CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORP

1. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair statement of the results are reflected in the interim periods presented. The June 30, 2023 consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all of the disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in Carpenter Technology's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 (the "2023 Form 10-K"). Operating results for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for any future period.

As used throughout this report, unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Carpenter," "Carpenter Technology," the "Company," "Registrant," "Issuer," "we" and "our" refer to Carpenter Technology Corporation.

2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The guidance in ASU 2023-07 seeks to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this ASU require a public entity to disclose the following: significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition; and the title and position of the CODM and how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This ASU requires public entities to provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods. ASU 2023-07 clarifies that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment's profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2023-07 is a requirement for additional disclosure and is not expected to materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The guidance in this ASU enhances the transparency and decision functionality of income tax disclosures to provide investors information to better assess how an entity's operations and related tax risks, tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flow. The amendments in this ASU require public entities to disclose the following specific categories in the rate reconciliation by both percentages and reporting currency amounts: the effect of state and local income tax, net of federal (national) income tax, foreign tax effects, effects of changes in tax laws or rates enacted in the current period, effects of cross-border tax laws, tax credits, changes in valuation allowances, nontaxable or nondeductible items and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 also require public entities to provide additional information for reconciling items that meet the qualitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pre-tax income (loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The ASU requires reporting entities to annually disclose the year-to-date amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign localities. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a prospective basis and retrospective application is permitted. For public business entities, ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements not yet issued. ASU 2023-09 is a requirement for additional disclosure and is not expected to materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

3. Revenue

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts. The Company applies the five-step model in the FASB's guidance, which requires the Company to: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations under the terms of a customer purchase order or contract are satisfied. This occurs when control of the goods and services has transferred to the customer, which is generally determined when title, ownership, and risk of loss pass to the customer, all of which occurs upon shipment or delivery of the product. Consignment transactions are arrangements where the Company transfers product to a customer location but retains ownership and control of such product until it is used by the customer. Revenue for consignment arrangements is recognized upon usage by the customer. Service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

The Company's standard customer purchase order or contract for goods transferred has a single performance obligation for which revenue is recognized at a point in time. The standard terms and conditions of a customer purchase order include general rights of return and product warranty provisions related to nonconforming product. Depending on the circumstances, the product is either replaced or a quality adjustment is issued. Such warranties do not represent a separate performance obligation.

The Company's standard customer purchase order or contract sets forth the transaction price for the products and services purchased under that arrangement. Some customer arrangements include variable consideration, such as volume rebates, which generally depend upon the Company's customers meeting specified performance criteria, such as a purchasing level over a period of time. The Company exercises judgment to estimate the most likely amount of variable consideration at each reporting date.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for its product. The standard payment terms are 30 days. The Company has elected to use the practical expedient that permits the Company to not adjust for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects that at the contract inception, the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling activities to fulfill the Company's promise to transfer the goods are included in revenues and costs incurred by the Company for the delivery of goods are classified as cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. Shipping terms may vary for products shipped outside the United States depending on the mode of transportation, the country where the material is shipped and any agreements made with the customers.

Contract liabilities are recognized when the Company has received consideration from a customer to transfer goods or services at a future point in time when the Company performs under the purchase order or contract. Contract liabilities were $13.7 million and $14.0 million at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively, and are included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Revenue recognized for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 from amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period was not significant and substantially all of the Company's contract liabilities are recognized within a twelve-month period.

The Company has elected to use the practical expedient that permits the omission of disclosure for remaining performance obligations which are expected to be satisfied in one year or less.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company operates intwo business segments, Specialty Alloys Operations ("SAO") and Performance Engineered Products ("PEP"). Revenue is disaggregated within thesetwo business segments by diversified end-use markets and by geographical locations. Comparative information of the Company's overall revenues by end-use markets and geographic locations for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

4. Earnings per Common Share

The Company calculates basic and diluted earnings per share using the two class method. Under the two class method, earnings are allocated to common stock and participating securities (non-vested restricted shares and units that receive non-forfeitable dividends) according to their participation rights in dividends and undistributed earnings. The earnings available to each class of stock are divided by the weighted average number of outstanding shares for the period in each class. Diluted earnings per share assumes the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive share equivalents outstanding.

The calculations of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

The following awards issued under share-based compensation plans were excluded from the above calculations of diluted earnings per share because their effects were anti-dilutive:

5. Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following components as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023:

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost for inventories is principally determined using the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") inventory costing method. The Company values other inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined by the first-in, first-out and average cost methods. As of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, $157.7 million and $133.2 million of inventory, respectively, was accounted for using a method other than the LIFO inventory costing method.

6. Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but instead is tested at least annually for impairment as of June 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired. Potential impairment is identified by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, any impairment loss is measured by the difference between the carrying value of the reporting unit and its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The discounted cash flow analysis for each reporting unit tested requires significant estimates and assumptions related to cash flow forecasts, discount rates, terminal values and income tax rates. The cash flow forecasts include significant judgments and assumptions related to revenue growth rates, which include perpetual growth rates, gross margin and weighted average cost of capital. The cash flow forecasts are developed based on assumptions about each reporting unit's markets, product offerings, pricing, capital expenditure and working capital requirements as well as cost performance.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company hadthree reporting units with goodwill recorded. Goodwill associated with the SAO reporting was $195.5 million and represented approximately 81 percent of total goodwill. The remaining goodwill was associated with the PEP segment, which includedtwo reporting units, Dynamet and Latrobe Distribution, with goodwill recorded of $31.8 million and $14.1 million, respectively.

As of June 1, 2023, the fair value of the SAO reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by approximately 60 percent. The discounted cash flows analysis for the SAO reporting unit includes assumptions related to our ability to increase volume, improve mix, expand product offerings and continue to implement opportunities to reduce costs over the next several years. For purposes of the discounted cash flow analysis for SAO's fair value, a weighted average cost capital of 11.0 percent and a terminal growth rate assumption of 2.5 percent were used. If the long-term growth rate for this reporting unit had been hypothetically reduced by 0.5 percent at June 1, 2023, the SAO reporting unit would have a fair value that exceeded the carrying value by approximately 57 percent.

As of June 1, 2023, the fair value of the Dynamet reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by approximately 106 percent. For purposes of the discounted cash flow analysis for Dynamet's fair value, a weighted average cost capital of 14.0 percent and a terminal growth rate assumption of 2.5 percent were used. If the long-term growth rate for this reporting unit had been hypothetically reduced by 0.5 percent at June 1, 2023, the Dynamet reporting unit would have a fair value that exceeded the carrying value by approximately 104 percent.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the Company identified an impairment triggering event in the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit within the PEP segment related to a decline in customer ordering patterns. This combined with market headwinds due to general industrial macroeconomic conditions including rising interest rates has contributed to lower sales and profit margins compared to the established annual operation plan for fiscal year 2024. Despite efforts of the Company to mitigate the market challenges, results have not improved for the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit during the quarter ended March 31, 2024. In light of these market conditions at the time, the pace of growth in the future projections for the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit were lowered.

The Company determined the goodwill associated with the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit was impaired and recorded an impairment charge of $14.1 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, which represented the entire balance of goodwill for this reporting unit. The fair value was estimated using a weighting of discounted cash flows and the use of market multiples valuation techniques. After the impairment loss recognized during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the Company hastwo reporting units with goodwill recorded. As of March 31, 2024, goodwill associated with the SAO reporting unit is $195.5 million and represents approximately 86 percent of total goodwill. The remaining goodwill of $31.8 million as of March 31, 2024 is associated with the Dynamet reporting unit in the PEP segment. The fair value is estimated using a weighting of discounted cash flows and the use of market multiples valuation techniques for the SAO reporting unit and the Dynamet reporting unit. The Company continuously monitors for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining the fair value of the reporting units.

Accumulated goodwill impairment losses of $148.7 million are related solely to the PEP segment. The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 were as follows:

7. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023:

8. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

The components of the net periodic pension expense (income) related to the Company's pension and other postretirement benefits for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

In the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the Company executed a buy-out annuity transaction for the Company's largest defined benefit plan. The Company determined that the annuity settlement and lump-sum payments exceeded the threshold of service cost and interest cost components and therefore settlement accounting was required. As a result, the Company recorded a noncash settlement charge of $51.9 million in the quarter ended March 31, 2024 within other expense, net. The settlement triggered a remeasurement for the affected benefit plan in the quarter ended March 31, 2024 using a weighted average discount rate of 5.90 percent compared to the rate of 5.85 percent utilized at June 30, 2023. The impact of the remeasurement increased the anticipated full fiscal year net pension expense by $0.5 million of which $0.2 million was recognized within pension earnings, interest and deferrals in the current quarter. The remeasurement also resulted in an increase of accrued pension liabilities and accumulated other comprehensive loss of $17.4 million based on the current discount rate and lower than anticipated investment returns.

During the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company made $4.9 million and $0.0 million, respectively, of contributions to its qualified defined benefit pension plans. The Company currently expects to make $6.4 million of required cash pension contributions to its qualified defined benefit pension plans during the remainder of fiscal year 2024.

9. Debt

On April 14, 2023, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and letter of credit issuer and the other lenders, agents and arrangers party thereto (the "Credit Facility"). The Credit Facility amended and restated the Company's then existing Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 26, 2021 which had been set to expire on March 31, 2024. The Second Amendment extends the maturity to April 12, 2028.

The Credit Facility is a secured revolving credit facility with a commitment of $350.0 million subject to the right, from time to time, to request an increase of the commitment by the greater of (i) $300.0 million or (ii) an amount equal to the consolidated EBITDA; and provides for the issuance of letters of credit subject to a $40.0 million sub-limit. The Company has the right to voluntarily prepay and re-borrow loans, to terminate or reduce the commitments under the Credit Facility, and, subject to certain lender approvals, to join subsidiaries as subsidiary borrowers.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $1.2 million of issued letters of credit under the Credit Facility andno short-term borrowings. The balance of $348.8 million remains available to the Company.

Interest on the borrowings under the Credit Facility accrues at variable rates which are determined based upon the Company's consolidated total leverage ratio. The applicable margin to be added to Alternative Currency Daily Rate, Alternative Currency Term Rate and Term SOFR determined loans ranges from 1.75% to 2.50% (1.75% as of March 31, 2024), and for Base Rate-determined loans, from 0.75% to 1.50% (0.75% as of March 31, 2024). The Company also pays a quarterly commitment fee ranging from 0.250% to 0.375% (0.250% as of March 31, 2024), determined based upon the consolidated total leverage ratio, of the unused portion of the commitment under the Credit Facility. In addition, the Company must pay certain letter of credit fees, ranging from 1.75% to 2.50% (1.75% as of March 31, 2024), with respect to letters of credit issued under the Credit Facility. As of March 31, 2024, the borrowing rate for the Credit Facility was 7.08%.

The Company is subject to certain financial and restrictive covenants under the Credit Facility which requires the maintenance of a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.00 to 1.00 and a consolidated net leverage ratio of no more than 4.00 to 1.00. The restrictions of these covenants (other than the financial ratio covenants) are subject to certain exceptions or threshold triggering amounts or events specified in the Credit Facility, and in some cases the restrictions may be waived by the lenders. As of March 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of the Credit Facility.

Long-term debt outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 consisted of the following:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, interest costs totaled $13.3 million and $15.0 million, respectively, of which $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively, were capitalized as part of the cost of property, plant, equipment and software. For the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, interest costs totaled $39.8 million and $41.1 million, respectively, of which $1.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, were capitalized as part of the cost of property, plant, equipment and software.

10. Contingencies and Commitments

Environmental

The Company is subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental laws and regulations relating to pollution, protection of public health and the environment, natural resource damages and occupational safety and health. Although compliance with these laws and regulations may affect the costs of the Company's operations, compliance costs to date have not been material. The Company has environmental remediation liabilities at some of its owned operating facilities and has been designated as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") with respect to certain third party Superfund waste-disposal sites and other third party-owned sites. The Company accrues amounts for environmental remediation costs that represent management's best estimate of the probable and reasonably estimable future costs related to environmental remediation.

During the nine months ended March 31, 2024, the Company increased the liability for environmental remediation costs by $0.5 million. The liabilities recorded for environmental remediation costs at Superfund sites, other third party-owned sites and Carpenter-owned current or former operating facilities remaining at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 were $17.0 million and $16.5 million, respectively. Additionally, the Company has been notified that it may be a PRP with respect to other Superfund sites as to which no proceedings have been instituted against the Company. Neither the exact amount of remediation costs nor the final method of their allocation among all designated PRPs at these Superfund sites have been determined. Accordingly, at this time the Company cannot reasonably estimate expected costs for such matters. The liability for future environmental remediation costs that can be reasonably estimated is evaluated by management on a quarterly basis. The Company accrues amounts for environmental remediation costs that represent management's best estimate of the probable and reasonably estimable future costs related to environmental remediation.

Estimates of the amount and timing of future costs of environmental remediation requirements are inherently imprecise because of the continuing evolution of environmental laws and regulatory requirements, the availability and application of technology, the identification of currently unknown remediation sites and the allocation of costs among the PRPs. Based upon information currently available, such future costs are not expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows over the long-term. However, such costs could be material to the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular future quarter or year.

Other

The Company is defending various routine claims and legal actions that are incidental to its business and common to its operations, including those pertaining to product claims, commercial disputes, patent infringement, employment actions, employee benefits, compliance with domestic and foreign laws and regulations, personal injury claims and tax issues. Like many other manufacturing companies in recent years, the Company, from time to time, has been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury as a result of exposure to chemicals and substances in the workplace such as asbestos. The Company provides for costs relating to these matters when a loss is probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. The effect of the outcome of these matters on the Company's future results of operations and liquidity cannot be predicted because any such effect depends on future results of operations and the amount and timing (both as to recording future charges to operations and cash expenditures) of the resolution of such matters. While it is not feasible to determine the outcome of these matters, management believes that the total liability from these matters will not have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows over the long-term. However, there can be no assurance that an increase in the scope of pending matters or that any future lawsuits, claims, proceedings or investigations will not be material to the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular future quarter or year.

11. Fair Value Measurements

The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the inputs used to determine fair value. Level 1 refers to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 refers to observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3 refers to unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs. Currently, the Company does not use Level 1 and 3 inputs.

The following tables present the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy:

The Company's derivative financial instruments consist of commodity forward contracts and foreign currency forward contracts. These instruments are measured at fair value using the market method valuation technique. The inputs to this technique utilize information related to commodity prices and foreign exchange rates published by third party leading financial news and data providers. This is observable data; however, the valuation of these instruments is not based on actual transactions for the same instruments and, as such, they are classified as Level 2. The Company's use of derivatives and hedging policies is more fully discussed in Note 12. Derivatives and Hedging Activities.

The Company has currently chosen not to elect the fair value option for any items that are not already required to be measured at fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The carrying amounts of other financial instruments not listed in the table below approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments not recorded at fair value in the financial statements were as follows:

The fair values of long-term debt as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 were determined by using current interest rates for debt with terms and maturities similar to the Company's existing debt arrangements and accordingly would be classified as Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

The carrying amount of company-owned life insurance as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 reflects cash surrender values based upon the market values of underlying securities, using Level 2 inputs, net of any outstanding policy loans. The carrying value associated with the cash surrender value of these policies is recorded in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

12. Derivatives and Hedging Activities

The Company from time to time uses commodity forwards and foreign currency forwards to manage risks generally associated with commodity price and foreign currency rate fluctuations. The following explains the various types of derivatives and includes a summary of the impact the derivative instruments had on the Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Cash Flow Hedging — Commodity forward contracts: The Company enters into commodity forward contracts to fix the price of a portion of anticipated future purchases of certain critical raw materials and energy to manage the risk of cash flow variability associated with volatile commodity prices. The commodity forward contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges. The qualifying hedge contracts are marked-to-market at each reporting date and any unrealized gains or losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI") to the extent effective, and reclassified to cost of sales in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings or it becomes probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had forward contracts to purchase 1.9 million pounds of certain raw materials with settlement dates through December 2025.

Cash Flow Hedging — Foreign currency forward contracts: The Company, from time to time, uses foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of anticipated future sales denominated in foreign currencies, principally the Euro and Pound Sterling, in order to offset the effect of changes in exchange rates. The qualifying hedge contracts are marked-to-market at each reporting date and any unrealized gains or losses are included in AOCI to the extent effective and reclassified to net sales in the period during which the transaction affects earnings or it becomes probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur. The Company had no qualifying foreign currency hedge contracts as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023 or during the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company also uses foreign currency forward contracts to protect certain short-term asset positions denominated in foreign currencies against the effect of changes in exchange rates. These positions do not qualify for hedge accounting and accordingly are marked-to-market at each reporting date through charges to other expense, net. As of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the fair value of the outstanding foreign currency forwards not designated as hedging instruments and the charges to income for changes in fair value for these contracts were not material.

The fair value and location of outstanding derivative contracts recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets were as follows as of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023:

Substantially all of the Company's derivative contracts are subject to master netting arrangements, or similar agreements with each counterparty, which provide for the option to settle contracts on a net basis when they settle on the same day and in the same currency. In addition, these arrangements provide for a net settlement of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event that the arrangement is terminated due to the occurrence of default or a termination event. The Company presents the outstanding derivative contracts on a net basis by counterparty in the consolidated balance sheets. If the Company had chosen to present the derivative contracts on a gross basis, the total asset derivatives and total liability derivatives would have remained unchanged at $0.1 million and $9.6 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2024.

According to the provisions of the Company's derivative arrangements, in the event that the fair value of outstanding derivative positions with certain counterparties exceeds certain thresholds, the Company may be required to issue cash collateral to the counterparties. As of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company hadno cash collateral held by counterparties.

The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties on its derivative instruments as well as credit or performance risk with respect to its customer commitments to perform. Although nonperformance is possible, the Company does not anticipate nonperformance by any of the parties. In addition, various master netting arrangements are in place with counterparties to facilitate settlements of gains and losses on these contracts.

Cash Flow Hedges

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of AOCI and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transactions affect earnings or it becomes probable the forecasted transactions will not occur. The following is a summary of the (losses) gains on cash flow hedges recognized during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

The following is a summary of total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of operations in which the effects of cash flow and fair value hedges are recorded during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

The Company estimates that $3.3 million of net derivative losses included in AOCI as of March 31, 2024 will be reclassified into income within the next 12 months. No significant cash flow hedges were discontinued during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, there were no amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges of interest rate risk.

13. Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net consisted of the following:

14. Income Taxes

The effective tax rate used for interim periods is the estimated annual effective consolidated tax rate, based on the current estimate of full year results, except that taxes related to specific events, if any, are recorded in the interim period in which they occur. The annual effective tax rate is based upon a number of significant estimates and judgments, including the estimated annual pre-tax income, or loss, of the Company in each tax jurisdiction in which it operates, and the development of tax planning strategies during the year. In addition, the Company's tax expense or benefit can be impacted by changes in tax rates or laws, the finalization of tax audits, and other factors that cannot be predicted with certainty. As such, there can be significant volatility in interim tax provisions.

Income tax expense was $3.8 million, or 37.6 percent of pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared with income tax expense of $5.4 million, or 22.5 percent of pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Income tax expense for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 was $24.8 million, or 21.1 percent of pre-tax income as compared with income tax expense of $5.9 million, or 24.7 percent of pre-tax income for the nine months ended March 31, 2023.

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 includes the unfavorable impacts of the $14.1 million non-deductible goodwill impairment charge and losses in certain foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit can be recognized. Also included are discrete tax benefits of $12.4 million associated with the pension settlement charge and $1.4 million as a result of changes in the Company's prior year tax positions. Excluding the discrete tax impacts of the pension settlement charge, non-deductible goodwill impairment charge and changes in the Company's prior year tax positions, the tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024, would have been 23.1 percent. Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023, included the unfavorable impact of losses in certain foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit can be recognized. Also included was a discrete tax benefit of $0.2 million for anticipated interest on Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") income tax refund claims and a discrete tax charge of $0.2 million as a result of changes in the Company's prior year tax positions.

Income tax expense for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 includes the unfavorable impacts of the $14.1 million non-deductible goodwill impairment charge and losses in certain foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit can be recognized. Also included are discrete tax benefits of $12.4 million associated with the pension settlement charge, $1.4 million as a result of changes in the Company's prior year tax positions and $4.7 million attributable to employee share-based compensation. Excluding the discrete tax impact of the pension settlement charge, non-deductible goodwill impairment charge and changes in the Company's prior year tax positions, the tax rate for the nine months ended March 31, 2024, would have been 21.0 percent. Income tax expense for the nine months ended March 31, 2023, included the unfavorable impact of losses in certain foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit can be recognized. Also included was a discrete tax benefit of $0.8 million for anticipated interest on IRS income tax refund claims as well as a discrete tax charges of $0.6 million for the impact of a state tax legislative change and $0.5 million as a result of changes in the Company's prior year tax positions.

15. Business Segments

The Company hastwo reportable segments, Specialty Alloys Operations ("SAO") and Performance Engineered Products ("PEP").

The SAO segment is comprised of the Company's major premium alloy and stainless steel manufacturing operations. This includes operations performed at mills primarily in Reading and Latrobe, Pennsylvania and surrounding areas as well as South Carolina and Alabama. The combined assets of the SAO operations are managed in an integrated manner to optimize efficiency and profitability across the total system.

The PEP segment is comprised of the Company's differentiated operations. This segment includes the Dynamet titanium business, the Carpenter Additive business and the Latrobe and Mexico distribution businesses. The businesses in the PEP segment are managed with an entrepreneurial structure to promote flexibility and agility to quickly respond to market dynamics.

The Company's executive management evaluates the performance of these operating segments based on sales, operating income and cash flow generation. Segment operating results exclude general corporate costs, which include executive and director compensation and other corporate facilities and administrative expenses not allocated to the segments. Also excluded are items that management considers not representative of ongoing operations, such as restructuring charges and other specifically-identified income or expense items.

On a consolidated basis, no single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of net sales for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 or March 31, 2023. On a consolidated basis, no single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of accounts receivable outstanding at March 31, 2024 or June 30, 2023.

16. Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The changes in AOCI by component, net of tax, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

(a) All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits.

(b) See separate table below for further details.

The changes in AOCI by component, net of tax, for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

(a) All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits.

(b) See separate table below for further details.

The following is a summary of amounts reclassified from AOCI for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

(a) Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to income/loss.

(b) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see Note 8. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits for additional details).