company’s overall asset and liability management activities on a proportionate basis. The basis for the allocation of net interest income is a function of the Company’s assumptions that are subject to change based on changes in current interest rates and market conditions. Funds transfer pricing also serves to transfer interest rate risk to Treasury. However, the other business segments have some latitude to retain certain interest rate exposures related to customer pricing decisions within guidelines.

The provision for credit losses for the Consumer Banking and Commercial Banking business segments reflects the actual net charge-offs of those business segments. The amount of the consolidated provision for loan and lease losses is based on the CECL methodology that the Company used to estimate our consolidated Allowance. The residual provision for credit losses to arrive at the consolidated provision for credit losses is included in Treasury and Other.

Noninterest income and expense include allocations from support units to business units. These allocations are based on actual usage where practicably calculated or by management’s estimate of such usage.

The provision for income taxes is allocated to business segments using a 26% effective income tax rate. However, the provision for income taxes for the Leasing business unit (included in the Commercial Banking segment) and Auto Leasing portfolio and Pacific Century Life Insurance business unit (both included in the Consumer Banking segment) are assigned their actual effective income tax rates due to the unique relationship that income taxes have with their products. The residual income tax expense or benefit to arrive at the consolidated effective tax rate is included in Treasury and Other.

Consumer Banking

Consumer Banking offers a broad range of financial products and services, including loan and lease financing, deposit, and brokerage and insurance products; private banking and international client banking services; trust services; investment management; and institutional investment advisory services. Loan and lease products include residential mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit, automobile loans and leases, overdraft lines of credit, installment loans, small business loans and leases, and credit cards. Deposit products include checking, savings, and time deposit accounts. Brokerage and insurance offerings include equities, mutual funds, life insurance, and annuity products. Private banking (including international client banking) and Trust groups assist individuals and families in building and preserving their wealth by providing investment, credit, and trust services to high-net-worth individuals. The investment management group manages portfolios utilizing a variety of investment products and the institutional client services group offers investment advice to corporations, government entities, and foundations. Products and services from Consumer Banking are delivered to customers through 51 branch locations and 322 ATMs throughout Hawai‘i and the West Pacific, a customer service center, and online and mobile banking services.

Commercial Banking

Commercial Banking offers products including commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, commercial lease financing, auto dealer financing, merchant services, deposit products and cash management services. Commercial lending and lease financing, deposit products, and cash management and merchant services are offered to middle-market and large companies in Hawai‘i and the West Pacific. Commercial Banking also offers lease financing and deposit products to government entities in Hawai‘i. Commercial real estate mortgages focus on investors, developers, and builders predominantly domiciled in Hawai‘i. Commercial Banking includes international banking which services Japanese, Korean, and Chinese commercial businesses owned by a foreign individual or entity, a U.S. corporate subsidiary of a foreign owner, or businesses where management prefers to speak a foreign language.

Treasury and Other

Treasury consists of corporate asset and liability management activities, including interest rate risk management and a foreign currency exchange business. This segment’s assets and liabilities (and related interest income and expense) consist of interest-bearing deposits, investment securities, federal funds sold and purchased, and short and long-term borrowings. The primary sources of noninterest income are from bank-owned life insurance, net gains from the sale of investment securities, and foreign exchange income related to customer-driven currency requests from merchants and island visitors. The net residual effect of the transfer pricing of assets and liabilities is included in Treasury and Other, along with the elimination of intercompany transactions.

Other organizational units (Technology, Operations, Marketing, Human Resources, Finance, Credit and Risk Management, and Corporate and Regulatory Administration) provide a wide range of support to the Company’s other income earning segments. Expenses incurred by these support units are charged to the business segments through an internal cost allocation process. The cost allocation is included in Other Noninterest Expense in the following table.

Selected business segment financial information as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, were as follows:

1. Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to current presentation.

1 Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to current presentation.

Note 10. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses derivative instruments to manage its exposure to market risks, including interest rate risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. The Company designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments in a qualifying hedge accounting relationship, while other derivatives serve as economic hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting.

The Company enters into certain interest rate swap contracts that are matched to closed portfolios of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans and available-for-sale investment securities. These contracts have been designated as hedging instruments to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of the underlying loans or investment securities due to changes in interest rates. The related contracts are structured so that the notional amounts reduce over time to generally match the expected amortization of the underlying loan or investment security.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company terminated several interest rate swap agreements with a total notional value of $1.0 billion. These interest rate swap agreements were designated as fair value hedging instruments. The termination of the interest rate swaps resulted in a loss of $3.8 million, which was allocated to the assets of the respective closed portfolios and will be amortized to interest income over the contractual terms of those assets using the effective interest method.

The notional amount and fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

1 As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amounts presented in the table above exclude forward starting swaps with notional values of $600 million and $300 million, respectively, and fair values of $1.5 million and $4.7 million, respectively. These swaps are scheduled to begin between October 2025 and September 2026.

2 The conversion rate swap agreements were valued atzero as further reductions to the conversion rate were not reasonably estimable.

3 The makewhole agreements were valued atzero as the likelihood of a payment required to the buyer was not reasonably estimable.

The following table presents the Company’s derivative financial instruments, their fair values, and their location in the unaudited consolidated statements of condition as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

1 Asset derivatives are included in other assets and liability derivatives are included in other liabilities in the unaudited consolidated statements of condition. Derivatives are recognized on the Company's unaudited consolidated statements of condition at fair value.

The following table presents the Company’s derivative financial instruments and the amount and location of the net gains or losses recognized in the unaudited consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

The following amounts were recorded on the unaudited consolidated statements of condition related to the cumulative basis adjustment for fair value hedges as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

1 These amounts were included in the fair value of closed portfolios of investment securities, AFS used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the stated amount of assets in the closed portfolios anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $1.5 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively.

2 These amounts were included in the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios of loans used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the stated amount of assets in the closed portfolios anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $2.8 billion and $3.0 billion, respectively.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Interest Rate Lock Commitments/Forward Commitments

The Company enters into interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”) for residential mortgage loans which commit us to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specific interest rate and within a specified period of time. IRLCs that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale are considered derivative financial instruments under applicable accounting guidance. Outstanding IRLCs expose the Company to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan. To mitigate this risk, the Company utilizes forward commitments as economic hedges against the potential decreases in the values of the loans held for sale. IRLCs and forward commitments are free-standing derivatives which are carried at fair value with changes recorded in the mortgage banking component of noninterest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies of a small number of commercial banking customers. The Company mitigates the risk of entering into these agreements by entering into equal and offsetting interest rate swap agreements with highly rated third-party financial institutions. The interest rate swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value in the Company’s unaudited consolidated statements of condition (asset positions are included in other assets and liability positions are included in other liabilities). The Company is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties; however, the Company does not offset assets and liabilities under these arrangements for financial statement presentation purposes. The master netting arrangements provide for a single net settlement of all swap agreements, as well as collateral, in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. Collateral, usually in the form of cash and marketable securities, is posted by the party (i.e., the Company or the financial institution counterparty) with net liability positions in accordance with contract thresholds. The Company had net asset positions with its financial institution counterparties totaling $71.2 million and $136.1 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Conversion Rate Swap Agreements

As certain sales of Visa Class B restricted shares were completed, the Company entered into conversion rate swap agreements with the buyers that require payment to the buyers in the event Visa further reduces the conversion ratio of Class B into Class A unrestricted common shares. In the event of Visa increasing the conversion ratio, the buyers would be required to make payment to the Company. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the conversion rate swap agreements were valued atzero (i.e., no contingent liability recorded) as further reductions to the conversion ratio were deemed not reasonably estimable by management.

Makewhole Agreements

In 2024, the Company entered into makewhole agreements with certain buyers of its Visa Class B restricted shares that reduces the payments that would be required pursuant to the conversion rate swap agreements described above, but would require payment to the buyer in the event Visa requires additional legal reserves to settle ongoing litigation. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the makewhole agreements were valued atzero (i.e., no contingent liability recorded) as the likelihood of the Company being required to make a payment to the buyer is not reasonably estimable by management.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

Fair Value Hedges

The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of fixed-rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Company entered into pay-fixed and receive-floating interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value of its AFS investment securities and fixed rate loans. These interest rate swaps are designated as fair value hedges using the portfolio layer method. The Company receives variable-rate interest payments in exchange for making fixed-rate payments over the lives of the contracts without exchanging the notional amounts. The fair value hedges are recorded as components of other assets and other liabilities in the Company’s unaudited consolidated statements of financial condition. The gain or loss on these derivatives, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged items attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in interest income in the Company’s unaudited consolidated statements of income.

Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company’s credit commitments as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were as follows:

Unfunded Commitments to Extend Credit

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of the terms or conditions established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since commitments may expire without being drawn, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

Standby and Commercial Letters of Credit

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third-party. Standby letters of credit generally become payable upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third-party, while commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and a third party. The contractual amount of these letters of credit represents the maximum potential future payments guaranteed by the Company. The Company has recourse against the customer for any amount it is required to pay to a third-party under a standby letter of credit and generally holds cash or deposits as collateral on those standby letters of credit for which collateral is deemed necessary. Assets valued at $77.0 million secured certain specifically identified standby letters of credit as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the standby and commercial letters of credit had remaining terms ranging from 1 to 12 months.

Contingencies

The Company is subject to various pending and threatened legal proceedings arising out of the normal course of business or operations. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with outstanding legal proceedings using the most recent information available. On a case-by-case basis, reserves are established for those legal claims for which it is probable that a loss will be incurred, and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Based on information currently available, management believes that the eventual outcome of these claims against the Company will not be materially in excess of such amounts reserved by the Company. However, in the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these matters may result in a loss that materially exceeds the reserves established by the Company.

Note 12. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair Value Hierarchy

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. GAAP established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of inputs used in valuation methodologies into the following three levels:

In some instances, an instrument may fall into multiple levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such instances, the instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest of the three levels (with Level 3 being the lowest) that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of an input requires judgment and considers factors specific to the instrument.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Investment Securities Available-for-Sale

Level 1 investment securities are comprised of debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, as quoted prices were available, unadjusted, for identical securities in active markets. Level 2 investment securities were primarily comprised of debt securities issued by the Small Business Administration, states and municipalities, corporations, as well as mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. Fair values were estimated primarily by obtaining quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or through the use of pricing models. In cases where there may be limited or less transparent information provided by the Company’s third party pricing service, fair value may be estimated by the use of secondary pricing services or through the use of non-binding third party broker quotes.

Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale was determined based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets, and therefore, is classified as a Level 2 measurement.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company estimates the fair value of mortgage servicing rights accounted for under the fair value measurement method by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The Company stratifies its mortgage servicing portfolio on the basis of loan type. The assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model are those that the Company believes market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. Significant assumptions in the valuation of mortgage servicing rights include estimated loan repayment rates, the discount rate, servicing costs, and the timing of cash flows, among other factors. Mortgage servicing rights are classified as Level 3 measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, as well as significant management judgment and estimation.

Deferred Compensation Plan Assets

Deferred Compensation Plan Assets are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and are primarily comprised of mutual funds that are valued using quoted prices available in active markets. Thus, the Company’s investments related to deferred compensation arrangements are classified as Level 1 measurements in the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are comprised of IRLCs, forward commitments, interest rate swap agreements, and Visa Class B to Class A shares conversion rate swap and makewhole agreements. The fair values of IRLCs are calculated based on the value of the underlying loan held for sale, which in turn is based on quoted prices for similar loans in the secondary market. However, this value is adjusted by a factor which considers the likelihood that the loan in a locked position will ultimately close. This factor, the closing ratio, is derived from the Bank’s internal data and is adjusted using significant management judgment. As such, IRLCs are classified as Level 3 measurements. Forward commitments are classified as Level 2 measurements as they are primarily based on quoted prices from the secondary market based on the settlement date of the contracts, interpolated or extrapolated, if necessary, to estimate a fair value as of the end of the reporting period.

The fair values of interest rate swap agreements are calculated using a discounted cash flow approach and utilize Level 2 observable inputs such as a market yield curve, effective date, maturity date, notional amount, and stated interest rate. The valuation methodology for interest rate swaps with financial institution counterparties (and the related customer interest rate swaps) is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). Thus, the fair values of interest rate swaps are classified as a Level 2 measurement. The fair value of the Visa Class B restricted shares to Class A unrestricted common shares conversion rate swap agreements represent the amount owed by the Company to the buyer of the Visa Class B shares as a result of a reduction of the conversion ratio subsequent to the sales date. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the conversion rate swap agreements were valued atzero as reductions to the conversion ratio were not reasonably estimable by management. See Note 10 Derivative Financial Instruments for more information. The fair value of the makewhole agreements represents the amount owed by the Company to the buyer of the Visa Class B shares in the event Visa requires additional legal reserves to settle ongoing litigation. As of September 30, 2025, the makewhole agreements were valued at zero as the likelihood of the Company being required to make a payment to the buyer is not reasonably estimable by management.

The Company is exposed to credit risk if borrowers or counterparties fail to perform. The Company seeks to minimize credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, and collateral requirements. The Company generally enters into transactions with borrowers of high credit quality and counterparties that carry high quality credit ratings.

The following table presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

1 The fair value of each class of derivatives is shown in Note 10. Derivative Financial Instruments.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company may be required periodically to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-fair value accounting or impairment write-downs of individual assets. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no assets or liabilities with nonrecurring fair value adjustments. Additionally, there were no nonrecurring fair value adjustments during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Fair Value Option

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Changes in the estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans held for sale are reported as a component of mortgage banking income in the Company’s unaudited consolidated statements of income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the net gains or losses from the change in fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage loans held for sale were immaterial.

Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following presents the carrying amount, fair value, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. For short-term financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For non-marketable equity securities such as Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines and Federal Reserve Bank stock, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these securities can only be redeemed or sold at their par value and only to the respective issuing government supported institution or to another member institution. For financial liabilities such as noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, and savings deposits, the carrying amount is the estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity.

1 Excludes finance lease obligations.