JPMORGAN CHASE & CO

In its wholesale businesses, the Firm is exposed to credit risk primarily through its underwriting, lending, market-making, and hedging activities with and for clients and counterparties, as well as through various operating services (such as cash management and clearing activities), securities financing activities and cash placed with banks. A portion of the loans originated or acquired by the Firm’s wholesale businesses is generally retained on the balance sheet. The Firm distributes a significant percentage of the loans that it originates into the market as part of its syndicated loan business and to manage portfolio concentrations and credit risk. The wholesale portfolio is actively managed, in part by conducting ongoing, in-depth reviews of client credit quality and transaction structure inclusive of collateral where applicable, and of industry, product and client concentrations. Refer to the industry discussion on pages 60-63 for further information.

The Firm’s wholesale credit portfolio includes exposure held in CIB, CB, AWM and Corporate, and risk-rated exposure held in CCB, for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for loan losses. The Firm continues to convert certain operations, and to integrate clients, products and services, associated with First Republic. Accordingly, reporting classifications and internal risk rating profiles in the wholesale portfolio may change in future periods. Refer to Business Developments onpage 9 for additional information.

As of March 31, 2024, retained loans decreased by $4.7 billion and lending-related commitments decreased by $4.3 billion.

As of March 31, 2024, nonperforming exposure increased by $702 million predominantly driven by Real Estate loans concentrated in Office, and Individuals, resulting from downgrades. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, wholesale net charge-offs were $86 million, largely in Real Estate, concentrated in Office.

(a)Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM; these are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.

(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage both performing and nonperforming wholesale credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Credit derivatives on page 66 and Note 4 for additional information.

Wholesale credit exposure – maturity and ratings profile

The following tables present the maturity and internal risk ratings profiles of the wholesale credit portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Firm generally considers internal ratings with qualitative characteristics equivalent to BBB-/Baa3 or higher as investment grade, and takes into consideration collateral and structural support when determining the internal risk rating for each credit facility. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2023 Form 10-K for further information on internal risk ratings.

(a)Loans held-for-sale are primarily related to syndicated loans and loans transferred from the retained portfolio.

(b)These derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP.

(c)The notional amounts are presented on a net basis by underlying reference entity and the ratings profile shown is based on the ratings of the reference entity on which protection has been purchased. Predominantly all of the credit derivatives entered into by the Firm where it has purchased protection used in credit portfolio management activities are executed with investment-grade counterparties. In addition, the Firm obtains credit protection against certain loans in the retained loan portfolio through the issuance of credit-related notes.

(d)The maturity profile of retained loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables is generally based on remaining contractual maturity. Derivative contracts that are in a receivable position at March 31, 2024, may become payable prior to maturity based on their cash flow profile or changes in market conditions.

Wholesale credit exposure – industry exposures

The Firm focuses on the management and diversification of its industry exposures, and pays particular attention to industries with actual or potential credit concerns.

Exposures that are deemed to be criticized align with the U.S. banking regulators’ definition of criticized exposures, which consist of the special mention, substandard and doubtful categories. Total criticized exposure, excluding loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value, was $45.8 billion and $41.4 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, representing approximately 3.6% and 3.3% of total wholesale credit exposure, respectively; of the $45.8 billion, $42.2 billion was performing. The increase in criticized exposure was driven by Real Estate concentrated in Office, reflecting downgrades, and held-for-sale commitments in Technology and Consumer & Retail.

The table below summarizes by industry the Firm’s exposures as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The industry of risk category is generally based on the client or counterparty’s primary business activity. Refer to Note 4 of JPMorgan Chase's 2023 Form 10-K for additional information on industry concentrations.

(a)The industry rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2023, are based on the industry rankings of the corresponding exposures as of March 31, 2024, not actual rankings of such exposures as of December 31, 2023.

(b)Individuals and Individual Entities predominantly consists of Global Private Bank clients within AWM and J.P. Morgan Wealth Management within CCB, and includes exposure to personal investment companies and personal and testamentary trusts.

(c)In addition to the credit risk exposure to states and municipal governments (both U.S. and non-U.S.) at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 noted above, the Firm held: $5.8 billion and $5.9 billion, respectively, of trading assets; $18.8 billion and $21.4 billion, respectively, of AFS securities; and $9.6 billion and $9.9 billion, respectively, of HTM securities, issued by U.S. state and municipal governments. Refer to Note 2 and Note 9 for further information.

(d)All other includes: SPEs and Private education and civic organizations, representing approximately 94% and 6%, respectively, at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 13 for more information on exposures to SPEs.

(e)Excludes cash placed with banks of $554.1 billion and $614.1 billion, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which is predominantly placed with various central banks, primarily Federal Reserve Banks.

(f)Credit exposure is net of risk participations and excludes the benefit of credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities held against derivative receivables or loans and liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables.

(g)Credit exposure includes held-for-sale and fair value option elected lending-related commitments.

(h)Represents the net notional amounts of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage the credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. The All other category includes purchased credit protection on certain credit indices.

Presented below is additional detail on certain of the Firm’s industry exposures.

Real Estate

Real Estate exposure was $205.8 billion as of March 31, 2024. Criticized exposure increased by $1.9 billion from $9.2 billion at December 31, 2023 to $11.1 billion at March 31, 2024, driven by downgrades concentrated in Office, partially offset by client-specific upgrades.

(a)Multifamily exposure is largely in California.

(b)Other Income Producing Properties consists of clients with diversified property types or other property types outside of categories listed in the table above.

(c)Real Estate exposure is approximately 83% secured; unsecured exposure is predominantly investment-grade largely to Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) and Real Estate Operating Companies (“REOCs”) whose underlying assets are generally diversified.

(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percentage of credit exposure.

Consumer & Retail

Consumer & Retail exposure was $125.5 billion as of March 31, 2024. Criticized exposure increased by $612 million from $8.3 billion at December 31, 2023 to $8.9 billion at March 31, 2024, driven byclient-specific downgrades and net portfolio activity, largely offset by client-specific upgrades.

(a)Retail consists of Home Improvement & Specialty Retailers, Restaurants, Supermarkets, Discount & Drug Stores, Specialty Apparel and Department Stores.

(b)Leisure consists of Gaming, Arts & Culture, Travel Services and Sports & Recreation. As of March 31, 2024, approximately 91% of the noninvestment-grade Leisure portfolio is secured.

(c)Consumer & Retail exposure is approximately 60% secured; unsecured exposure is approximately 80% investment-grade.

(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percent of credit exposure.

Oil & Gas

Oil & Gas exposure was $33.3 billion as of March 31, 2024, of which $290 million was considered criticized.

(a)Other Oil & Gas includes Integrated Oil & Gas companies, Midstream/Oil Pipeline companies and refineries.

(b)Oil & Gas exposure is approximately 38% secured, approximately half of which is reserve-based lending to the Exploration & Production sub-sector; unsecured exposure is approximately 68% investment-grade.

(c)Represents drawn exposure as a percent of credit exposure.

Loans

In its wholesale businesses, the Firm provides loans to a variety of clients, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients to high-net-worth individuals. Refer to Note 11 for a further discussion on loans, including information about delinquencies, loan modifications and other credit quality indicators.

The following table presents the change in the nonaccrual loan portfolio for thethree months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Since March 31, 2023, nonaccrual loan exposure increased by $966 million driven by retained loans in Real Estate concentrated in Office and in Healthcare, reflecting downgrades, and in Individuals, predominantly driven by the impact of First Republic, partially offset by a client-specific upgrade in civic organizations.

The following table presents net charge-offs/recoveries, which are defined as gross charge-offs less recoveries, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The amounts in the table below do not include gains or losses from sales of nonaccrual loans recognized in noninterest revenue.

Modified wholesale loans

The amortized cost of wholesale FDMs was $609 million and $437 million, of which $149 million and $220 million were nonaccrual loan exposure for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Refer to Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2023 Form 10-Kand Note 11 of this Form 10-Qfor further information.

Lending-related commitments

The Firm uses lending-related financial instruments, such as commitments (including revolving credit facilities) and guarantees, to address the financing needs of its clients. The contractual amounts of these financial instruments represent the maximum possible credit risk should the clients draw down on these commitments or when the Firm fulfills its obligations under these guarantees, and the clients subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of these contracts. Most of these commitments and guarantees have historically been refinanced, extended, cancelled, or expired without being drawn upon or a default occurring. As a result, the Firm does not believe that the total contractual amount of these wholesale lending-related commitments is representative of the Firm’s expected future credit exposure or funding requirements. Refer to Note 22 for further information on wholesale lending-related commitments.

Receivables from customers

Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM that are collateralized by assets maintained in the clients’ brokerage accounts (including cash on deposit, and primarily liquid and readily marketable debt or equity securities). To manage its credit risk, the Firm establishes margin requirements and monitors the required margin levels on an ongoing basis, and requires clients to deposit additional cash or other collateral, or to reduce positions, when appropriate. Credit risk arising from lending activities subject to collateral maintenance requirements is generally mitigated by factors such as the short-term nature of the activity, the fair value of collateral held and the Firm’s right to call for, and the borrower’s obligation to provide, additional margin when the fair value of the collateral declines. Because of these mitigating factors, these receivables generally do not require an allowance for credit losses. However, if in management’s judgment, an allowance for credit losses is required, the Firm estimates expected credit losses based on the value of the collateral and probability of borrower default. These receivables are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.

Refer to Note 13 of JPMorgan Chase's 2023 Form 10-Kfor further information on the Firm’s accounting policies for the allowance for credit losses.

Derivative contracts

Derivatives enable clients and counterparties to manage risk, including credit risk and risks arising from fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange and equities and commodities prices. The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet these needs and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. The Firm also uses derivative instruments to manage its own credit risk and other market risk exposure. The nature of the counterparty and the settlement mechanism of the

derivative affect the credit risk to which the Firm is exposed. For over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives, the Firm is exposed to the credit risk of the derivative counterparty. For exchange-traded derivatives (“ETD”), such as futures and options, and cleared over-the-counter (“OTC-cleared”) derivatives, the Firm can also be exposed to the credit risk of the relevant CCP. Where possible, the Firm seeks to mitigate its credit risk exposures arising from derivative contracts through the use of legally enforceable master netting arrangements and collateral agreements. The percentage of the Firm’s OTC derivative transactions subject to collateral agreements — excluding foreign exchange spot trades, which are not typically covered by collateral agreements due to their short maturity and centrally cleared trades that are settled daily — was approximately 87% at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 4 for additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements and for a further discussion of derivative contracts, counterparties and settlement types.

The fair value of derivative receivables reported on the Consolidated balance sheets was $56.6 billion and $54.9 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The increase was primarily as a result of market movements. Derivative receivables represent the fair value of the derivative contracts after giving effect to legally enforceable master netting agreements and the related cash collateral held by the Firm.

In addition, the Firm holds liquid securities and other cash collateral that may be used as security when the fair value of the client’s exposure is in the Firm’s favor. For these purposes, the definition of liquid securities is consistent with the definition of high quality liquid assets as defined in the LCR rule.

In management’s view, the appropriate measure of current credit risk should also take into consideration other collateral, which generally represents securities that do not qualify as high quality liquid assets under the LCR rule. The benefits of these additional collateral amounts for each counterparty are subject to a legally enforceable master netting agreement and limited to the net amount of the derivative receivables for each counterparty.

The Firm also holds additional collateral (primarily cash, G7 government securities, other liquid government agency and guaranteed securities, and corporate debt and equity securities) delivered by clients at the initiation of transactions, as well as collateral related to contracts that have a non-daily call frequency and collateral that the Firm has agreed to return but has not yet settled as of the reporting date. Although this collateral does not reduce the receivables balances and is not included in the tables below, it is available as security against potential exposure that could arise should the fair value of the client’s derivative contracts move in the Firm’s favor. Refer to Note 4 for additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements for derivative transactions.

The following tables summarize the net derivative receivables and the internal ratings profile for the periods presented.

Credit portfolio management activities

The Firm uses credit derivatives for two primary purposes: first, in its capacity as a market-maker, and second, as an end-user, to manage the Firm’s own credit risk associated with traditional lending activities (loans and lending-related commitments) and derivatives counterparty exposure in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. In addition, the Firm obtains credit protection against certain loans in the retained wholesale portfolio through the issuance of credit-related notes. Information on credit portfolio management activities is provided in the table below.

(a)Amounts are presented net, considering the Firm’s net protection purchased or sold with respect to each underlying reference entity or index.

Refer to Credit derivatives in Note 4 of this Form 10-Q and Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2023 Form 10-K for further information on credit derivatives and derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The Firm’s allowance for credit losses represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Firm's financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet lending-related commitments. The Firm's allowance for credit losses generally consists of:

•the allowance for loan losses, which covers the Firm’s retained loan portfolios (scored and risk-rated) and is presented separately on the Consolidated balance sheets,

•the allowance for lending-related commitments, which is reflected in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets, and

•the allowance for credit losses on investment securities, which is reflected in investment securities on the Consolidated balance sheets.

Discussion of changes in the allowance

The allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2024 was relatively flat when compared to December 31, 2023, reflecting:

•a net reduction of $142 million inwholesale, which included a net addition associated with net downgrade activity, largely in Real Estate, primarily in CB, which was more than offset by the net impact of changes in the loan and lending-related commitment portfolios, as well as updates to certain macroeconomic variables, and

•a net addition of $44 million inconsumer, consisting of:

–$153 million in Card Services, primarily due to seasoning of newer vintages, largely offset by reduced borrower uncertainty,

predominantly offset by:

–a $125 million net reduction in Home Lending, primarily driven by improvements in the outlook for home prices.

The Firm has maintained the additional weight placed on the adverse scenarios in the first quarter of 2023 to reflect downside risks as a result of persistent inflation and tightening financial conditions.

The Firm's allowance for credit losses is estimated using a weighted average of five internally developed macroeconomic scenarios. The adverse scenarios incorporate more punitive macroeconomic factors than the central case assumptions provided in the table below, resulting in a weighted average U.S. unemployment rate peaking at 5.4% in the first quarter of 2025, and a weighted average U.S. real GDP level that is 1.7% lower than the central case at the end of the second quarter of 2025.

The following table presents the Firm’s central case assumptions for the periods presented:

(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted U.S. unemployment rate.

(b)The year over year growth in U.S. real GDP in the forecast horizon of the central scenario is calculated as the percentage change in U.S. real GDP levels from the prior year.

Subsequent changes to this forecast and related estimates will be reflected in the provision for credit losses in future periods.

Refer to Note 13 and Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase's 2023 Form 10-K for a description of the policies, methodologies and judgments used to determine the Firm’s allowance for credit losses on loans, lending-related commitments, and investment securities.

Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 54-57, Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 58-66 and Note 11 for additional information on the consumer and wholesale credit portfolios.

Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 78-80 for further information on the allowance for credit losses and related management judgments.

(a)Represents the impact to the allowance for loan losses upon the Firm's adoption of changes to the TDR accounting guidance on January 1, 2023. Refer to Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2023 Form 10-K for further information.

(b)Includes collateral-dependent loans, including those for which foreclosure is deemed probable, and nonaccrual risk-rated loans.

(c)At March 31, 2024 and 2023, in addition to the allowance for credit losses in the table above, the Firm also had an allowance for credit losses of $274 million and $20 million, respectively, associated with certain accounts receivable in CIB. At March 31, 2023, the Firm also had an allowance for credit losses of $241 million associated with Other assets in Corporate.

(d)As of March 31, 2024, included the allowance for credit losses associated with First Republic.

(e)The Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.

Allocation of allowance for loan losses

The table below presents a breakdown of the allowance for loan losses by loan class. Refer to Note 11 for further information on loan classes.