CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORP

We seek to maintain prudent levels of liquidity and financial strength for the protection of our policyholders, creditors and shareholders. We manage liquidity at two levels to meet the short- and long-term cash requirements of business obligations and growth needs. The first is the liquidity of the parent company. The second is the liquidity of our lead insurance subsidiary. Management of liquidity at both levels is essential because each has different funding needs and sources, and each is subject to certain regulatory guidelines and requirements.

In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to slow investing activities if such need arises or to sell a portion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below.

Parent Company Liquidity

At December 31, 2025, the parent company had $5.568 billion in cash and marketable securities, providing strong liquidity to fund cash outflows, as needed. The parent company’s primary sources of cash inflows are dividends from our lead insurance subsidiary, investment income and sale proceeds from investments. The parent company’s cash outflows are primarily interest and principal payments on long- and short-term debt, dividends to shareholders, common stock repurchases, and general operating expenses. To support our shareholders' dividend payment, we could use subsidiary dividends, our line of credit or sell a portion of our marketable securities.

The table below shows a summary, by the direct cash flow method, of the major sources and uses of cash flow of the parent company.

Use of liquidity for share repurchases are discretionary depending on cash availability and capital management decisions. In addition, the subsidiaries have the discretion to pay dividends to the parent company. Cincinnati Global is required to maintain certain capital funding requirements with Lloyd’s, which the parent company may deposit on its behalf. These funding requirements may fluctuate based on the profitability of Cincinnati Global and syndicate solvency capital requirements as set by Lloyd's, which may result in additional contributions to or return of funds on deposit. Other than share repurchases and funding at Lloyd's, the majority of expenditures for the parent company have been consistent during the last three years, and we expect future expenditures to remain stable.

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Insurance Subsidiary Liquidity

The parent company’s lead insurance subsidiary largely represents the operations of the property casualty segments. The primary sources of cash inflows are collection of premiums, investment income, maturity of fixed-income securities and sale proceeds from investments. Property casualty insurance premiums generally are received before losses are paid under the policies purchased with those premiums. Cash outflows are primarily loss and loss expenses, commissions, salaries, taxes, operating expenses and investment purchases. Over the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, premium receipts and investment income have been more than sufficient to pay claims and operating expenses. Excess cash flows were partially used to pay dividends to the parent company. We are not aware of any known trends that would materially change historical cash flow results, other than fluctuations in catastrophe claims and other large losses, either individually or in aggregate.

The table below shows a summary of operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method). Historically, annual variation in operating cash flow has been largely related to changes in amounts of catastrophe losses.

Other Sources of Liquidity

Cash in excess of operating requirements is invested in fixed-maturity and equity securities. Cash generated from investment income provides an important investment contribution to cash flow and liquidity. The sale of investments could provide an additional source of liquidity at either the parent company or insurance subsidiary level, if required. In addition to possible sales of investments, proceeds of calls or maturities of fixed-maturity securities also can provide liquidity. During the five-year period beginning in 2026, fair value of $4.572 billion, or 25.0%, of our fixed-maturity and short-term portfolio is scheduled to mature. At December 31, 2025, we had $12.373 billion of common stock securities, with $5.123 billion, or 41%, held by the parent company.

Financial resources of the parent company also could be made available to our insurance subsidiaries, if circumstances required it. This flexibility would include our ability to access the capital markets and short-term bank borrowings. We generally have minimized our reliance on debt financing, although we may use the line of credit to fund short-term cash needs.

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Long-Term Debt

We provide details of our three long-term notes in Item 8, Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers. The total principal amount of our long-term debt at December 31, 2025, was $793 million and included:

•$28 million aggregate principal amount of 6.900% senior debentures due 2028.

•$391 million aggregate principal amount of 6.920% senior debentures due 2028.

•$374 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior debentures due 2034.

The company’s senior debt is rated investment grade by four independent rating agencies. On September 3, 2025, Fitch Ratings upgraded our parent company debt rating to A from A-. No additional changes to our parent company debt ratings occurred during 2025. At February 20, 2026, our debt ratings from the rating agencies were: a from A.M. Best, A from Fitch, A3 from Moody’s and BBB+ from S&P.

Note Payable

On October 10, 2025, we terminated our $300 million credit agreement, which was due to expire on February 4, 2026, and simultaneously entered into a new $400 million unsecured revolving credit agreement expiring on October 10, 2030, with two optional one-year extensions. The credit facility is fully subscribed among four lenders and includes a $400 million accordion feature, a $400 million sublimit for letters of credit, and a $75 million sublimit for swing line loans. The debt-to-total-capital ratio covenant threshold remains at 35%. We had $25 million borrowed at both December 31, 2025 and 2024. At year-end 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants under the credit agreement and believe we will remain in compliance. The credit agreement provides alternative interest charges based on the type of borrowing and our debt rating.

Capital Resources

Capital resources, consisting of shareholders’ equity and total debt, represent our overall financial strength to support current obligations and growth in our insurance businesses. At December 31, 2025, we had total capital of $16.726 billion. Shareholders’ equity was $15.911 billion, an increase of $1.976 billion, or 14%, from the prior year. Our total debt was $815 million, unchanged from a year ago. We seek to maintain a solid financial position and provide capital flexibility by keeping our ratio of debt to total capital moderate. At year-end 2025, the ratio was 4.9%, compared with 5.5% at year-end 2024.

At times we enter into letter of credit agreements to support our Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global operations. On December 23, 2024, we entered into a reimbursement agreement to allow for issuances of letters of credit necessary for the operations of Cincinnati Re, not to exceed $25 million. No amounts were drawn at December 31, 2025 or 2024. On September 12, 2024, we terminated our unsecured letter of credit agreement, which provided a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's obligations at Lloyds. We replaced the letter of credit agreement with common equities, bringing total common equities held in Lloyd's trust accounts to $229 million, at December 31, 2025.

At the discretion of the board of directors, the company can return capital directly to shareholders asdiscussed below.

•Dividends to shareholders – The ability of our company to continue paying cash dividends is subject to factors the board of directors deems relevant. While the board and management believe there is merit to sustaining the company’s long record of dividend increases, our first priority is the company’s financial strength. Over the past 10 years, the company has paid an average of 25% of net income as dividends. Through 2025, the board had increased our cash dividend for 65 consecutive years. The board's decision in January 2026 to increase the dividend demonstrated confidence in the company’s strong capital, liquidity, financial flexibility and initiatives to grow earnings.

•Common stock repurchase – Generally, our board believes that share repurchases can help fulfill our commitment to enhancing shareholder value. Consequently, the board has authorized the repurchase of outstanding shares, giving management discretion to purchase shares at reasonable prices in light of circumstances at the time of purchase. Our approach has been to hold capital adequate to support future growth of our insurance operations and repurchase shares at management's discretion. Repurchases are intended to offset the issuance of shares through equity compensation plans, primarily due to vesting of service-based restricted stock units of equity awards granted in the past. The amount of future repurchases may be more, or less, than the past, depending on circumstances and discretion exercised by management. Our corporate Code of Conduct restricts

Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2025 10-K - Page 91 repurchases during certain time periods. The details of the repurchase authorizations and activity are described in Item 5, Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Obligations

We pay obligations to customers, suppliers and associates in the normal course of our business operations. Some are contractual obligations that define the amount, circumstances and/or timing of payments, such as commissions paid to our agents, including profit-sharing, and other commissions. We have other commitments for business expenditures, such as $399 million we expect to fund for our private equity and real estate investments, as well as $52 million for current income tax payable. However, the amount, circumstances and/or timing of our other commitments are not dictated by contractual arrangements.

Contractual Obligations

At December 31, 2025, we estimated our significant future contractual obligations as follows:

Liquidity and Capital Resources Outlook

At December 31, 2025, we had $1.431 billion in cash and cash equivalents. During 2026, our lead insurance subsidiary may pay a maximum of $975 million in dividends to our parent company without regulatory approval. That strong liquidity and our consistent cash flows give us the flexibility to meet current obligations and commitments while building value by prudently investing where we see potential for both current income and long-term return. Our cash and cash equivalents provide adequate financial cushion when short-term operating results do not meet our objectives.

A long-term perspective governs our liquidity and capital resources decisions, with the goal of benefiting our policyholders, agents, shareholders and associates over time. Our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can drive performance to achieve underwriting profit. Our GAAP combined ratio averaged 93.9% over the five-year period 2021 through 2025, resulting in strong underwriting profits.

In any year, we consider the most likely source of pressure on liquidity would be an unusually high level of catastrophe loss payments within a short period of time. There could be additional obligations for our insurance operations due to increasing severity or frequency of noncatastrophe claims. To address the risk of unusually large insurance loss obligations, including catastrophe events, we maintain property casualty reinsurance contracts with highly rated reinsurers, as discussed under 2026 Reinsurance Ceded Programs. We also monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers because their insolvency could jeopardize a portion of our $655 million reinsurance recoverable asset at December 31, 2025. Parent-company liquidity could also be constrained by Ohio regulatory requirements that restrict the dividends insurance subsidiaries can pay.

Economic weakness also has the potential to affect our liquidity and capital resources in a number of different ways, including delinquent payments from agencies, defaults on interest payments by fixed-maturity holdings in our portfolio, dividend reductions by holdings in our equity portfolio or declines in the market value of holdings in our portfolio.

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Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance-sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company’s financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves

Our estimate of future gross property casualty loss and loss expense payments of $11.450 billion is lower than loss and loss expense reserves of $11.507 billion reported on our balance sheet at December 31, 2025. The $57 million difference is due to certain life and health loss reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves.

For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and for other parts of our property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation. The $1.513 billion increase in total gross reserves included a $291 million increase in case loss reserves, a $891 million increase in IBNR loss reserves and a $331 million increase in loss expense reserves. The increase in total gross reserves included $444 million for our commercial casualty line of business, $151 million for our commercial auto line of business, $229 million for our homeowner line of business, $190 million for excess and surplus lines and $150 million for Cincinnati Re.

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Property Casualty Gross Loss and Loss Expense Reserves

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Asbestos and Environmental Loss and Loss Expense Reserves

We carried $136 million of net loss and loss expense reserves for asbestos and environmental claims at year-end 2025, compared with $119 million at year-end 2024. The asbestos and environmental claims amounts for each respective year constituted less than 2.0% of total net loss and loss expense reserves at these year-end dates.

We believe our exposure to asbestos and environmental claims is limited, largely because our reinsurance retention was $500,000 or below prior to 1987. We also were predominantly a personal lines company in the 1960s and 1970s, when asbestos and pollution exclusions were not widely used by commercial lines insurers. During the 1980s and early 1990s, commercial lines grew as a percentage of our overall business and our exposure to asbestos and environmental claims grew accordingly. Over that period, we endorsed to or included in most policies an asbestos and environmental exclusion.

Additionally, since 2002, we have revised policy terms where permitted by state regulation to limit our exposure to mold claims prospectively and further reduce our exposure to environmental claims generally. Finally, we have not engaged in any mergers or acquisitions through which such a liability could have been assumed. We continue to monitor our claims for evidence of material exposure to other mass tort classes, but we have found no such credible evidence to date.

Reserving data for asbestos and environmental claims has characteristics that limit the usefulness of the methods and models used to analyze loss and loss expense reserves for other claims. Specifically, asbestos and environmental loss and loss expenses for different accident years do not emerge independently of one another as loss development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods assume. In addition, asbestos and environmental loss and loss expense data available to date did not reflect a well-defined tail, greatly complicating the identification of an appropriate stochastic reserving model. At year-end 2025, we used a weighted average of a paid survival ratio method and report year method to estimate reserves for IBNR asbestos and environmental claims. Our exposure to such claims is limited; we believe a weighted average of both methods produces a sufficient level of reserves.

Gross Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Payments

While we believe that historical performance of property casualty and life loss payment patterns is a reasonable source for projecting future claim payments, there is inherent uncertainty in this estimate of contractual obligations. We believe that we could meet our obligations under a significant and unexpected change in the timing of these payments because of the liquidity of our invested assets, strong financial position and access to lines of credit.

Our estimates of gross property casualty loss and loss expense payments do not include reinsurance receivables or ceded losses. As discussed in 2026 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, we purchase reinsurance to mitigate our property casualty risk exposure. Ceded property casualty reinsurance unpaid receivables of $438 million at year-end 2025 are an offset to our gross property casualty loss and loss expense obligations. Our reinsurance program mitigates the liquidity risk of a single large loss or an unexpected rise in claim severity or frequency due to a catastrophic event. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our obligation to pay covered claims. The financial strength of our reinsurers is important because our ability to recover losses under our reinsurance agreements depends on the financial viability of the reinsurers.

We direct our associates to settle claims and pay losses as quickly as is practical, and we made $4.991 billion of net claim payments during 2025. At year-end 2025, total net property casualty reserves of $11.012 billion reflected $3.700 billion in unpaid amounts on reported claims (case reserves), $2.119 billion in loss expense reserves and $5.193 billion in estimates of claims that were incurred but had not yet been reported (IBNR). The specific amounts and timing of obligations related to case reserves and associated loss expenses are not set contractually. The amounts and timing of obligations for IBNR claims and related loss expenses are unknown. We discuss our methods of establishing loss and loss expense reserves and our belief that reserves are adequate in Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves.

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The historical pattern of using premium receipts for the payment of loss and loss expenses has enabled us to extend slightly the maturities of our investment portfolio beyond the estimated settlement date of the loss reserves. The effective duration of our consolidated property casualty fixed-maturity portfolio was 5.8 years at year-end 2025. By contrast, the duration of our loss and loss expense reserves was approximately 3.6 years. We believe this difference in duration does not affect our ability to meet current obligations because cash flow from operations is sufficient to meet these obligations. In addition, investment holdings could be sold, if necessary, to meet higher than anticipated loss and loss expenses.

Range of Reasonable Reserves

The company established a reasonably likely range for net loss and loss expense reserves of $10.073 billion to $11.141 billion at year-end 2025, with the company carrying net reserves of $11.012 billion. The range was $8.948 billion to $9.816 billion at year-end 2024, with the company carrying net reserves of $9.668 billion. Our loss and loss expense reserves are not discounted for the time-value of money, but we have reduced the reserves by an estimate of the amount of salvage and subrogation payments we expect to recover.

The low point of each year’s range corresponds to approximately one standard error below each year’s mean reserve estimate, while the high point corresponds to approximately one standard error above each year’s mean reserve estimate. We discussed management’s reasons for basing reasonably likely reserve ranges on standard errors in Critical Accounting Estimates, Reserve Estimate Variability.

The ranges reflect our assessment of the most likely unpaid loss and loss expenses at year-end 2025 and 2024. However, actual unpaid loss and loss expenses could nonetheless fall outside of the indicated ranges.

Management’s best estimate of total loss and loss expense reserves as of year-end 2025 and 2024 was consistent with the corresponding actuarial best estimate.

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Property Casualty Insurance Development of Estimated Reserves by Accident Year

The following table shows net reserve changes at year-end 2025, 2024 and 2023 by property casualty segment and accident year:

Overall favorable development for consolidated property casualty reserves of $196 million in 2025 illustrated the potential for revisions inherent in estimating reserves, especially for long-tail lines such as commercial casualty and workers’ compensation. As noted in Critical Accounting Estimates, Key Assumptions Loss Reserving, our models predict that actual loss and loss expense emergence will differ from projections, and we do not attempt to monitor or identify such normal variations. The table in Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves shows reserves by segment and lines of business and the components of gross reserves among case, IBNR and loss expense reserves.

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Favorable reserve development was $126 million for our commercial property line of business, $65 million for our workers' compensation line of business and $49 million for our homeowner line of business. Unfavorable, or adverse, reserve development included $41 million for our commercial auto line of business, $36 million for our other personal line of business and $21 million for our commercial casualty line of business. Drivers of significant reserve development typically reflect loss emergence on known claims that was more favorable or less favorable than previously anticipated for various lines of business and are discussed below.

•Commercial casualty – During 2025 and 2024, we experienced unfavorable development on prior accident years in aggregate, driven by general liability and commercial umbrella coverages. Loss emergence for general liability and commercial umbrella claims rose more than anticipated and reflected economic or other forms of inflation. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear. We continue to monitor activity for various commercial casualty coverages so we can detect changes in trends on a timely basis.

•Workers’ compensation – We experienced favorable reserve development again during 2025, for all prior accident years in aggregate, as claim frequencies continued to decline more than we expected. However, we continue to monitor this line of business closely, as a sudden increase in trend for future payments has a highly leveraged effect.

•Commercial auto – Ultimate losses developed unfavorably during calendar year 2025 and favorably during calendar year 2024, for all prior accident years in aggregate. We believe inflation in recent years and reduced driving during the pandemic caused deviations from historical loss patterns. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear.

•Commercial property and homeowner – Loss emergence was less than anticipated for both 2025 and 2024. The majority of homeowner favorable reserve development for both years related to natural catastrophe events with inherently variable loss patterns. For commercial property, catastrophe events accounted for a significant portion, but less than half, of the favorable reserve development for both years.

•Other personal – Personal umbrella claims were the primary driver of unfavorable development on prior accident years in aggregate during 2025 within the other personal line of business. Loss emergence for personal umbrella claims rose more than anticipated and reflected economic or other forms of inflation. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear.

For the excess and surplus lines insurance segment, the table showing reserves by segment and lines of business in Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, shows the components of gross reserves among case, IBNR and loss expense reserves. Total gross reserves increased $190 million from year-end 2024, largely due to the increase in premiums and exposures for this segment, as we discussed in Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Results. Net reserve development was a favorable $19 million during 2025, following unfavorable development of $8 million during 2024 and favorable development of $11 million during 2023. Approximately 89% of our excess and surplus lines insurance premiums are for commercial casualty coverages. In 2025, loss emergence for claims was less than anticipated but still reflected economic or other forms of inflation, similar to our commercial casualty line of business. Unfavorable reserve development following a period of favorable development, or vice-versa, shown in the table above, illustrates the potential for revisions inherent in estimating reserves.

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Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves

Gross Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations

Our estimates of life, annuity and disability policyholder obligations reflect future estimated cash payments to be made to policyholders for future policy benefits, policyholders’ account balances and separate account liabilities. These estimates include death and disability income claims, policy surrenders, policy maturities, annuity payments, minimum guarantees on separate account products, commissions and premium taxes offset by expected future deposits and premiums on in-force contracts. Further, these estimates are based on mortality, morbidity and lapse assumptions reflective of our recent experience and expectations of future payment obligations.

Our estimates of gross life, annuity and disability obligations do not reflect net recoveries from reinsurance agreements. Ceded life reinsurance receivables were $180 million at year-end 2025. As discussed in 2026 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, we purchase reinsurance to mitigate our life insurance risk exposure. At year-end 2025, ceded death benefits represented approximately 31% of our total gross policy face amounts in force.

These estimated cash outflows are undiscounted with respect to interest. As a result, the sum of the cash outflows for all years of $6.061 billion (total of life insurance obligations) exceeds the liabilities recorded in life policy and investment contract reserves and separate accounts for future policy benefits and claims of $3.969 billion (total of life insurance policy reserves and separate account policy reserves). A significant portion of the difference can be attributed to the time value of money.

We have made significant assumptions to determine the estimated undiscounted cash flows of these policies and contracts that include mortality, morbidity, future lapse rates and interest crediting rates. Due to the significance of the assumptions used, the amounts presented could materially differ from actual results.

Life Insurance Reserves

Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were $2.992 billion at year-end 2025, compared with $2.960 billion at year-end 2024. The increase was primarily due to a decrease in market value discount rates and continued growth in net in-force life insurance policy face amounts. We establish reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on certain cash flow assumptions including mortality, morbidity and lapse rates as well as a discount rate assumption. The cash flow assumptions are based on our current expectations and are reviewed annually to determine any necessary updates. These assumptions are also updated on an interim basis if evidence suggests that they should be revised. The discount rate assumption is based on upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields (market value discount rates) and is updated quarterly. We use both our own experience and industry experience adjusted for historical trends in arriving at our cash flow assumptions.

We establish reserves for our universal life, deferred annuity and other investment contracts equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life insurance policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments.

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Modeled Catastrophe Loss Exposure

A single large loss or an unexpected rise in claims severity or frequency due to a catastrophic event is a risk to the company's liquidity and financial strength. To control such losses, we limit marketing property casualty insurance in specific geographic areas and monitor our exposure in certain coastal and wildfire regions. Examples of this include limiting our earthquake writings in the New Madrid region or leveraging more restrictive terms and conditions through the use of our excess and surplus company in higher risk areas for wildfire or hurricane. Loss exposures in these areas have been identified as a major contributor to our catastrophe probable maximum loss estimates. We also continually review aggregate exposures to large disasters and purchase reinsurance protection to cover these exposures. For business other than Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, we use the Risk Management Solutions (RMS) and Verisk models to evaluate exposures to a once-in-a-100-year and a once-in-a-250-year event to help determine appropriate reinsurance coverage programs. In conjunction with these activities, we also continue to evaluate information provided by our reinsurance broker. Examples include deterministic modeling of probable maximum loss contribution from growth in new geographic territories.

To help determine appropriate reinsurance coverage for hurricane, earthquake and severe convective storm exposures, for business other than Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, we use the RMS and Verisk models to estimate the probable maximum loss from a single event or multiple events occurring in a one-year period. The models are proprietary in nature, and the vendors that provide them periodically update the models, sometimes resulting in significant changes to their estimate of probable maximum loss. As of the end of 2025, both models indicated that a hurricane event represents our largest amount of exposure to losses. The table below summarizes estimated probabilities and the corresponding probable maximum loss from a single hurricane event occurring in a one-year period and indicates the effect of such losses on consolidated shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2025. Net losses are net of reinsurance, estimated reinstatement premiums and income taxes, assuming a 21% federal tax rate, and assume our 2026 reinsurance programs apply.

According to these models, probable maximum loss estimates from a single hurricane event that combine the effects of property casualty insurance written on a direct basis by The Cincinnati Insurance Companies, the Cincinnati Re reinsurance portfolio and risks insured by Cincinnati Global include the following amounts, net of amounts recoverable through reinsurance ceded and also income taxes, and including the effects of estimated reinstatement premiums: $632 million for a once-in-a-100-year event and $987 million for a once-in-a-250-year event.

For business other than Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global:

The modeled losses according to RMS in the table are based on its RiskLink version 25 catastrophe model and use a long-term storm catalog methodology. The modeled losses according to Verisk in the table are based on its Touchstone®version 12.0 catastrophe model and use a long-term methodology. The Verisk and RMS storm catalogs include decades of documented weather events used in simulations for probable maximum loss projections.

Based on treaties in effect at January 1, 2026, the largest loss exposure to us for Cincinnati Re is from natural catastrophe events. That exposure includes probable maximum loss estimates of the following amounts: $242 million for a once-in-a-100-year event and $324 million for a once-in-a-250-year event. Those effects are on a standalone basis and represent a single hurricane event and include the effects of income taxes, estimated reinstatement premiums and applicable reinsurance ceded, including any retrocessions for reinsurance assumed, and estimated reinstatement premiums. They are based on probable maximum loss estimates from the Verisk Touchstone®version 12.0 catastrophe model.

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For Cincinnati Re:

At January 1, 2026, the largest loss exposure to us for Cincinnati Global is from natural catastrophe events. Cincinnati Global's exposure from such events includes probable maximum loss estimates of the following amounts: $33 million for a once-in-a-100-year event and $61 million for a once-in-a-250-year event. Those effects are on a standalone basis and represent a single hurricane event and include the effects of income taxes, applicable reinsurance ceded and estimated reinstatement premiums. They are based on probable maximum loss estimates from the Verisk Touchstone®version 12.0 catastrophe model.

For Cincinnati Global:

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2026 Reinsurance Ceded Programs

Reinsurance mitigates the risk of highly uncertain exposures and limits the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks concentrated in areas of exposure. Management’s decisions about the appropriate structure of reinsurance protection and level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions.

Reinsurance does not relieve us of our obligation to pay covered claims. The financial strength of our reinsurers is important because our ability to recover for losses covered under any reinsurance agreement depends on the financial viability of the reinsurer.

For 2026, the primary participants on our standard market property and casualty per-risk and per-occurrence reinsurance ceded programs include Hannover Ruck SE, Munich Reinsurance America, Partner Reinsurance Company of the U.S., Transatlantic Reinsurance Company and Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation, all of which had A.M. Best insurer financial strength ratings of A+ (Superior) or better as of December 31, 2025. Our property catastrophe program is subscribed through a broker by reinsurers from the U.S., Bermuda, London and the European markets. The largest participant in our property catastrophe program, representing approximately 15% of total participation, is the Lloyd's of London placement that features numerous syndicates. Some of the other reinsurers with large participation in the program include Partner Reinsurance Company Ltd., Mapfre Re, Chubb Tempest Reinsurance Ltd. and Lancashire Insurance Company Limited.

The following table shows our five largest property casualty reinsurance receivable amounts by reinsurer at year-end 2025 and the total receivable amount at year-end 2024. Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association is a mandatory nonprofit association which runs a reinsurance program funded by an annual premium assessment per vehicle. This assessment covers Michigan’s automobile no-fault policies, which provide unlimited lifetime coverage for medical expenses resulting from auto accidents. The A.M. Best insurer financial strength ratings as of the end of the two most recent years are also shown for each of those reinsurers that have an applicable rating.

Primary components of the 2026 property and casualty reinsurance programs are summarized below. The premium estimates below occurred near the beginning of each respective year, when direct written premiums that were subject to applicable reinsurance treaties were also estimated.

•Property per risk treaty – The primary purpose of the property treaty is to provide capacity up to $50 million, adequate for the majority of the risks we write. It also includes protection for extra-contractual liability coverage losses. We retain the first $15 million of each loss. Losses between $15 million and $50 million are reinsured at 100%. The 2026 ceded premium estimate was $54 million, compared with $52 million for the 2025 estimate.

•Property excess treaty – We purchased a property reinsurance treaty that provides an additional $75 million in protection for certain property losses. This treaty, along with the property per risk treaty, provides a total of $125 million of protection. The 2026 ceded premium estimate was approximately $14 million, matching the 2025 estimate.

•Casualty per occurrence treaty – The casualty treaty provides capacity up to $25 million. Similar to the property treaty, it provides sufficient capacity to cover the vast majority of casualty accounts we insure and also includes protection for extra-contractual liability coverage losses. We retain the first $10 million of each loss. Losses between $10 million and $25 million are reinsured at 100%. The 2026 ceded premium estimate was $23 million, compared with $21 million for the 2025 estimate.

•Casualty excess treaty – We purchase a casualty reinsurance treaty that provides an additional $55 million in protection for certain casualty losses. This treaty, along with the casualty per occurrence treaty, provides a total of $80 million of protection for workers’ compensation, extra-contractual liability coverage and clash coverage

Cincinnati Financial Corporation - 2025 10-K - Page 102 losses, which would apply when a single occurrence involves multiple policyholders of The Cincinnati Insurance Companies or multiple coverages for one insured. The 2026 ceded premium estimate was approximately $5 million, matching the 2025 estimate.

•Property catastrophe treaty – To protect against catastrophic events such as wind and hail, wildfires, winter storms, hurricanes or earthquakes, we purchased property catastrophe reinsurance with a limit up to $2.000 billion. This treaty and our property and casualty treaties contain exclusions for communicable disease and cyber losses. Aggregation of losses into one event, sometimes referred to as an hours clause, varies by peril. For example, the general provision in this treaty is 168 hours, but it is 96 hours for a riot or civil commotion event. Losses from the same occurrence can be aggregated into one limit over the hour period applicable to the peril causing the loss and applied to the treaty towards recovery. The treaty is effective January 1, 2026, and contains one reinstatement provision. The 2026 ceded premium estimate was $108 million, compared with $98 million for the 2025 estimate when the limit of coverage was $1.500 billion. We retain the first $200 million of any loss, and a share of losses up to $2.000 billion.

Effective July 1, 2025, we purchased an additional layer on our 2025 property catastrophe reinsurance treaty with a limit of $300 million, increasing the total limit from $1.500 billion to $1.800 billion. We can recover up to $129 million under this coverage for a loss between $1.500 billion and $1.800 billion for a covered event occurring prior to July 1, 2026. The provisions of this additional layer are similar to those in the other layers of the 2025 property catastrophe treaty. The annual ceded premiums for this additional coverage are estimated to be less than $5 million.

•Catastrophe bonds – Effective January 2026, we purchased collateralized reinsurance funded through the issuance of collateralized insurance-linked securities, also known as catastrophe bonds. We entered into a reinsurance agreement with Skyline Re II Ltd. ("Skyline"), an independent Bermuda company registered as a special purpose insurer under the Bermuda Insurance Act of 1978. This agreement provides up to $150 million in reinsurance protection for an event between $1.000 billion and $1.800 billion with no reinstatement provision. This agreement is generally designed to supplement coverage provided under the property catastrophe treaty, however, terrorism and strike, riot, or civil commotion events are not covered. Skyline issued notes to unrelated investors for a total principal amount of $150 million, equal to the full reinsurance coverage provided under the reinsurance agreement. The proceeds of the issuance were deposited into a reinsurance trust account. The catastrophe bonds expire in January 2030. The reinsurance agreement meets the requirements to be accounted for as reinsurance in accordance with the guidance for reinsurance contracts.

As of January 1, 2026, the table below shows the maximum reinsurance coverage percentage and the share we retain for a single event across each layer of our property catastrophe program, excluding losses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.

After reinsurance, our maximum exposure to a catastrophic event that causes $2.000 billion in covered losses in 2026 would be $523 million, compared with retention of $803 million as of July 1, 2025, for an event causing $2.000 billion in covered losses. The largest catastrophe loss event in our history occurred during 2025 from the January 7-28 California wildfires. Our losses from that event, including losses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, were estimated to be $942 million, before reinsurance, as of December 31, 2025. The second largest catastrophe loss event occurred during 2022 from a December 21-31 winter storm system that affected many states in the U.S. Our losses from that storm were estimated to be $247 million, before reinsurance, as of December 31, 2024.

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Individual risks with insured values in excess of $125 million, as identified in the policy, are handled through a different reinsurance mechanism. We typically reinsure commercial property coverage for individual risks with insured values between $125 million and $365 million under an automatic facultative agreement. For commercial property risks with property values exceeding $365 million, we negotiate the purchase of facultative coverage on an individual certificate basis. For casualty coverage on individual risks with limits exceeding $25 million, facultative reinsurance coverage is placed on an individual certificate basis. For risks with casualty limits that are between $25 million and $27 million, we sometimes forego facultative reinsurance and retain an additional $2 million of loss exposure.

Terrorism coverage at various levels has been secured in most of our reinsurance agreements. The broadest coverage for this peril is found in the property and casualty working treaties, the property per risk treaty and the casualty per occurrence treaty, which provide coverage for commercial and personal risks. Our property catastrophe treaty provides terrorism coverage for personal risks and commercial risks. For insured values between $15 million and $125 million, there also may be coverage in the property working treaty.

A form of reinsurance is also provided through The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA). TRIA was originally signed into law on November 26, 2002, and extended on several occasions. The most recent extension was signed into law on December 20, 2019, and is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2027. TRIA provides a temporary federal backstop for losses related to the writing of the terrorism peril in property casualty insurance policies. Under regulations promulgated under this statute, insurers are required to offer terrorism coverage for certain lines of property casualty insurance, including property, commercial multi-peril, fire, ocean marine, inland marine, liability, aircraft and workers’ compensation. In the event of a terrorism event defined by TRIA, the federal government would reimburse terrorism claim payments subject to the insurer’s deductible. The deductible is calculated as a percentage of subject written premiums for the preceding calendar year. Our deductible in 2025 was $815 million (20% of 2024 subject premiums), and we estimate it is $888 million (20% of 2025 subject premiums) for 2026.

Reinsurance protection for the company’s surety business is covered under a separate treaty with many of the same reinsurers that write the property casualty working treaties.

Reinsurance protection for cyber coverage is also through a separate treaty. We offer cyber insurance as an affirmative coverage option on various insurance policies written on a direct basis and subsequently cede all of the related cyber insurance premiums to a reinsurer, therefore transferring substantially all of that risk.

Certain earthquake risks are also covered by a quota share reinsurance arrangement for personal lines and commercial lines risks in California that we insure through excess and surplus lines policies. We cede all of the related premiums to a reinsurer, therefore transferring substantially all of that risk. Ceded premiums for this treaty in 2025 totaled $3 million.

Effective June 1, 2025, we renewed the reinsurance program for Cincinnati Re only, which provides retrocession coverages with various triggers, exclusions and unique features. The program includes property catastrophe excess of loss coverage in excess of $90 million per occurrence with a total available limit of $73 million per occurrence.

Reinsurance protection for Cincinnati Global's business is also provided through separate treaties.

The Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Company has separate property and casualty reinsurance treaties for 2026 through its parent, The Cincinnati Insurance Company. Primary components of the treaties include:

•Property per risk treaty – The property treaty provides limits up to $6 million, which is adequate capacity for the risk profile we insure. It also includes protection for extra-contractual liability coverage losses. Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters retains the first $2 million of any policy loss. Losses between $2 million and $6 million are reinsured at 100% by The Cincinnati Insurance Company.

•Casualty treaties – The casualty treaty is written on an excess of loss basis and provides limits up to $6 million, which is adequate capacity for the risk profile we insure. A second treaty layer of $5 million excess of $6 million is written to provide coverage for extra contractual obligations or clash exposures. The maximum retention for any one casualty loss is $2 million by Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters. Losses on a per occurrence basis between $2 million and $6 million and extra contractual and clash losses between $6 million and $11 million are reinsured at 100% by The Cincinnati Insurance Company.

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•Basket retention – Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters has purchased this coverage to limit their retention to $2 million in the event that the same occurrence results in both a property and a casualty loss.

•Property catastrophe treaty – As a subsidiary of The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters is a named insured under our corporate property catastrophe treaty. All terms and conditions of this reinsurance coverage apply to policies underwritten by Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters.

For property or casualty risks with limits exceeding $6 million, underwriters place facultative reinsurance coverage on an individual certificate basis.

Cincinnati Life, our life insurance subsidiary, purchases reinsurance under separate treaties with many of the same reinsurers that write the property casualty working treaties. Our corporate retention is $2 million on a single life. For our core term life insurance line of business, effective January 15, 2025, we doubled our retention to $2 million for issue ages up to 61 years on new term life insurance sales, ceding the balance using excess over retention mortality coverage, and retaining the policy reserve. For issue ages 61 years or older, our retention is now $1 million. Prior to January 15, 2025, and after November 1, 2015, we retained $1 million for issue ages up to 61 years on term life insurance sales. For issue ages 61 years or older, our retention was $500,000. Prior to November 1, 2015, and after 2004, we retain $500,000 per life. For term life insurance business written prior to 2005, we retain 10% to 25% of each term policy, not to exceed $500,000, ceding the balance of mortality risk and policy reserve.

The following table shows our five largest life reinsurance receivable amounts by reinsurer at year-end 2025 and 2024. Insurer financial strength ratings are also shown.

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